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Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women
Open accessAbstract
Previously sedentary overweight women (n=19) underwent a six-week endurance exercise intervention, but two were excluded due to antibiotic therapy. The gut microbiota composition and functions were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and metagenomics. Body composition was analyzed with DXA X-ray densitometer and serum metabolomics with NMR metabolomics. Total energy and energy-yielding nutrient intakes were analyzed from food records using Micro-Nutrica software. Serum clinical variables were determined with KONELAB instrument. Soluble Vascular Adhesion Protein 1 (VAP-1) was measured with ELISA and its’ enzymatic activity as produced hydrogen peroxide. The exercise intervention was effective, as maximal power and maximum rate of oxygen consumption increased while android fat mass decreased. No changes in diet were observed. Metagenomic analysis revealed taxonomic shifts including an increase in Akkermansia and a decrease in Proteobacteria. These changes were independent of age, weight, fat % as well as energy and fibre intake. Training slightly increased Jaccard distance of genus level β-diversity. Training did not alter the enriched metagenomic pathways, which, according to Bray Curtis dissimilarity analysis, may have been due to that only half of the subjects’ microbiomes responded considerably to exercise. Nevertheless, training decreased the abundance of several genes including those related to fructose and amino acid metabolism. These metagenomic changes, however, were not translated into major systemic metabolic changes as only two metabolites, phospholipids and cholesterol in large VLDL particles, decreased after exercise. Training also decreased the amine oxidase activity of pro-inflammatory VAP-1, whereas no changes in CRP were detected. All clinical blood variables were within normal range, yet exercise slightly increased glucose and decreased LDL and HDL. In conclusion, exercise training modified the gut microbiome without greatly affecting systemic metabolites or body composition. Based on our data and existing literature, we propose that especially Akkermansia and Proteobacteria are exercise-responsive taxa. Our results warrant the need for further studies in larger cohorts to determine whether exercise types other than endurance exercise also modify the gut metagenome.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Six weeks of supervised endurance exercise in previously sedentary overweight women improved fitness and modestly shifted gut metagenome composition, including increased *Akkermansia* and decreased Proteobacteria, without major changes in systemic metabolism or body composition. The authors propose *Akkermansia* and Proteobacteria as exercise-responsive taxa but call for larger/longer trials.
Key findings
- Exercise was effective: VO2max increased from 29.8 ± 5.2 to 32.5 ± 5.4 ml·min⁻¹·kg⁻¹ and maximal power from 182.9 ± 36.0 to 202.6 ± 36.4 W (both p < 0.001); submaximal blood lactate decreased from 3.0 ± 0.8 to 2.3 ± 0.7 mmol·L⁻¹ (p < 0.001). Android fat mass decreased from 3.87 ± 1.42 to 3.75 ± 1.39 kg (p = 0.005), with no significant weight, BMI, total fat, or diet changes except a slight increase in starch energy percentage (20.7 ± 6.3 to 22.8 ± 3.4, p = 0.033).
- Metagenomic analysis showed increased genus-level Jaccard β-diversity (0.449 to 0.465, p = 0.014), increased Verrucomicrobia (p = 0.038), Verrucomicrobiaceae (p = 0.038), Bifidobacteriaceae (p = 0.015), *Akkermansia* (p = 0.038), *Dorea* (p = 0.028), and *Anaerofilum* (p = 0.037), and decreased Proteobacteria (p = 0.039), unidentified Porphyromonadaceae (p = 0.016), *Odoribacter* (p = 0.033), unidentified Desulfovibrionaceae (p = 0.037), and unidentified Enterobacteriaceae (p = 0.036). Only Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Verrucomicrobiaceae, and *Akkermansia* changed independently of age, weight, fat %, android fat %, energy, sucrose, or fiber intake.
- No major KEGG pathway enrichment changes were detected; several individual genes decreased, including those related to fructose/mannose metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and B-vitamin synthesis. Systemic metabolomics showed only decreased phospholipids and cholesterol in large VLDL particles (p < 0.05 for both). VAP-1 enzymatic activity decreased (p = 0.011) without change in VAP-1 protein or CRP, and TLR5 mRNA increased (p = 0.029).
Methods
- Design: six-week supervised endurance cycling intervention in previously sedentary overweight women (BMI >27.5 kg/m²), with a preceding six-week non-training control period; subjects served as their own controls. Three sessions/week progressed from 40 to 60 min, with low-intensity and moderate-intensity interval cycling.
