Cited by 237Gut microbiota and healthOral microbiology and periodontitis researchAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases

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Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women

Open access

Munukka, Eveliina, Ahtiainen, Juha P., Puigbó, Pere, Jalkanen, Sirpa, Pahkala, Katja, Keskitalo, Anniina, Kujala, Urho M., Pietilä, Sami, Hollmén, Maija, Elo, Laura, Huovinen, Pentti, D'Auria, Giuseppe, Pekkala, Satu·2018·Frontiers in Microbiology

DOI 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02323PMC PMC6178902

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Abstract

Previously sedentary overweight women (n=19) underwent a six-week endurance exercise intervention, but two were excluded due to antibiotic therapy. The gut microbiota composition and functions were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and metagenomics. Body composition was analyzed with DXA X-ray densitometer and serum metabolomics with NMR metabolomics. Total energy and energy-yielding nutrient intakes were analyzed from food records using Micro-Nutrica software. Serum clinical variables were determined with KONELAB instrument. Soluble Vascular Adhesion Protein 1 (VAP-1) was measured with ELISA and its’ enzymatic activity as produced hydrogen peroxide. The exercise intervention was effective, as maximal power and maximum rate of oxygen consumption increased while android fat mass decreased. No changes in diet were observed. Metagenomic analysis revealed taxonomic shifts including an increase in Akkermansia and a decrease in Proteobacteria. These changes were independent of age, weight, fat % as well as energy and fibre intake. Training slightly increased Jaccard distance of genus level β-diversity. Training did not alter the enriched metagenomic pathways, which, according to Bray Curtis dissimilarity analysis, may have been due to that only half of the subjects’ microbiomes responded considerably to exercise. Nevertheless, training decreased the abundance of several genes including those related to fructose and amino acid metabolism. These metagenomic changes, however, were not translated into major systemic metabolic changes as only two metabolites, phospholipids and cholesterol in large VLDL particles, decreased after exercise. Training also decreased the amine oxidase activity of pro-inflammatory VAP-1, whereas no changes in CRP were detected. All clinical blood variables were within normal range, yet exercise slightly increased glucose and decreased LDL and HDL. In conclusion, exercise training modified the gut microbiome without greatly affecting systemic metabolites or body composition. Based on our data and existing literature, we propose that especially Akkermansia and Proteobacteria are exercise-responsive taxa. Our results warrant the need for further studies in larger cohorts to determine whether exercise types other than endurance exercise also modify the gut metagenome.

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Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Six weeks of supervised endurance exercise in previously sedentary overweight women improved fitness and modestly shifted gut metagenome composition, including increased *Akkermansia* and decreased Proteobacteria, without major changes in systemic metabolism or body composition. The authors propose *Akkermansia* and Proteobacteria as exercise-responsive taxa but call for larger/longer trials.

Key findings

Exercise was effective: VO2max increased from 29.8 ± 5.2 to 32.5 ± 5.4 ml·min⁻¹·kg⁻¹ and maximal power from 182.9 ± 36.0 to 202.6 ± 36.4 W (both p < 0.001); submaximal blood lactate decreased from 3.0 ± 0.8 to 2.3 ± 0.7 mmol·L⁻¹ (p < 0.001). Android fat mass decreased from 3.87 ± 1.42 to 3.75 ± 1.39 kg (p = 0.005), with no significant weight, BMI, total fat, or diet changes except a slight increase in starch energy percentage (20.7 ± 6.3 to 22.8 ± 3.4, p = 0.033).
Metagenomic analysis showed increased genus-level Jaccard β-diversity (0.449 to 0.465, p = 0.014), increased Verrucomicrobia (p = 0.038), Verrucomicrobiaceae (p = 0.038), Bifidobacteriaceae (p = 0.015), *Akkermansia* (p = 0.038), *Dorea* (p = 0.028), and *Anaerofilum* (p = 0.037), and decreased Proteobacteria (p = 0.039), unidentified Porphyromonadaceae (p = 0.016), *Odoribacter* (p = 0.033), unidentified Desulfovibrionaceae (p = 0.037), and unidentified Enterobacteriaceae (p = 0.036). Only Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Verrucomicrobiaceae, and *Akkermansia* changed independently of age, weight, fat %, android fat %, energy, sucrose, or fiber intake.
No major KEGG pathway enrichment changes were detected; several individual genes decreased, including those related to fructose/mannose metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and B-vitamin synthesis. Systemic metabolomics showed only decreased phospholipids and cholesterol in large VLDL particles (p < 0.05 for both). VAP-1 enzymatic activity decreased (p = 0.011) without change in VAP-1 protein or CRP, and TLR5 mRNA increased (p = 0.029).

