Understanding Cyber-Racism Perpetration within the Broader Context of Cyberbullying Theory: A Theoretical Integration
Open accessAbstract
The purpose of the current theoretical review is to argue for the theoretical integration of cyber-racism perpetration into the broader cyberbullying context—making note of the similarities between both types of nefarious online behavior that make this integration appropriate and the differences that make the integration less clear. Cyber-racism and cyberbullying victimization have been shown to be prevalent in youth and is related to poor psychological outcomes. Understanding both types of antisocial online behaviors have implications for the understanding and subsequent reduction of cyber-racism. Our review focuses on a cyber-racism model that proposes the importance of anonymity perceptions afforded to the online user to cause cyber-racism via several routes that focus on (a) online disinhibition, (b) deindividuation and group polarization, and (c) stereotypes. We discuss the tenets of this theory and the overlap with the Barlett Gentile Cyberbullying Model—a learning-based model that focuses on how anonymity eventually predicts cyberbullying via the development of positive cyberbullying attitudes. We believe that theoretical integration is necessary; however, future work needs to test several theoretical underpinnings of these models first. We end with a discussion of theoretical and intervention implications before discussing limitations and future work. Overall, we hope this review sparks interesting future research to understand cyber-racism and broaden the existing research on cyberbullying.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Misinterpreting context may lead to varying findings and overstated claims regarding the prevalence, progression over time, and impacts of cyberbullying.
“Misinterpreting context may lead to varying findings and overstated claims regarding the prevalence, progression over time, and impacts of cyberbullying [142].”
From Cyberbullying detection: Exploring datasets, technologies, and approaches on social media platforms (2026) · cites this paper as [142]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The theory of planned behavior
Ajzen, I. (1991) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t · Cited by 90,587 · see citing works
A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains
Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B. (2003) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(03)00046-1 · Cited by 8,307 · see citing works
The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy
Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00505-6 · Cited by 5,265 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The Dark Triad is a set of stable personality traits that represent one’s characterization of negative self-relevant attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors [86] and consists of narcissism (grandiose unstable sense of self), psychoticism (high callousness and high empathy), and Machiavellianism (manipulative and selfish [87…”
BackgroundSocial dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes.
Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.741 · Cited by 4,872 · see citing works
The online disinhibition effect
Suler, J. (2004) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/1094931041291295 · Cited by 4,375 · see citing works
Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231 · Cited by 3,915 · see citing works
Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils
Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippett, N. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x · Cited by 3,639 · see citing works
(1994) · Cited by 3,556 · see citing works
Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., & Lattanner, M. R. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0035618 · Cited by 3,266 · see citing works
How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta‐analytic tests of three mediators
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2008) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.504 · Cited by 2,558 · see citing works
The dirty dozen: A concise measure of the dark triad
Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2010) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0019265 · Cited by 2,093 · see citing works
Hewstone, M., Rubin, M., & Willis, H. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135109 · Cited by 2,031 · see citing works
Imitation of film-mediated aggressive models.
Bandura, A., Ross, D. M., & Ross, S. A. (1963) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0048687 · Cited by 1,633 · see citing works
Social Learning Theory of Aggression
Bandura, A. (1978) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1978.tb01621.x · Cited by 1,487 · see citing works
The police officer's dilemma: Using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals.
Correll, J., Park, B., Judd, C. M., & Wittenbrink, B. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1314 · Cited by 1,175 · see citing works
A Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Phenomena
Reicher, S. D., Spears, R., & Postmes, T. (1995) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/14792779443000049 · Cited by 1,132 · see citing works
Personality and Prejudice: A Meta-Analysis and Theoretical Review
Sibley, C. G., & Duckitt, J. H. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868308319226 · Cited by 1,130 · see citing works
AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF GENERAL STRAIN THEORY*
AGNEW, R., & WHITE, H. R. (1992) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01113.x · Cited by 831 · see citing works
Some consequences of de-individuation in a group.