- Sample: 19 women underwent the intervention; 2 were excluded from final analyses due to antibiotic therapy, leaving n = 17 for physical performance, body composition, and clinical variables; n = 15 for metagenome analyses after 2 additional samples clustered differently; n = 14 completed food diaries at all time points.
- Measurements/analysis: 16S rRNA gene V4 amplicon sequencing and shotgun metagenomics; DXA for body composition; NMR metabolomics; KONELAB clinical assays; VAP-1 ELISA and amine oxidase activity; whole-blood TLR4/TLR5 qPCR. Statistics included repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Benjamini-Hochberg correction, QIIME, Microbiome Analyst, Spearman correlations, and general linear models.
Limitations
- Stated: the cohort was small and the authors state that larger and longer exercise trials are needed; only approximately half of subjects’ microbiomes responded considerably to exercise, and inter-individual variation was large; food records are prone to under-reporting and social-desirability/social-approval bias; the mechanism by which exercise regulates VAP-1 activity without changing protein concentration could not be determined.
- Evident from the text: the study included only overweight women and only endurance exercise, so findings may not generalize to men, other BMI groups, or other exercise types; metagenome analyses were reduced to n = 15, and diet analyses to n = 14, further limiting power; the absence of major systemic metabolic changes may partly reflect heterogeneous individual responses rather than true lack of effect.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All clinical blood variables were within normal range, yet exercise slightly increased glucose and decreased LDL and HDL.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Metagenomic analysis revealed taxonomic shifts including an increase in Akkermansia and a decrease in Proteobacteria.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Abstract
plaindirectn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All clinical blood variables were within normal range, yet exercise slightly increased glucose and decreased LDL and HDL.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Metagenomic analysis revealed taxonomic shifts including an increase in Akkermansia and a decrease in Proteobacteria.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Abstract
plaindirectn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The exercise intervention was effective, as maximal power and maximum rate of oxygen consumption increased while android fat mass decreased.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Abstract
plaindirectn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These metagenomic changes, however, were not translated into major systemic metabolic changes as only two metabolites, phospholipids and cholesterol in large VLDL particles, decreased after exercise.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Training also decreased the amine oxidase activity of pro-inflammatory VAP-1, whereas no changes in CRP were detected.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The exercise intervention was effective, as maximal power and maximum rate of oxygen consumption increased while android fat mass decreased.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Abstract
plaindirectn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All clinical blood variables were within normal range, yet exercise slightly increased glucose and decreased LDL and HDL.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All clinical blood variables were within normal range, yet exercise slightly increased glucose and decreased LDL and HDL.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 67
- It may state two separate claims as one. 22
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the energy % derived from starch slightly increased after the exercise period (p = 0.033).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Results > No changes in total energy intake, intake of energy-yielding or gut microbiota-affecting nutrients were observed after the exercise period
plaindirectn = 14- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“However, even with such study set up no effects of the intervention on gut microbiota were observed with lower sequencing depth, and modest changes were found with deeper metagenomic analysis.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
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In the paper
“Free fatty acids decreased and triglycerides and insulin increased after the control period.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Results > Exercise slightly affected clinical variables
plaindirectn = 17- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the exercise intervention was successful as the maximal power and maximum rate of oxygen consumption increased.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this study we showed that six-weeks endurance exercise intervention modestly modified the composition and functions of the gut microbiota without greatly affecting systemic metabolites or body composition.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since no evident changes in weight, body composition and diet occurred during the exercise training, it can be proposed that the effects on gut microbiota were related to the exercise training.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the clinical variables the change in HDL, LDL and glucose remained significant while no other changes were detected.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Results > Microbiome analysis revealed that exercise training modified the composition and functions of the gut microbiota
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The variation in the genus level composition of the gut microbiota between the subjects appears to be vast in all analyzed time points (Figure 2A).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Results > Microbiome analysis revealed that exercise training modified the composition and functions of the gut microbiota
