Cited by 143Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesAdipose Tissue and MetabolismLipid metabolism and biosynthesis

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Adipose tissue hyperplasia and hypertrophy in common and syndromic obesity-the case of BBS obesity

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Horwitz, Avital, Birk, Ruth·2023·Nutrients

DOI 10.3390/nu15153445PMC PMC10421039

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Abstract

Obesity is a metabolic state generated by the expansion of adipose tissue. Adipose tissue expansion depends on the interplay between hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and is mainly regulated by a complex interaction between genetics and excess energy intake. However, the genetic regulation of adipose tissue expansion is yet to be fully understood. Obesity can be divided into common multifactorial/polygenic obesity and monogenic obesity, non-syndromic and syndromic. Several genes related to obesity were found through studies of monogenic non-syndromic obesity models. However, syndromic obesity, characterized by additional features other than obesity, suggesting a more global role of the mutant genes related to the syndrome and, thus, an additional peripheral influence on the development of obesity, were hardly studied to date in this regard. This review summarizes present knowledge regarding the hyperplasia and hypertrophy of adipocytes in common obesity. Additionally, we highlight the scarce research on syndromic obesity as a model for studying adipocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy, focusing on Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS). BBS obesity involves central and peripheral mechanisms, with molecular and mechanistic alternation in adipocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Thus, we argue that using syndromic obesity models, such as BBS, can further advance our knowledge regarding peripheral adipocyte regulation in obesity.

