Cited by 365Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsInflammasome and immune disordersNeurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 411 of the 414 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Microglia: Agents of the CNS Pro-Inflammatory Response

Open access
Rodríguez-Gómez, José A., Kavanagh, Edel, Engskog-Vlachos, Pinelopi, Engskog, Mikael K.R., Herrera, Antonio J., Espinosa-Oliva, Ana M., Joseph, Bertrand, Hajji, Nabil, Venero, José L., Burguillos, Miguel A.·2020·Cells

Abstract

The pro-inflammatory immune response driven by microglia is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Though the research of microglia spans over a century, the last two decades have increased our understanding exponentially. Here, we discuss the phenotypic transformation from homeostatic microglia towards reactive microglia, initiated by specific ligand binding to pattern recognition receptors including toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) or triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2), as well as pro-inflammatory signaling pathways triggered such as the caspase-mediated immune response. Additionally, new research disciplines such as epigenetics and immunometabolism have provided us with a more holistic view of how changes in DNA methylation, microRNAs, and the metabolome may influence the pro-inflammatory response. This review aimed to discuss our current knowledge of pro-inflammatory microglia from different angles, including recent research highlights such as the role of exosomes in spreading neuroinflammation and emerging techniques in microglia research including positron emission tomography (PET) scanning and the use of human microglia generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Finally, we also discuss current thoughts on the impact of pro-inflammatory microglia in neurodegenerative diseases.

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3 of the 414 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 7

  1. 1913, Contribución al Conocimiento de la Neuroglía del Cerebro Humano, Trab. Lab. Invest. Biol. Univ. Madrid, XI, 215
  2. 1920, Estudios sobre la neuroglía. La microglía y su transformación en células en bastoncito y cuerpos gránulo-adiposos, Trab. Lab. Invest. Biol. Univ. Madrid, 18, 37
  3. 1919, El “tercer elemento” de los centros nerviosos. I. La microglía en estado normal, Bol. Soc. Esp. Biol., VIII, 67
  4. 1919, El Tercer Elemento de los Centros Nerviosos. II. Intervención de la Microglía en los Procesos Patológicos (Células en Bastoncito y Cuerpos Gránuloadiposos), Bol. Soc. Esp. Biol., VIII, 91
  5. 1919, El “tercer elemento” de los centros nerviosos. III. Naturaleza probable de la microglía, Bol. Soc. Esp. Biol., VIII, 108
  6. 1919, El “tercer elemento de los centros nerviosos”. IV. Poder fagocitario y movilidad de la microglía, Bol. Soc. Esp. Biol., VIII, 154
  7. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (2018). Biomarkers of Neuroinflammation—Proceedings of a Workshop, The National Academies Press.

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Metadata

Authors
Rodríguez-Gómez, J. A., Kavanagh, E., Engskog-Vlachos, P., Engskog, M. K. R., Herrera, A. J., Espinosa-Oliva, A. M., Joseph, B., Hajji, N., Venero, J. L., & Burguillos, M. A.
Affiliations
  • Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
  • Universidad de Sevilla (ES)
  • Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
  • Uppsala University (SE)
  • Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (ES)
  • Karolinska Institutet (SE)
  • Imperial College London (GB)
Venue
Cells
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-07-17
Volume
9
Issue
7
Pages
1717
ISSN
2073-4409 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3043443440
Cited by
365
References
414
Citations by year
2026: 40 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 9
FWCI
4.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Cells (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • RISalud Institutional Health Repository of Andalucía (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Deposito de Investigacion Universidad de Sevilla (University of Seville) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades /FEDER/UE (RTI2018-098645-B-100)
  • FEDER I+D+i-USE (US-1265062)
  • Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Programa Ramón y Cajal: RYC-2017-21804)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
Keywords
microglia, neuroinflammation, reactive microglia, homeostatic microglia, pattern recognition receptors, TLR4, TREM2, epigenetics, DNA methylation, microRNA, immunometabolism, exosomes, neurodegenerative diseases, iPSC-derived microglia
MeSH terms
Animals, Central Nervous System, Humans, Inflammation, Models, Biological, Microglia, Caspases, Epigenesis, Genetic

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