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the statistically non-signifcant decline in protein ingestion during the exercise period can contribute to the decrease of metagenomic functions related to amino acids metabolism.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, in our study, despite the favorable taxonomic shifts in butyrate-producing Akkermansia and Dorea, exercise training did not increase butyrate metabolism genes but reduced several metagenomic functions including those related to fructose, mannose, alanine and aromatic amino acids metabolism.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Another study reported that combined eight-weeks aerobic and resistance exercise induced modest shifts in gut metagenomes despite no changes in the diversity of taxa or metabolic pathways (Cronin et al., 2018).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cronin et al., 2018 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To date, one study showed that exercise induced compositional changes in the human gut microbiota that were more pronounced in lean than in obese (Allen et al., 2017).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Allen et al., 2017 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Cross-sectional human studies have reported that professional rugby players diverge from body mass index (BMI)-matched non-athletes in several bacterial phyla (Clarke et al., 2014), and that normal weight active women differ from sedentary women in several taxa (Bressa et al., 2017).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Clarke et al., 2014 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Both exercise and gut microbiota are known to induce inflammation (Clark and Mach, 2017), which may be mediated by bacterial molecules-recognizing Toll-like receptors (TLR) (McKenzie et al., 2017).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McKenzie et al., 2017 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“VAP-1 is a multifunctional protein with amine oxidase activity (Salmi and Jalkanen, 2017) that degrades primary amines and produces hydrogen peroxide, ammonium and aldehydes, which can modify the microenvironment to pro-inflammatory direction and cause detrimental effects on vasculature.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Salmi and Jalkanen, 2017
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Acute effects of exercise have also been studied using maximal bicycle ergometer test that showed an increase in the abundance of 7 out of 9 major taxa in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome compared to 2 of 9 in healthy controls (Shukla et al., 2015).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shukla et al., 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, exercise training modified the gut microbiome without greatly affecting systemic metabolites or body composition.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cross-sectional human studies have reported that professional rugby players diverge from body mass index (BMI)-matched non-athletes in several bacterial phyla (Clarke et al., 2014), and that normal weight active women differ from sedentary women in several taxa (Bressa et al., 2017).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bressa et al., 2017 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“VAP-1 is a multifunctional protein with amine oxidase activity (Salmi and Jalkanen, 2017) that degrades primary amines and produces hydrogen peroxide, ammonium and aldehydes, which can modify the microenvironment to pro-inflammatory direction and cause detrimental effects on vasculature.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Salmi and Jalkanen, 2017
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“VAP-1 is a multifunctional protein with amine oxidase activity (Salmi and Jalkanen, 2017) that degrades primary amines and produces hydrogen peroxide, ammonium and aldehydes, which can modify the microenvironment to pro-inflammatory direction and cause detrimental effects on vasculature.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Salmi and Jalkanen, 2017
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In addition, half marathon performed by amateurs was reported to affect gut microbiota composition, predicted functions and fecal metabolites (Zhao et al., 2018b).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhao et al., 2018b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, in the study of Bressa et al. the sedentary group had significantly higher body fat percentage and mass (Bressa et al., 2017), traits known to be highly associated with gut microbiota composition (Turnbaugh et al., 2009).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Turnbaugh et al., 2009 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Previously we have shown that the amine oxidase activity of Vascular Adhesion Protein 1 (VAP-1) is involved in a lipolysaccharide-induced inflammation model (Yu et al., 2006)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yu et al., 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on our data and existing literature, we propose that especially Akkermansia and Proteobacteria are exercise-responsive taxa.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Both exercise and gut microbiota are known to induce inflammation (Clark and Mach, 2017), which may be mediated by bacterial molecules-recognizing Toll-like receptors (TLR) (McKenzie et al., 2017).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Clark and Mach, 2017
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourteen subjects completed the food diaries in all time points and were included in the analyses.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Materials and methods > Food diaries
plainn = 14- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The subjects had not ingested antibiotics within 2 months prior to the sampling.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Materials and methods > Study subjects