Methods

Design: six-week supervised endurance cycling intervention in previously sedentary overweight women (BMI >27.5 kg/m²), with a preceding six-week non-training control period; subjects served as their own controls. Three sessions/week progressed from 40 to 60 min, with low-intensity and moderate-intensity interval cycling.
Sample: 19 women underwent the intervention; 2 were excluded from final analyses due to antibiotic therapy, leaving n = 17 for physical performance, body composition, and clinical variables; n = 15 for metagenome analyses after 2 additional samples clustered differently; n = 14 completed food diaries at all time points.
Measurements/analysis: 16S rRNA gene V4 amplicon sequencing and shotgun metagenomics; DXA for body composition; NMR metabolomics; KONELAB clinical assays; VAP-1 ELISA and amine oxidase activity; whole-blood TLR4/TLR5 qPCR. Statistics included repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Benjamini-Hochberg correction, QIIME, Microbiome Analyst, Spearman correlations, and general linear models.

Limitations

Stated: the cohort was small and the authors state that larger and longer exercise trials are needed; only approximately half of subjects’ microbiomes responded considerably to exercise, and inter-individual variation was large; food records are prone to under-reporting and social-desirability/social-approval bias; the mechanism by which exercise regulates VAP-1 activity without changing protein concentration could not be determined.
Evident from the text: the study included only overweight women and only endurance exercise, so findings may not generalize to men, other BMI groups, or other exercise types; metagenome analyses were reduced to n = 15, and diet analyses to n = 14, further limiting power; the absence of major systemic metabolic changes may partly reflect heterogeneous individual responses rather than true lack of effect.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02323