Festinger, L., Pepitone, A., & Newcomb, T. M. (1952) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0057906 · Cited by 727 · see citing works
Effects of anonymity, invisibility, and lack of eye-contact on toxic online disinhibition
Lapidot‐Lefler, N., & Barak, A. (2011) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.10.014 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Defining Cyberbullying: A Qualitative Research into the Perceptions of Youngsters
Vandebosch, H., & Van Cleemput, K. (2008) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.0042 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
The online disinhibition effect
Suler, J. (2005) · International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies · doi:10.1002/aps.42 · Cited by 640 · see citing works
Dynamic debates: an analysis of group polarization over time on Twitter
Yardi, S., & Boyd, D. (2010) · Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society · doi:10.1177/0270467610380011 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
Cyberbullying Among Adolescents: The Role of Affective and Cognitive Empathy, and Gender
Ang, R. P.-H., & Goh, D. H. (2010) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-010-0176-3 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Why can't we just get along? Interpersonal biases and interracial distrust.
Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. E., Kawakami, K., & Hodson, G. (2002) · Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/1099-9809.8.2.88 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and prejudice.
Whitley, B. E. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.126 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Social Influence in Computer-Mediated Communication: The Effects of Anonymity on Group Behavior
Postmes, T., Spears, R., Sakhel, K., & de Groot, D. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672012710001 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Ho, A. K., Sidanius, J., Felicia Pratto, B., Levin, S., Thomsen, L., Kteily, N., & Sheehy-Skeffington, J. A. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211432765 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
A Dual-Process Motivational Model of Ideology, Politics, and Prejudice
Duckitt, J. H., & Sibley, C. G. (2009) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/10478400903028540 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Ekehammar, B., Akrami, N., Gylje, M., & Zakrisson, I. (2004) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.526 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Automatic detection of cyberbullying in social media text
Hee, C. V., Jacobs, G., Emmery, C., Desmet, B., Lefever, E., Verhoeven, B., Pauw, G. D., Daelemans, W. M. P., & Hoste, V. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203794 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
A meta‐analysis of sex differences in cyber‐bullying behavior: The moderating role of age
Barlett, C., & Coyne, S. M. (2014) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21555 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Self-citationHodson, G., Hogg, S. M., & MacInnis, C. C. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.02.005 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Gaffney, H., Farrington, D. P., Espelage, D. L., & Ttofi, M. M. (2019) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2018.07.002 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
De‐individuation and group polarization in computer‐mediated communication
Spears, R., Lea, M., & Lee, S. (1990) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00893.x · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Pride, prejudice, and ambivalence: Toward a unified theory of race and ethnicity.
Markus, H. R. (2008) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.63.8.651 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Benefits and Costs of Social Media in Adolescence
Uhls, Y. T., Ellison, N. B., & Subrahmanyam, K. (2017) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1758e · Cited by 322 · see citing works
van Geel, M., Goemans, A., Toprak, F., & Vedder, P. H. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.063 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Asbrock, F., Sibley, C. G., & Duckitt, J. H. (2009) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.746 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Online Racial Discrimination and Psychological Adjustment Among Adolescents
Tynes, B. M., Giang, M. T., Williams, D. R., & Thompson, G. N. (2008) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.08.021 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Intergroup differentiation in computer-mediated communication: Effects of depersonalization.
Postmes, T., Spears, R., & Lea, M. (2002) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/1089-2699.6.1.3 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
In-Group Identification, Social Dominance Orientation, and Differential Intergroup Social Allocation
Sidanius, J., Felicia Pratto, B., & Mitchell, M. S. (1994) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1994.9711378 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
The personality profile of a cyberbully: Examining the Dark Triad
Goodboy, A. K., & Martin, M. M. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.052 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Attacking others online: The formation of cyberbullying in late adolescence.