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recently, animal models have shown that exercise impacts microbial abundance (Lambert et al., 2015; Welly et al., 2016)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each sample was analyzed in duplicate, and PCR cycle parameters were as follows: +95°C for 10 min, 40 cycles at +95°C for 10 s, at +56°C (TLR4) or +59°C (TLR5) or +60°C (GAPDH) for 30 s, and at +72°C for 30 s, followed finally by 5 s at +65°C.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Materials and methods > Real-time quantitative PCR from whole blood
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourteen subjects completed the food diaries in all time points.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Results > No changes in total energy intake, intake of energy-yielding or gut microbiota-affecting nutrients were observed after the exercise period
plainn = 14- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Real-time PCR analyses were performed according to MIQE guidelines using in-house designed primers (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), iQ SYBR Supermix, and CFX96™ Real-time PCR Detection System (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Richmond, CA, USA).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Materials and methods > Real-time quantitative PCR from whole blood
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The gas analyzer was calibrated on each testing day.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Materials and methods > Endurance exercise test
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“General linear model in SPSS was used to determine whether the changes in taxa occurred in response to exercise or whether they were dependent on age, weight, body fat %, android fat %, intake of total energy intake, sucrose or fiber.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Materials and methods > Statistics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The samples were always collected over 72 h after the last exercise bout.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Materials and methods > Fecal sample collection, 16s rRNA gene sequencing and metagenome analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From the 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and metagenome sequencing the group comparisons of gut microbiota were analyzed with non-parametric Wilcoxon matched-pair signed rank test and corrected for multiple comparison with Benjamini-Hochberg procedure.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Materials and methods > Statistics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Due to that the gut microbiota composition is known to be highly associated with weight and body composition (Turnbaugh et al., 2009)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Results > Exercise training did not lead to a significant weight loss but decreased android fat mass
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Turnbaugh et al., 2009 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In agreement, the Correspondence analysis shows that the samples before exercise are less variable (more close to the centroid) than the samples after exercise indicating that the exercise has caused shifts in COGs, which, nevertheless, are relatively heterogeneous (Figure 4C).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Results > Microbiome analysis revealed that exercise training modified the composition and functions of the gut microbiota
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“two were excluded of the final analyses due to antibiotic therapy during the intervention.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Results > Exercise training significantly increased maximal power and oxygen uptake capacity and decreased blood lactate
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When assessing the metagenome data the samples of two subjects clustered differently and were removed from the final analyses. Therefore, 15 subjects were included in the metagenome analyses.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Materials and methods > Fecal sample collection, 16s rRNA gene sequencing and metagenome analyses
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blood samples were taken after overnight fasting over 72 h after the last exercise bout.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Materials and methods > Blood samples, analysis of clinical variables and metabolomics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They had no intestinal or other chronic diseases or medications that could have affected the gut microbiota.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Results > Exercise training significantly increased maximal power and oxygen uptake capacity and decreased blood lactate
plainn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In animal models exercise has boosted the abundance of Dorea (Allen et al., 2015; Denou et al., 2016)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“as well as between physically active and sedentary women (Bressa et al., 2017).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bressa et al., 2017 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“as fiber-rich diet seem to promote Akkermansia growth (Everard et al., 2014).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Everard et al., 2014 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“As exercise is known to increase absorption of fructose (Fujisawa et al., 1993)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fujisawa et al., 1993 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“An increased abundance of Enterobacteriaceae has been reported in obesity (Scheepers et al., 2015)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Scheepers et al., 2015 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A similar concept of the so-called responder microbes was also raised in a diet intervention that attempted to ameliorate Type 2 diabetes by improving short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production from fibers (Zhao et al., 2018a).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhao et al., 2018a
plainn = 27- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This could contribute to the reduction in fructose and mannose metabolism genes.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Fructose absorption mainly occurs in the small intestine.