Cites

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Statistics

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Claims the paper makes

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Show all 116 claims

Probably not a substantial claim. 67
It may state two separate claims as one. 22

In the paper
“Another study reported that combined eight-weeks aerobic and resistance exercise induced modest shifts in gut metagenomes despite no changes in the diversity of taxa or metabolic pathways (Cronin et al., 2018).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cronin et al., 2018 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To date, one study showed that exercise induced compositional changes in the human gut microbiota that were more pronounced in lean than in obese (Allen et al., 2017).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Allen et al., 2017 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Cross-sectional human studies have reported that professional rugby players diverge from body mass index (BMI)-matched non-athletes in several bacterial phyla (Clarke et al., 2014), and that normal weight active women differ from sedentary women in several taxa (Bressa et al., 2017).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Clarke et al., 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Both exercise and gut microbiota are known to induce inflammation (Clark and Mach, 2017), which may be mediated by bacterial molecules-recognizing Toll-like receptors (TLR) (McKenzie et al., 2017).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McKenzie et al., 2017 source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“VAP-1 is a multifunctional protein with amine oxidase activity (Salmi and Jalkanen, 2017) that degrades primary amines and produces hydrogen peroxide, ammonium and aldehydes, which can modify the microenvironment to pro-inflammatory direction and cause detrimental effects on vasculature.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Salmi and Jalkanen, 2017
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Acute effects of exercise have also been studied using maximal bicycle ergometer test that showed an increase in the abundance of 7 out of 9 major taxa in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome compared to 2 of 9 in healthy controls (Shukla et al., 2015).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shukla et al., 2015 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Cross-sectional human studies have reported that professional rugby players diverge from body mass index (BMI)-matched non-athletes in several bacterial phyla (Clarke et al., 2014), and that normal weight active women differ from sedentary women in several taxa (Bressa et al., 2017).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bressa et al., 2017 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“VAP-1 is a multifunctional protein with amine oxidase activity (Salmi and Jalkanen, 2017) that degrades primary amines and produces hydrogen peroxide, ammonium and aldehydes, which can modify the microenvironment to pro-inflammatory direction and cause detrimental effects on vasculature.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Salmi and Jalkanen, 2017
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“VAP-1 is a multifunctional protein with amine oxidase activity (Salmi and Jalkanen, 2017) that degrades primary amines and produces hydrogen peroxide, ammonium and aldehydes, which can modify the microenvironment to pro-inflammatory direction and cause detrimental effects on vasculature.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Salmi and Jalkanen, 2017
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In addition, half marathon performed by amateurs was reported to affect gut microbiota composition, predicted functions and fecal metabolites (Zhao et al., 2018b).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhao et al., 2018b
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, in the study of Bressa et al. the sedentary group had significantly higher body fat percentage and mass (Bressa et al., 2017), traits known to be highly associated with gut microbiota composition (Turnbaugh et al., 2009).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Turnbaugh et al., 2009 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Previously we have shown that the amine oxidase activity of Vascular Adhesion Protein 1 (VAP-1) is involved in a lipolysaccharide-induced inflammation model (Yu et al., 2006)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yu et al., 2006
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Both exercise and gut microbiota are known to induce inflammation (Clark and Mach, 2017), which may be mediated by bacterial molecules-recognizing Toll-like receptors (TLR) (McKenzie et al., 2017).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Clark and Mach, 2017
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recently, animal models have shown that exercise impacts microbial abundance (Lambert et al., 2015; Welly et al., 2016)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lambert et al., 2015 source
- Not checked yetcites Welly et al., 2016 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Due to that the gut microbiota composition is known to be highly associated with weight and body composition (Turnbaugh et al., 2009)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Results > Exercise training did not lead to a significant weight loss but decreased android fat mass
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Turnbaugh et al., 2009 source
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In animal models exercise has boosted the abundance of Dorea (Allen et al., 2015; Denou et al., 2016)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Allen et al., 2015 source
- Not checked yetcites Denou et al., 2016 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“as well as between physically active and sedentary women (Bressa et al., 2017).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bressa et al., 2017 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“as fiber-rich diet seem to promote Akkermansia growth (Everard et al., 2014).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Everard et al., 2014 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“As exercise is known to increase absorption of fructose (Fujisawa et al., 1993)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fujisawa et al., 1993 source
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“An increased abundance of Enterobacteriaceae has been reported in obesity (Scheepers et al., 2015)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Scheepers et al., 2015 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A similar concept of the so-called responder microbes was also raised in a diet intervention that attempted to ameliorate Type 2 diabetes by improving short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production from fibers (Zhao et al., 2018a).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhao et al., 2018a
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 27
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This could contribute to the reduction in fructose and mannose metabolism genes.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Fructose absorption mainly occurs in the small intestine.
In the paper
“Akkermansia has been found to be lower in several conditions, such as during obesity, diabetes (Cani and de Vos, 2017)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cani and de Vos, 2017
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“On the other hand, similar to our results, Allen and co-workers reported compositional and β-diversity changes of the microbiota in response to six-weeks endurance training that resembled the intervention of our study (Allen et al., 2017).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Allen et al., 2017 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The authors concluded that the shifts were dependent on the obesity status and were reversed after cessation of the training.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Allen et al., 2017 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, including both genders in the study may have hindered some of the discoveries, as gender differences in the gut microbiota are known to influence, for instance, metabolic outcomes and immunity (Fransen et al., 2017).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fransen et al., 2017 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“First, athletes harbored more Akkermansia than sedentary controls (Clarke et al., 2014)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Clarke et al., 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In agreement with our findings, exercise decreased Proteobacteria in rats with high aerobic capacity (Liu et al., 2015).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liu et al., 2015 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In contrast to our study, after eight-weeks of non-guided, combined aerobic and resistance exercise, Cronin et al. failed to detect significant changes in the gut microbiota composition or functions.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cronin et al., 2018 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“while in a human study it increased after cessation of the training and not in response to exercise (Allen et al., 2017).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Allen et al., 2017 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, a prolonged protein supplementation did not affect the gut microbiome (Cronin et al., 2018) and therefore the real effect of reduced protein intake can be questioned.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cronin et al., 2018 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“and, that intrinsic aerobic capacity impacts the microbiota composition (Pekkala et al., 2017).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pekkala et al., 2017 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In accordance, animal studies by us and others have reported that high-intensity endurance training modified the gut microbiota (Campbell et al., 2016; Denou et al., 2016)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Campbell et al., 2016 source
- Not checked yetcites Denou et al., 2016 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Akkermansia is suggested to be health-beneficial for its capacity to improve lipid oxidation in diet-induced obese mice (Everard et al., 2013).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Everard et al., 2013 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It was recently demonstrated by targeted gene amplification, not metagenomics, that in addition to the influence on the gut microbiota composition, exercise training increased the gene encoding butyrate forming Butyryl CoA: Acetate CoA transferase (Allen et al., 2017)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Allen et al., 2017 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✗ Asserted: fails✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“as did the active women compared to inactive (Bressa et al., 2017).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bressa et al., 2017 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“where the majority of carbohydrate-metabolizing microbes reside (Krajmalnik-Brown et al., 2012).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Krajmalnik-Brown et al., 2012 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“and in rats the latter decreased in response to voluntary exercise (Liu et al., 2015).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liu et al., 2015 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“and non-alcoholic steatohepatosis (Zhu et al., 2013)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhu et al., 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Inter-individual variation in the gut microbiota composition and gene content is known to be vast (Lozupone et al., 2012).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lozupone et al., 2012 source
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Corroborating our findings Odoribacter and unidentified Desulfovibrionaceae were lower in active women than sedentary (Bressa et al., 2017)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bressa et al., 2017 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“as gender differences in the gut microbiota are known to influence, for instance, metabolic outcomes and immunity (Fransen et al., 2017).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fransen et al., 2017 source
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“It seems that both compositional and functional differencies in the gut microbiota exist between professional athletes and their BMI-matched sedentary counterparts (Clarke et al., 2014)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Clarke et al., 2014 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“But interestingly, contradictory findings from the human exercise interventions have been recently presented (Allen et al., 2017; Cronin et al., 2018).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Allen et al., 2017 source
- Not checked yetcites Cronin et al., 2018 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, a prolonged protein supplementation did not affect the gut microbiome (Cronin et al., 2018)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cronin et al., 2018 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“as VLDL transports lipids from liver to peripheral tissues and thus has detrimental cardiovascular effects (Ren et al., 2010).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ren et al., 2010 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, in mice, exhaustive exercise up-regulates flagellin-mediated inflammation by increasing TLR5 expression (Uchida et al., 2014).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Uchida et al., 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The VLDL particle reducing effect of exercise is supported by our own study showing that long-term leisure time physical activity was associated with lower cholesterol in VLDL (Kujala et al., 2013).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kujala et al., 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Our finding is in agreement with the report showing that a prolonged bout of strenuous exercise increases the expression of TLRs (Gleeson, 2007).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gleeson, 2007 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

