Worth a glance: Using eye movements to investigate the cognitive neuroscience of memory.
Open accessAbstract
Results of several investigations indicate that eye movements can reveal memory for elements of previous experience. These effects of memory on eye movement behavior can emerge very rapidly, changing the efficiency and even the nature of visual processing without appealing to verbal reports and without requiring conscious recollection. This aspect of eye movement based memory investigations is particularly useful when eye movement methods are used with special populations (e.g., young children, elderly individuals, and patients with severe amnesia), and also permits use of comparable paradigms in animals and humans, helping to bridge different memory literatures and permitting cross-species generalizations. Unique characteristics of eye movement methods have produced findings that challenge long-held views about the nature of memory, its organization in the brain, and its failures in special populations. Recently, eye movement methods have been successfully combined with neuroimaging techniques such as fMRI, single-unit recording, and magnetoencephalography, permitting more sophisticated investigations of memory. Ultimately, combined use of eye-tracking with neuropsychological and neuroimaging methods promises to provide a more comprehensive account of brain-behavior relationships and adheres to the "converging evidence" approach to cognitive neuroscience.
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The record of gaze shifts may provide the oculomotor maps on which these 3D abilities depend.
“where it may be the record of gaze shifts that provides the oculomotor maps on which these abilities depend (Hannula et al., 2010; Zimmerman and Lappe, 2016; Ryan and Shen, 2020; Wolff and Lappe, 2021).”
From The function(s) of consciousness revisited: insights from a modular/constitutive model using vision as a test case (2026) · cites this paper as Hannula et al., 2010
The Abstract and “Revealing Distinct Types of Mnemonic Information” (page unavailable) describe how prior experience and spatial memory guide eye movements. They do not say that a record of gaze shifts provides oculomotor maps on which 3D abilities depend; searches for those maps and for 3D spatial representations found no passage making that point. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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A short digital eye-tracking assessment predicts cognitive status among adults
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Piccardi, L., Luca, M. D., Nori, R., Palermo, L., Iachini, F., & Guariglia, C. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00140 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Complexity and Cognitive Engagement in the Rorschach Task: An Eye-Tracking Study
Ales, F., Giromini, L., & Zennaro, A. (2019) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2019.1575227 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The role of nutrition on cognition and brain health in ageing: a targeted approach
Monti, J. M., Moulton, C. J., & Cohen, N. J. (2015) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422415000141 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Autobiographical recall triggers visual exploration
Haj, M. E., Delerue, C., Omigie, D., Antoine, P., Nandrino, J., & Boucart, M. (2014) · Journal of Eye Movement Research · doi:10.16910/jemr.7.5.1 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Subliminal encoding and flexible retrieval of objects in scenes
Wuethrich, S., Hannula, D. E., Mast, F. W., & Henke, K. (2018) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22957 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Eye movements reveal a dissociation between memory encoding and retrieval in adults with autism
Cooper, R. A., Plaisted-Grant, K. C., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Simons, J. S. (2016) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.11.013 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Impaired relational memory in the early stage of psychosis
Avery, S. N., Armstrong, K., Blackford, J. U., Woodward, N. D., Cohen, N. J., & Heckers, S. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.07.060 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Modeling the influence of the hippocampal memory system on the oculomotor system
Ryan, J. D., Shen, K., Kacollja, A., Tian, H., Griffiths, J. D., Bezgin, G., & McIntosh, A. R. (2020) · Network Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/netn_a_00120 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Kexiu, L., Elsadek, M., Liu, B., & FUJII, E. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06131 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Apathy and Attentional Biases in Alzheimer’s Disease
Chau, S. A., Chung, J., Herrmann, N., Eizenman, M., & Lanctôt, K. L. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-151026 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Tracking the Truth: The Effect of Face Familiarity on Eye Fixations during Deception
Millen, A. E., Hope, L., Hillstrom, A. P., & Vrij, A. (2016) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2016.1172093 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
CNTRICS Imaging Biomarkers Final Task Selection: Long-Term Memory and Reinforcement Learning
Ragland, J. D., Cohen, N. J., Cools, R., Frank, M., Hannula, D. E., & Charan Ranganath, A. (2011) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr168 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Gaze patterns of gross anatomy students change with classroom learning
Zumwalt, A., Iyer, A., Ghebremichael, A., Frustace, B. S., & Flannery, S. (2014) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.1485 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Visual Exploration at Higher Fixation Frequency Increases Subsequent Memory Recall
Fehlmann, B., Coynel, D., Schicktanz, N. S., Milnik, A., Gschwind, L., Hofmann, P., Papassotiropoulos, A., & de Quervain, D. J. ‐. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex Communications · doi:10.1093/texcom/tgaa032 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Computational cross‐species views of the hippocampal formation
Zhu, S. L., Lakshminarasimhan, K. J., & Angelaki, D. E. (2023) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23535 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Spontaneous eye movements reflect the representational geometries of conceptual spaces
Viganò, S., Bayramova, R., Doeller, C. F., & Bottini, R. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2403858121 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Restricting Visual Exploration Directly Impedes Neural Activity, Functional Connectivity, and Memory
Liu, Z., Rosenbaum, R. S., & Ryan, J. D. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex Communications · doi:10.1093/texcom/tgaa054 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Less imageable words lead to more looks to blank locations during memory retrieval
Kumcu, A., & Thompson, R. L. (2018) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-018-1084-6 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The pupil as an indicator of unconscious memory: Introducing the pupil priming effect
Gomes, C. A., Montaldi, D., & Mayes, A. R. (2015) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12412 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Database of Emotional Videos from Ottawa (DEVO)
Baraly, K. T. A., Muyingo, L., Beaudoin, C., Karami, S., Langevin, M., & Davidson, P. S. R. (2020) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.180 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Attention capture by episodic long-term memory
Nickel, A. E., Hopkins, L. S., Minor, G. N., & Hannula, D. E. (2020) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104312 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Temporal context guides visual exploration during scene recognition.
Kragel, J. E., & Voss, J. L. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000827 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hannula, D. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hannula, Deborah E.
- ORCID
- Hannula, Deborah E.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 4
- Pages
- 166-166
- ISSN
- 1662-5161 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2995997
- OpenAlex
- W2136580022
- Cited by
- 326
- References
- 143
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 6.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Canada Research Chairs
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh062500-13)
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01‐MH062500, K08MH082116)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- eye movements, eye tracking, memory, visual processing, implicit memory, amnesia, cross-species generalization, neuroimaging integration, converging evidence, brain-behavior relationship
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