Normal brain development and aging: quantitative analysis at in vivo MR imaging in healthy volunteers
Abstract
PURPOSE: To quantitate neuroanatomic parameters in healthy volunteers and to compare the values with normative values from postmortem studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Magnetic resonance (MR) images of 116 volunteers aged 19 months to 80 years were analyzed with semiautomated procedures validated by means of comparison with manual tracings. Volumes measured included intracranial space, whole brain, gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Results were compared with values from previous postmortem studies. RESULTS: Whole brain and intracranial space grew by 25%-27% between early childhood (mean age, 26 months; age range, 19-33 months) and adolescence (mean age, 14 years; age range, 12-15 years); thereafter, whole-brain volume decreased such that volunteers (age range, 71-80 years) had volumes similar to those of young children. GM increased 13% from early to later (6-9 years) childhood. Thereafter, GM increased more slowly and reached a plateau in the 4th decade; it decreased by 13% in the oldest volunteers. The GM-WM ratio decreased exponentially from early childhood through the 4th decade; thereafter, it gradually declined. In vivo patterns of change in the intracranial space, whole brain, and GM-WM ratio agreed with published postmortem data. CONCLUSION: MR images accurately depict normal patterns of age-related change in intracranial space, whole brain, GM, WM, and CSF. These quantitative MR imaging data can be used in research studies and clinical settings for the detection of abnormalities in fundamental neuroanatomic parameters.
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Total brain volume and intracranial volume are driven by brain growth during normal childhood development.
“TBV and ICV are driven by brain growth during normal childhood development (Casey et al., 2005; Courchesne et al., 2000; Sgouros, Goldin, Hockley, Wake, & Natarajan, 1999)”
From Early-Initiated Childhood Reading for Pleasure: Associations with Better Cognitive Performance, Mental Well-being and Brain Structure in Young Adolescence (2024) · cites this paper as Courchesne et al., 2000
Children's total brain volume and intracranial volume develop in parallel during childhood until early adolescence, after which total brain volume declines gradually while intracranial volume stabilizes.
“Children ' s TBV and ICV develop in parallel during childhood until early adolescence, after which TBV declines gradually while ICV stabilizes (Casey et al., 2005; Courchesne et al., 2000; Sgouros et al., 1999)”
From Early-Initiated Childhood Reading for Pleasure: Associations with Better Cognitive Performance, Mental Well-being and Brain Structure in Young Adolescence (2024) · cites this paper as Courchesne et al., 2000
The brain doubles in volume during year one and attains 80-90% of adult size by age three.
“doubling in volume during the first year and reaching 80–90% of adult volume by age 3 (Courchesne et al., 2000; Knickmeyer et al., 2008).”
From Development of large-scale functional networks from birth to adulthood: A guide to the neuroimaging literature (2017) · cites this paper as Courchesne et al., 2000
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The brain matures with stronger functional connectivity and decreased randomness of its network
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- Authors
- Courchesne, E., Chisum, H. J., Townsend, J., Cowles, A., Covington, J., Egaas, B., Harwood, M., Hinds, S., & Press, G. A.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Venue
- Radiology
- Published
- 2000-09
- Volume
- 216
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 672-682
- ISSN
- 0033-8419 (ISSN-L)
- 1527-1315
- OpenAlex
- W1977370225
- Cited by
- 1,049
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 101 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 58
- FWCI
- 20.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Radiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ns034155-03)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (5RO1-NS-34155, R01NS019855, 2-RO1-NS-19855)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- brain development, brain aging, brain volume, gray matter, white matter, cerebrospinal fluid, intracranial space, reference values, healthy volunteers
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Brain, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Reference Values
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