80 of 80

The paper relies on this without support.
Dietary composition affects the gut microbiota.
“As dietary composition affects the gut microbiota, the total daily energy and the intake of energy-yielding nutrients, were analyzed from the 3-days food records.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Starch is broken down into glucose moieties.
“as starch is broken down into glucose moieties”
The paper relies on this without support.
Fructose absorption mainly occurs in the small intestine.
“that mainly occurs in the small intestine”
The paper relies on this without support.
No studies in humans have reported associations between Proteobacteria and exercise or physical fitness that would support the responsiveness of this taxon to exercise training.
“However, to our knowledge, no studies in humans have reported associations between Proteobacteria and exercise or physical fitness that would support the responsiveness of this taxon to exercise training.”

4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

Post-exercise weight differs between text and table
Minor
The prose gives a post-exercise mean weight of 89.1 ± 15.2 kg, but Table 2 gives 89.3 ± 15.6 kg for the same time point.
Age exception for adjusted taxonomic changes is reversed
Minor
The text says these changes depend on all listed variables except age. Yet Bifidobacteriaceae loses significance after age adjustment (0.015 to 0.198); the table also reports significant age-adjusted p-values for the two unidentified taxa (0.038 and 0.027).
Phylum-level changes are both denied and reported
Minor
The results say there were no differences in phylum-level abundances, then report significant decreases in Proteobacteria and increases in Verrucomicrobia, both at the phylum level.
No-change-in-diet statement overlooks starch energy percentage
Minor
The abstract states that no dietary changes were observed, whereas the results report a significant increase in the percentage of energy derived from starch after exercise.
Claim of independent taxonomic responses conflicts with adjusted results
Minor
The claim of independence from the listed variables is not supported for every named taxon. Table 5 reports Proteobacteria p-values of 0.078 and 0.073 when adjusted for changes in energy and sucrose, respectively, and a Verrucomicrobia p-value of 0.054 when adjusted for the pre-exercise fiber value.
Heading says body-composition associations disappear despite reported correlations
Minor
The section heading says the associations disappear after exercise, but the section reports significant post-exercise correlations with waist circumference, weight, and android fat mass.
Figure 4 panel for Bray-Curtis analysis is mislabeled
Minor
The results direct readers to Figure 4B for the Bray-Curtis analysis, while the figure caption identifies panel B as Correspondence analysis and panel C as Bray-Curtis analysis.

