An Efficient Chronic Unpredictable Stress Protocol to Induce Stress-Related Responses in C57BL/6 Mice
Open accessAbstract
Exposure to chronic stress can have broad effects on health ranging from increased predisposition for neuropsychiatric disorders to deregulation of immune responses. The chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) protocol has been widely used to study the impact of stress exposure in several animal models and consists in the random, intermittent, and unpredictable exposure to a variety of stressors during several weeks. CUS has consistently been shown to induce behavioral and immunological alterations typical of the chronic stress-response. Unfortunately C57BL/6 mice, one of the most widely used mouse strains, due to the great variety of genetically modified lines, seem to be resistant to the commonly used 4-week-long CUS protocol. The definition of an alternative CUS protocol allowing the use of C57BL/6 mice in chronic stress experiments is a need. Here, we show that by extending the CUS protocol to 8 weeks is possible to induce a chronic stress-response in C57BL/6 mice, as revealed by abrogated body weight gain, increased adrenals weight, and an overactive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis with increased levels of serum corticosterone. Moreover, we also observed stress-associated behavioral alterations, including the potentiation of anxious-like and depressive-like behaviors and a reduction of exploratory behavior, as well as subtle stress-related changes in the cell population of the thymus and of the spleen. The present protocol for C57BL/6 mice consistently triggers the spectrum of CUS-induced changes observed in rats and, thus, will be highly useful to researchers that need to use this particular mouse strain as an animal model of neuropsychiatric disorders and/or immune deregulation related to CUS.
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Chronic unpredictable stress increases GCs during the diurnal zenith but not nadir, and increases monocytes and neutrophils in the spleen, similar to RSD.
“For example, a recent study reported that 8 weeks of chronic unpredictable stress increased GCs during the diurnal zenith but GC levels during the diurnal nadir were normal (Monteiro et al, 2015).”
From Repeated Social Defeat, Neuroinflammation, and Behavior: Monocytes Carry the Signal (2017) · cites this paper as Monteiro et al, 2015
Parametric statistics were used for consistency across experiments and given evidence that ANOVA is robust to slight non-normality.
“We opted to use parametric statistics for consistency across experiments and given evidence that ANOVA is robust to slight non-normality97,98.”
From A dual-pathway architecture for stress to disrupt agency and promote habit (2025) · cites this paper as [98]
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- Authors
- Monteiro, S., Roque, S., de Sá-Calçada, D., Sousa, N., Correia-Neves, M., & Cerqueira, J. J.
- Affiliations
- 3B's Research Group (PT)
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2015-02-02
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 6-6
- ISSN
- 1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4313595
- OpenAlex
- W1992607788
- Cited by
- 216
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 6.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (SFRH/BPD/72710/2010)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Cancer, Stress, Anesthesia, and Immune Response
- Keywords
- chronic unpredictable mild stress, C57BL/6 mice, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, corticosterone, anxiety-like behavior, depression-like behavior, exploratory behavior, thymus, spleen, immune dysregulation, neuropsychiatric disorders
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