Barlett, C. P., & Gentile, D. A. (2012) · Psychology of Popular Media Culture · doi:10.1037/a0028113 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Self-citationUdris, R. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.036 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
A social–ecological framework for understanding and reducing cyberbullying behaviours
CROSS, D. S., Barnes, A., Papageorgiou, A., Hadwen, K., Hearn, L., & Lester, L. (2015) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.016 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Sidanius, J., Kteily, N., Sheehy-Skeffington, J. A., Ho, A. K., Sibley, C. G., & Duriez, B. (2012) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12008 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Tynes, B. M., Umaña‐Taylor, A. J., Rose, C. A., Lin, J. W., & Anderson, C. J. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027032 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Doane, A. N., Pearson, M. R., & Kelley, M. L. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.051 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Identifiability and self‐presentation: Computer‐mediated communication and intergroup interaction
Douglas, K. M., & McGarty, C. (2001) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466601164894 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Lee, E.-J. (2006) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2007.00348.x · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Englander, E., Donnerstein, E., Kowalski, R., Lin, C. A., & Parti, K. (2017) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1758u · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Implicit bias reflects systemic racism
Payne, B. K., & Hannay, J. W. (2021) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2021.08.001 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Going Cyber: Using Routine Activities Theory to Predict Cyberbullying Experiences
Navarro, J. N., & Jasinski, J. L. (2011) · Sociological Spectrum · doi:10.1080/02732173.2012.628560 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Spatial clustering in the conformity game: Dynamic social impact in electronic groups.
Latané, B., & L'Herrou, T. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1218 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Polanin, J. R., Espelage, D. L., Grotpeter, J. K., Ingram, K., Michaelson, L., Spinney, E., Valido, A., Sheikh, A. E., Torgal, C., & Robinson, L. (2022) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-021-01259-y · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Rotation to Maximize the Construct Validity of Factors in the NEO Personality Inventory
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1989) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2401_7 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Internet Communication and Its Relation to Well-Being: Identifying Some Underlying Mechanisms
Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2007) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213260709336802 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Aryans reading Adorno: cyber-culture and twenty-firstcentury racism
Back, L. (2002) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870220136664 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Wachs, S., & Wright, M. F. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15092030 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Osborne, D., Milojev, P., & Sibley, C. G. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167217704196 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Wachs, S., Wright, M. F., & Vazsonyi, A. T. (2019) · Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/cbm.2116 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Miklikowska, M. (2017) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000474 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
The weight of racism: Vigilance and racial inequalities in weight-related measures
Hicken, M. T., Lee, H. E., & Hing, A. K. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.058 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Racism on the Internet: Conceptualization and recommendations for research.
Keum, B. T., & Miller, M. J. (2018) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/vio0000201 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Social Dominance Orientation and the Ideological Legitimization of Social Policy1
Felicia Pratto, B., Stallworth, L. M., & Conway‐Lanz, S. (1998) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01349.x · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Moral disengagement and cyberbullying involvement: A systematic review
Cricchio, M. G. L., García‐Poole, C., Brinke, L. T., Bianchi, D., & Menesini, E. (2020) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2020.1782186 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Wright, M. F. (2014) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2013.0457 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Gradinger, P., Yanagida, T., Strohmeier, D., & Spiel, C. (2016) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21631 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Young Adults' Beliefs About Anonymity and Subsequent Cyber Aggression
Wright, M. F. (2013) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2013.0009 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Examining cyberbullying across the lifespan
Barlett, C. P., & Chamberlin, K. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.009 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationCyberbullying Among Adolescents: A General Strain Theory Perspective
Paez, G. R. (2016) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2016.1220317 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Popularity Through Online Harm
Wegge, D., Vandebosch, H., Eggermont, S., & Pabian, S. (2014) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431614556351 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Zhou, Y., Zheng, W., & Gao, X. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-0005-6 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Motives Behind Cyberbullying Perpetration: A Test of Uses and Gratifications Theory
Tanrıkulu, İ., & Erdur‐Baker, Ö. (2019) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518819882 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Wachs, S., & Wright, M. F. (2019) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2018.0551 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation
Crowson, H. M. (2009) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335.40.2.93 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Alonso, C., & Romero, E. (2017) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2017.73 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Anderson, J., & Cheers, C. (2017) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12283 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Camodeca, M., Baiocco, R., & Posa, O. (2018) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2018.1466699 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Predicting adolescent’s cyberbullying behavior: A longitudinal risk analysis
Barlett, C. P. (2015) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.02.006 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationJohansson, S., & Englund, G. (2020) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2020.1769033 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Cyberbullying Roles Among Adolescents: A Social-Ecological Theory Perspective
Guo, S., Liu, J., & Wang, J. (2021) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2020.1862674 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Merrin, G. J., Espelage, D. L., & Hong, J. S. (2016) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/vio0000084 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Dubey, A. D. (2020) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/19833 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Caricati, L., Mancini, T., & Marletta, G. (2016) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2016.1176552 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Crawford, J. T., Jussim, L. J., Cain, T. R., & Cohen, F. (2013) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00990.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
An empirical examination of the strength differential hypothesis in cyberbullying behavior.