7 of 7

Human gut microbes associated with obesity
Ley, R. E., Turnbaugh, P. J., Klein, S., & Gordon, J. I. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/4441022a · Cited by 8,785
A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins
Turnbaugh, P. J., Hamady, M., Yatsunenko, T., Cantarel, B. L., Duncan, A., Ley, R. E., Sogin, M. L., Jones, W. J., Roe, B. A., Affourtit, J. P., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07540 · Cited by 7,823
Changes of Intestinal Functions in Liver Cirrhosis
Fukui, H., & Wiest, R. (2016) · Inflammatory Intestinal Diseases · doi:10.1159/000444436 · Cited by 6,820
SILVA: a comprehensive online resource for quality checked and aligned ribosomal RNA sequence data compatible with ARB
Pruesse, E., Quast, C., Knittel, K., Fuchs, B. M., Ludwig, W., Peplies, J., & Glöckner, F. O. (2007) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkm864 · Cited by 6,682
Metabolic Endotoxemia Initiates Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Cani, P. D., Amar, J., Iglesias, M. A., Poggi, M., Knauf, C., Bastelica, D., Neyrinck, A. M., Fava, F., Tuohy, K. M., Chabo, C., et al. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db06-1491 · Cited by 6,638
Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota
Lozupone, C. A., Stombaugh, J. I., Gordon, J. I., Jansson, J. K., & Knight, R. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11550 · Cited by 5,533
Quality control and preprocessing of metagenomic datasets
Schmieder, R., & Edwards, R. A. (2011) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btr026 · Cited by 5,119
Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress
Borg, G. (1970) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/1650197719702239298 · Cited by 4,723
Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity
Everard, A., Belzer, C., Geurts, L., Ouwerkerk, J. P., Druart, C., Bindels, L. B., Guiot, Y., Derrien, M., Muccioli, G. G., Delzenne, N. M., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1219451110 · Cited by 4,511
Gut microbiota in health and disease
Sekirov, I., Russell, S. L., Antunes, L. C. M., & Finlay, B. B. (2010) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00045.2009 · Cited by 4,182

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Show all 55 references

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Exercise and the gut microbiome: A review of the evidence, potential mechanisms, and implications for human health
Mailing, L. J., Allen, J. M., Buford, T. W., Fields, C. J., & Woods, J. A. (2019) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000183 · Cited by 521
Short-chain fatty acids as potential regulators of skeletal muscle metabolism and function
Frampton, J. E., Murphy, K. G., Frost, G. S., & Chambers, E. S. (2020) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-020-0188-7 · Cited by 552
Exercise Training Modulates Gut Microbiota Profile and Improves Endotoxemia
MOTIANI, K. K., COLLADO, M. C., ESKELINEN, J.-J., VIRTANEN, K. A., LÖYTTYNIEMI, E., SALMINEN, S., NUUTILA, P., KALLIOKOSKI, K. K., & HANNUKAINEN, J. C. (2020) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002112 · Cited by 333
Understanding the Role of the Gut Microbiome and Microbial Metabolites in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Current Evidence and Perspectives
Vallianou, N. G., Christodoulatos, G. S., Karampela, Ι., Tsilingiris, D., Magkos, F., Stratigou, T., Kounatidis, D. C., & Dalamaga, Μ. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom12010056 · Cited by 305
Interplay Between Exercise and Gut Microbiome in the Context of Human Health and Performance
Clauss, M., Gérard, P., Mosca, A., & Leclerc, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.637010 · Cited by 308