In the paper
“Akkermansia has been found to be lower in several conditions, such as during obesity, diabetes (Cani and de Vos, 2017)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cani and de Vos, 2017
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“On the other hand, similar to our results, Allen and co-workers reported compositional and β-diversity changes of the microbiota in response to six-weeks endurance training that resembled the intervention of our study (Allen et al., 2017).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Allen et al., 2017 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The authors concluded that the shifts were dependent on the obesity status and were reversed after cessation of the training.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Allen et al., 2017 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, including both genders in the study may have hindered some of the discoveries, as gender differences in the gut microbiota are known to influence, for instance, metabolic outcomes and immunity (Fransen et al., 2017).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fransen et al., 2017 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“First, athletes harbored more Akkermansia than sedentary controls (Clarke et al., 2014)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Clarke et al., 2014 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In agreement with our findings, exercise decreased Proteobacteria in rats with high aerobic capacity (Liu et al., 2015).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liu et al., 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In contrast to our study, after eight-weeks of non-guided, combined aerobic and resistance exercise, Cronin et al. failed to detect significant changes in the gut microbiota composition or functions.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cronin et al., 2018 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, exercise training decreased VAP-1 activity, which can have beneficial anti-inflammatory effects especially on vasculature, though the underlying mechanisms could not be determined in this study.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“while in a human study it increased after cessation of the training and not in response to exercise (Allen et al., 2017).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Allen et al., 2017 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But Dorea, Odoribacter and a yet unidentified genus of Desulfovibrionaceae may be responders.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, a prolonged protein supplementation did not affect the gut microbiome (Cronin et al., 2018) and therefore the real effect of reduced protein intake can be questioned.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cronin et al., 2018 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“and, that intrinsic aerobic capacity impacts the microbiota composition (Pekkala et al., 2017).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pekkala et al., 2017 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In accordance, animal studies by us and others have reported that high-intensity endurance training modified the gut microbiota (Campbell et al., 2016; Denou et al., 2016)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Akkermansia is suggested to be health-beneficial for its capacity to improve lipid oxidation in diet-induced obese mice (Everard et al., 2013).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Everard et al., 2013 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It was recently demonstrated by targeted gene amplification, not metagenomics, that in addition to the influence on the gut microbiota composition, exercise training increased the gene encoding butyrate forming Butyryl CoA: Acetate CoA transferase (Allen et al., 2017)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Allen et al., 2017 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“as did the active women compared to inactive (Bressa et al., 2017).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bressa et al., 2017 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“where the majority of carbohydrate-metabolizing microbes reside (Krajmalnik-Brown et al., 2012).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Krajmalnik-Brown et al., 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“and in rats the latter decreased in response to voluntary exercise (Liu et al., 2015).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liu et al., 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the statistically non-signifcant decline in protein ingestion during the exercise period can contribute to the decrease of metagenomic functions related to amino acids metabolism.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“and non-alcoholic steatohepatosis (Zhu et al., 2013)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhu et al., 2013 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Inter-individual variation in the gut microbiota composition and gene content is known to be vast (Lozupone et al., 2012).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lozupone et al., 2012 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Corroborating our findings Odoribacter and unidentified Desulfovibrionaceae were lower in active women than sedentary (Bressa et al., 2017)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bressa et al., 2017 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“as gender differences in the gut microbiota are known to influence, for instance, metabolic outcomes and immunity (Fransen et al., 2017).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fransen et al., 2017 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“It seems that both compositional and functional differencies in the gut microbiota exist between professional athletes and their BMI-matched sedentary counterparts (Clarke et al., 2014)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Clarke et al., 2014 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“But interestingly, contradictory findings from the human exercise interventions have been recently presented (Allen et al., 2017; Cronin et al., 2018).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, a prolonged protein supplementation did not affect the gut microbiome (Cronin et al., 2018)”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cronin et al., 2018 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it should be noted that although food records are considered as a reliable dietary assessment tool, they are prone to under-reporting, and social-desirability and social approval bias, which could e.g., result in lower assessed energy intake, and over-reporting of healthy foods and underreporting of unhealthy foods.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“as VLDL transports lipids from liver to peripheral tissues and thus has detrimental cardiovascular effects (Ren et al., 2010).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ren et al., 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, in mice, exhaustive exercise up-regulates flagellin-mediated inflammation by increasing TLR5 expression (Uchida et al., 2014).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Uchida et al., 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The VLDL particle reducing effect of exercise is supported by our own study showing that long-term leisure time physical activity was associated with lower cholesterol in VLDL (Kujala et al., 2013).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kujala et al., 2013 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Our finding is in agreement with the report showing that a prolonged bout of strenuous exercise increases the expression of TLRs (Gleeson, 2007).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gleeson, 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“though the underlying mechanisms could not be determined in this study.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Dietary composition affects the gut microbiota.
“As dietary composition affects the gut microbiota, the total daily energy and the intake of energy-yielding nutrients, were analyzed from the 3-days food records.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Starch is broken down into glucose moieties.
“as starch is broken down into glucose moieties”
The paper relies on this without support.
Fructose absorption mainly occurs in the small intestine.
“that mainly occurs in the small intestine”
The paper relies on this without support.
No studies in humans have reported associations between Proteobacteria and exercise or physical fitness that would support the responsiveness of this taxon to exercise training.
“However, to our knowledge, no studies in humans have reported associations between Proteobacteria and exercise or physical fitness that would support the responsiveness of this taxon to exercise training.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Observational studies show exercise alters gut microbiome composition in mice14 and humans15–18.”