Barlett, C. P., Prot, S., Anderson, C. A., & Gentile, D. A. (2016) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/vio0000032 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationThe development of a new cyberbullying attitude measure
Barlett, C. P., Helmstetter, K. M., & Gentile, D. A. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.08.013 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial Media Use and Cyberbullying Perpetration: A Longitudinal Analysis
Barlett, C. P., Gentile, D. A., Chng, G. S., Li, D., & Chamberlin, K. G. (2018) · Violence and Gender · doi:10.1089/vio.2017.0047 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationKeum, B. T., & Ahn, L. H. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106773 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Barlett, C. P., Seyfert, L. W., Simmers, M. M., Hsueh Hua Chen, V., Cavalcanti, J. G., Krahé, B., Suzuki, K., Warburton, W. A., Wong, R. Y. M., Pimentel, C. E., et al. (2021) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21923 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationSchade, E. C., Voracek, M., & Tran, U. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.659282 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Wright, M. F., Huang, Z. R., Wachs, S., Aoyama, I., Kamble, S. V., Soudi, S. P., Li, Z., Lei, L., & Shu, C. (2020) · Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development · doi:10.1080/02185385.2020.1788979 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Jonason, P. K., Underhill, D., & Navarrete, C. D. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109617 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
A person-centered view of prejudice: The Big Five, Dark Triad, and prejudice
Koehn, M. A., Jonason, P. K., & Davis, M. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.11.038 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Wright, M. F., & Wachs, S. (2020) · International Journal of Bullying Prevention · doi:10.1007/s42380-019-00042-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Online Racism, Rumination, and Vigilance: Impact on Distress, Loneliness, and Alcohol Use
Keum, B. T., & Li, X. (2022) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/00110000221143521 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Davison, C. B., & Stein, C. H. (2014) · North American journal of psychology · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Finigan‐Carr, N., Cheng, T. L., GIELEN, A. C., Haynie, D. L., & Simons‐Morton, B. G. (2014) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198114548479 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Barlett, C. P., Heath, J. B., Madison, C. S., DeWitt, C. C., & Kirkpatrick, S. M. (2019) · Psychology of Popular Media · doi:10.1037/ppm0000226 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationLearning to cyberbully: An extension of the Barlett Gentile cyberbullying model.
Barlett, C. P., & Kowalewski, D. A. (2018) · Psychology of Popular Media Culture · doi:10.1037/ppm0000183 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationScott, R. A., Stuart, J., & Barber, B. L. (2022) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2021.0250 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The Role Of Dark Triad Personality On Cyberbullying: Is It Still A Problem?
Safaria, T., Lubabin, F., Purwandari, E., Ratnaningsih, I. Z., Saputra, M. K. N. E., Esita, E. I. R., Nazriani, D., Miftahuddin, M., & Mariyati, L. I. (2020) · Research Repository Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim (University of Southampton) · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Learning from Video Games (and Everything Else)
Gentile, D. A., & Gentile, J. R. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108966511 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Perceptions of Punishment Risks Among Youth: Can Cyberbullying Be Deterred?