See all 237

Aerobic exercise training and gut microbiome-associated metabolic shifts in women with overweight: a multi-omic study
Hintikka, J. E., Ahtiainen, J. P., Perttu, P., Jalkanen, S., Marko, L., & Pekkala, S. (2025) · UTUPub (University of Turku)
Exercise alters gut microbiota composition and function in lean and obese humans
ALLEN, J. M., MAILING, L. J., NIEMIRO, G. M., MOORE, R., COOK, M. D., WHITE, B. A., HOLSCHER, H. D., & WOODS, J. A. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001495 · Cited by 820
The associations between physical activity, microbiome and metabolic adaptation in sedentary overweight adults
Ziv-Av, E., Greenberg, A., Knaan, T., Melanson, E. L., Youngster, I., Dubnov-Raz, G., Borenstein, E., & Gepner, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1722274
Exercise training modifies xenometabolites in gut and circulation of lean and obese adults
Kasperek, M. C., Mailing, L. J., Piccolo, B. D., Moody, B., Lan, R. S.-L., Gao, X., Hernández‐Saavedra, D., Woods, J. A., Adams, S. H., & Allen, J. M. (2023) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.15638 · Cited by 18
Exercise-induced modulation of the gut microbiome in metabolically dysregulated state
Hurenko, O. O., & Drozdovska, S. B. (2026) · The Animal Biology · doi:10.15407/animbiol27.04.092
Exercise Training Transiently Increases Gut Microbiota Diversity and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production in a Diet-Dependent Manner in Healthy Adults
Hwang, S., Wu, X., Yoon, J.-W., Jeon, I.-C., Hwang, Y.-I., Kim, K.-S., & Park, S. (2026) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms14091867
PO-209 Effects of aerobic exercise on oxidant/anti-oxidant indexes and gut microbiota in young obese volunteers
Sha, J., Sui, B., Gong, H., Li, W., Liu, S., & Ren, W. (2018) · Exercise Biochemistry Review · doi:10.14428/ebr.v1i5.9383
Effects of a 6 Week Aerobic Exercise Intervention on Gut Bacterial Metabolites in Lean and Obese Adults
Mailing, L. J., Allen, J. M., Niemiro, G. M., Cohrs, J., Holscher, H. D., Lisio, M. D., & Woods, J. A. (2017) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.965.40
Six Weeks of Aerobic Exercise Improves Markers of Insulin Sensitivity and Metabolic Endotoxemia
Mailing, L. J., Allen, J. M., Niemiro, G. M., Cohrs, J., Holscher, H. D., Lisio, M. D., & Woods, J. A. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000536674.00357.f2
Exercise Training Modulates Gut Microbiota Profile and Improves Endotoxemia
MOTIANI, K. K., COLLADO, M. C., ESKELINEN, J.-J., VIRTANEN, K. A., LÖYTTYNIEMI, E., SALMINEN, S., NUUTILA, P., KALLIOKOSKI, K. K., & HANNUKAINEN, J. C. (2020) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002112 · Cited by 333

Authors: Munukka, E., Ahtiainen, J. P., Puigbó, P., Jalkanen, S., Pahkala, K., Keskitalo, A., Kujala, U. M., Pietilä, S., Hollmén, M., Elo, L., Huovinen, P., D'Auria, G., & Pekkala, S.
Affiliations: University of Turku (FI)
University of Jyväskylä (FI)
Corresponding author: Pekkala, Satu
ORCID: Munukka, Eveliina
Ahtiainen, Juha P.
Jalkanen, Sirpa
Pahkala, Katja
Keskitalo, Anniina
Kujala, Urho M.
Pietilä, Sami
Hollmén, Maija
Elo, Laura
Huovinen, Pentti
Pekkala, Satu
Venue: Frontiers in Microbiology
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2018-10-03
Volume: 9
Pages: 2323-2323
ISSN: 1664-302X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02323
PMC: PMC6178902
OpenAlex: W2895626130
Semantic Scholar: 49f9b1b1c0362d8fb2a32100df80f53eb0f3b6bb
Cited by: 237
References: 55
Citations by year: 2026: 31 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 14
FWCI: 6.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: Frontiers in Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
UTUPub (University of Turku) (submittedVersion)
UTUPub (University of Turku) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Juho Vainion Säätiö
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Keywords: endurance exercise, gut microbiota, gut metagenome, overweight women, Akkermansia, Proteobacteria, serum metabolomics, VAP-1, amine oxidase activity, hydrogen peroxide, body composition, fat mass, fructose metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, VLDL cholesterol, phospholipids

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Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women

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