From Exercise-induced microbiota metabolite enhances CD8 T cell antitumor immunity promoting immunotherapy efficacy (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Results > Exercise training did not lead to a significant weight loss but decreased android fat mass
“after exercise training 89.1 ± 15.2 kg.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Results > Exercise training did not lead to a significant weight loss but decreased android fat mass
“| Weight (kg) | 90.1 ± 15.7 | 89.9 ± 15.0 | 89.3 ± 15.6 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Results > Microbiome analysis revealed that exercise training modified the composition and functions of the gut microbiota
“The changes in Bifidobacteraceae, and unidentified Desulfovibrionaceae and Enterobacteriaceae were dependent on all variables except age.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Results > Microbiome analysis revealed that exercise training modified the composition and functions of the gut microbiota
“| Bifidobacteriaceae | 0.41 (0.27) | 1.18 (0.27) | 0.015 | 0.198 | 0.179b 0.199c |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Results > Microbiome analysis revealed that exercise training modified the composition and functions of the gut microbiota
“no differences in gut microbiota α-diversity or the phylum level abundancies or the relationship of Bacteroidetes or Firmicutes were found (data not shown).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Results > Microbiome analysis revealed that exercise training modified the composition and functions of the gut microbiota
“exercise training resulted in a decrease of gram-negative Proteobacteria (p = 0.039, Figure 3A) and an increase in Verrucomicrobia (p = 0.038).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Abstract
“No changes in diet were observed.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Results > No changes in total energy intake, intake of energy-yielding or gut microbiota-affecting nutrients were observed after the exercise period
“However, the energy % derived from starch slightly increased after the exercise period (p = 0.033).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Results > Microbiome analysis revealed that exercise training modified the composition and functions of the gut microbiota
“The results suggest that only Proteobacteria, Verrucomibrobia, Verrucomicrobiaceae, and Akkermansia respond to exercise training independently of above-mentioned variables.”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Results > Microbiome analysis revealed that exercise training modified the composition and functions of the gut microbiota
“| Proteobacteria | 1.05 (0.94) | 0.65 (0.63) | 0.039 | 0.031 | 0.033b 0.034c | 0.036b 0.032c | 0.031b 0.026c | 0.045b 0.078c | 0.038b 0.012c | 0.043b 0.073c |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Results > The associations of gut microbiota with body composition disappear after the exercise period
“### The associations of gut microbiota with body composition disappear after the exercise period”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Results > The associations of gut microbiota with body composition disappear after the exercise period
“After the exercise period, Bifidobacterium genus correlated with waist circumference (r = −0.580, p = 0.036), and Dorea with weight (r = 0.591, p = 0.033), android FM (r = 0.630, p = 0.021) and waist circumefrence (r = 0.674, p = 0.012).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Results > Microbiome analysis revealed that exercise training modified the composition and functions of the gut microbiota
“only approximately half of the subject's microbiome had considerably responded to the exercise training, i.e., had Bray Curtis index close to 0.8 (Figure 4B).”
§ Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women > Results > Microbiome analysis revealed that exercise training modified the composition and functions of the gut microbiota
“(C) The Bray Curtis dissimilarity analysis shows that only approximately half of the subjects microbiomes have considerably responded to the exercise training, i.e., have Bray Curtis index close to 0.8.”
Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Munukka, E., Ahtiainen, J. P., Puigbó, P., Jalkanen, S., Pahkala, K., Keskitalo, A., Kujala, U. M., Pietilä, S., Hollmén, M., Elo, L., Huovinen, P., D'Auria, G., & Pekkala, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Turku (FI)
- University of Jyväskylä (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Pekkala, Satu
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Microbiology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-10-03
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 2323-2323
- ISSN
- 1664-302X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6178902
- OpenAlex
- W2895626130
- Semantic Scholar
- 49f9b1b1c0362d8fb2a32100df80f53eb0f3b6bb
- Cited by
- 237
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 14
- FWCI
- 6.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UTUPub (University of Turku) (submittedVersion)
- UTUPub (University of Turku) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Juho Vainion Säätiö
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- endurance exercise, gut microbiota, gut metagenome, overweight women, Akkermansia, Proteobacteria, serum metabolomics, VAP-1, amine oxidase activity, hydrogen peroxide, body composition, fat mass, fructose metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, VLDL cholesterol, phospholipids
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