Hsieh, M., Wang, S.-Y. K., & Lin, Y. (2023) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2023.2183865 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Qualitative Examination on the Influences of the Internet on Racism and its Online Manifestation
Keum, B. T. (2017) · International Journal of Cyber Behavior Psychology and Learning · doi:10.4018/ijcbpl.2017070102 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Adamopoulou, P., & Koukia, E. (2020) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Intent Behind Bullying: an Application and Expansion of the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Jaber, L. S., Rinaldi, C. M., Saunders, C. D., & Scott, J. (2022) · Contemporary School Psychology · doi:10.1007/s40688-021-00403-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationBarlett, C. P., & Coyne, S. M. (2023) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.22089 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationTsuji, D., & Kitamura, S. (2020) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · doi:10.18910/73797 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cooperative Learning, Media, and Reading Interventions Show Promise in Reducing Prejudice
Fleurizard, T. (2020) · Race, Research & Policy Portal · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- [31]Postmes T. Spears R. Lea M. Social identity, group norms, and “deindividuation”: Lessons from computer-mediated communication for social influence in the group Social Identity: Context, Commitment, Content Ellemers N. Spears R. Doosje B. Blackwell Oxford, UK 1999
- [45]Barlett C.P. Predicting Cyberbullying: Research, Theory, and Intervention Academic Press Cambridge, MA, USA 2019
- [49]Rubin A.M. Uses-and-gratifications perspective on media effects Media Effects Routledge Abingdon, UK 2009 181 200
- [53]Felson M. The routine activity approach Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis Routledge Abingdon, UK 2016 106 116
- [115]McConahay J.B. Modern racism, ambivalence, and the Modern Racism Scale Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism Dovidio J.F. Gaertner S.L. Academic Press Cambridge, MA, USA 1986 91 125
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cyberbullying detection: Exploring datasets, technologies, and approaches on social media platforms
Philipo, A. G., Sarwatt, D. S., Ding, J., Daneshmand, M., & Ning, H. (2026) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3785654 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Nguyen, T. T. X., Yue, X., Mane, H., Seelman, K., Mullaputi, P. S. P., Dennard, E., Alibilli, A. S., Merchant, J. S., Criss, S., Hswen, Y., et al. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/72822 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Hidden Hate: Analysis of Hate Speech on a Darknet Forum
Logie, K., Cohen, N. D., Taylor, E., & Perry, K. (2025) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2025.2501544 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
E-Commerce Offender Script Analysis: A Novel Approach to Profile Cyber Offenders in E-Commerce
Dwight, J., Nguyen, L., & Ingram, G. (2025) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2025.2526646 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of the Measure of Online Disinhibition (MOD) in Chilean Adolescents
Polanco-Levicán, K., Gálvez-Nieto, J. L., & Norambuena-Paredes, I. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16030451 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Examining Internet-based Hate Crime Through Artificial Intelligence
Saxena, S., Dixit, A. K., Pandey, S., Pachouri, V., Aluvala, S., & Juyal, A. (2024) · International Conference on Sentiment Analysis and Deep Learning (ICSADL) · doi:10.1109/icsadl61749.2024.00032 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Understanding Cyber Violence: Factors Influencing Cyberbullying among School-Aged Children
Jo, H. (2025) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-025-10240-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Scott, J., & Barlett, C.
- Affiliations
- Kansas State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Barlett, Christopher
- ORCID
- Barlett, Christopher
- Venue
- Children
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-07-01
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1156
- ISSN
- 2227-9067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10378329
- OpenAlex
- W4382940486
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 0.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Children (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- cyberbullying, online anonymity, online disinhibition effect, deindividuation, group polarization, stereotypes, youth, cyberbullying prevention
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