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Jeffery, E., Wing, A., Holtrup, B., Sebo, Z., Kaplan, J. L., Saavedra-Peña, R., Church, C. D., Colman, L., Berry, R., & Rodeheffer, M. S. (2016) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.012 · Cited by 352
Adipose tissue aging: mechanisms and therapeutic implications
Ou, M., Zhang, H., Tan, P., Zhou, S., & Li, Q. (2022) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-022-04752-6 · Cited by 352
Leptin controls adipose tissue lipogenesis via central, STAT3–independent mechanisms
Buettner, C., Muse, E. D., Cheng, A. M., Chen, L., Scherer, T., Pocai, A., Su, K., Cheng, B., Li, X., Harvey-White, J. D., et al. (2008) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1775 · Cited by 352
Identification of functionally distinct fibro-inflammatory and adipogenic stromal subpopulations in visceral adipose tissue of adult mice
Hepler, C., Shan, B., Zhang, Q., Henry, G. H., Shao, M., Vishvanath, L., Ghaben, A. L., Mobley, A. B., Strand, D., Hon, G. C., et al. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.39636 · Cited by 346
Clinical and genetic epidemiology of Bardet-Biedl syndrome in Newfoundland: A 22-year prospective, population-based, cohort study
Moore, S., Green, J. S., Fan, Y., Bhogal, A. K., Dicks, E. L., Fernandez, B. A., Stefanelli, M., Murphy, C., Cramer, B. C., Dean, J., et al. (2005) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.30406 · Cited by 333
Melanocortin-4 receptor is required for acute homeostatic responses to increased dietary fat
Butler, A. A., Marks, D. L., Fan, W., Kuhn, C. M., Bartolome, M. B., & Cone, R. D. (2001) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/88423 · Cited by 332
Requirement of Bardet-Biedl syndrome proteins for leptin receptor signaling
Seo, S., Guo, D., Bugge, K., Morgan, D. A., Rahmouni, K., & Sheffield, V. C. (2009) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddp031 · Cited by 329
Adipogenesis
Sarjeant, K., & Stephens, J. M. (2012) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a008417 · Cited by 328
Pdgfrβ+ Mural Preadipocytes Contribute to Adipocyte Hyperplasia Induced by High-Fat-Diet Feeding and Prolonged Cold Exposure in Adult Mice
Vishvanath, L., MacPherson, K. A., Hepler, C., Wang, Q. A., Shao, M., Spurgin, S. B., Wang, M. Y., Kusminski, C. M., Morley, T. S., & Gupta, R. K. (2015) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.10.018 · Cited by 326
MC4R agonism promotes durable weight loss in patients with leptin receptor deficiency
Clément, K., Biebermann, H., Farooqi, I. S., der Ploeg, L. H. T. V., Wolters, B., Poitou, C., Puder, L., Fiedorek, F. T., Gottesdiener, K. M., Kleinau, G., et al. (2018) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0015-9 · Cited by 325
5-azacytidine induction of stable mesodermal stem cell lineages from 10T1/2 cells: Evidence for regulatory genes controlling determination
Konieczny, S. F., & Emerson, C. P. (1984) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90274-5 · Cited by 313
The melanocortin pathway and control of appetite-progress and therapeutic implications
Baldini, G., & Phelan, K. D. (2019) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-18-0596 · Cited by 300
Inflammation and impaired adipogenesis in hypertrophic obesity in man
Gustafson, B., Gogg, S., Hedjazifar, S., Jenndahl, L. E., Hammarstedt, A., & Smith, U. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00377.2009 · Cited by 298
Depot-Specific Differences in Adipogenic Progenitor Abundance and Proliferative Response to High-Fat Diet
Joe, A. W., Yi, L., Even, Y., Vogl, A. W., & Rossi, F. M. V. (2009) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1002/stem.190 · Cited by 297 · cited 1×
“Studies of rodents suggest that female mice present more adipose progenitor cells (APCs) in inguinal and gonadal depots compared to males, which respond to diet-induced obesity by elevating APCs’ hyperplasia (probably mediated by estrogen), while visceral fat expands with hypertrophy [8,28,38].”
Background
Cellularity of adipose depots in six strains of genetically obese mice
Johnson, P. R., & Hirsch, J. (1972) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39428-1 · Cited by 278
In vivo imaging in mice reveals local cell dynamics and inflammation in obese adipose tissue
Nishimura, S., Manabe, I., Nagasaki, M., Seo, K., Yamashita, H., Hosoya, Y., Ohsugi, M., Tobe, K., Kadowaki, T., Nagai, R., et al. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci33328 · Cited by 277
Adipogenesis as a Potential Anti-Obesity Target: A Review of Pharmacological Treatment and Natural Products
Jakab, J., Miškić, B., Mikšić, Š., Juranić, B., Ćosić, V., Schwarz, D., & Včev, A. (2021) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s281186 · Cited by 261 · cited 3×
“Peripherally, molecular regulators of the adipose cell number include insulin, PPARγ ligands, retinoids, corticosteroids, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) [92,99,100].”
BackgroundInfluential
Fat depot origin affects adipogenesis in primary cultured and cloned human preadipocytes
Tchkonia, T., Giorgadze, N., Pirtskhalava, T., Tchoukalova, Y. D., Karagiannides, I., Forse, R. A., DePonte, M., Stevenson, M. T., Guo, W., Han, J., et al. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00653.2001 · Cited by 259
Loss of White Adipose Hyperplastic Potential Is Associated with Enhanced Susceptibility to Insulin Resistance
Kim, S. M., Lun, M., Wang, M., Senyo, S. E., Guillermier, C., Patwari, P., & Steinhauser, M. L. (2014) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.10.010 · Cited by 259 · cited 1×
“WAT hyperplasia occurs in a depot-specific manner, as was shown in diet-induced obese mice models [27,82,83].”
Background
Preadipocytes in the human subcutaneous adipose tissue display distinct features from the adult mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells
Sengenès, C., Lolmède, K., Zakaroff‐Girard, A., Busse, R., & Bouloumié, A. (2005) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.20381 · Cited by 250
Weighing in on Adipocyte Precursors
Berry, R., Jeffery, E. C., & Rodeheffer, M. S. (2013) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.10.003 · Cited by 246 · cited 2×
“However, shown by several elegant studies, at any life stage, states of over-nutrition lead to adipose tissue hyperplasia and, consequently, to an increased mass [14,50,51,59].”
Background
Bardet–Biedl syndrome: beyond the cilium
Tobin, J. L., & Beales, P. L. (2007) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s00467-007-0435-0 · Cited by 246
Genome-wide association study of body fat distribution identifies adiposity loci and sex-specific genetic effects
Rask-Andersen, M., Karlsson, T., Ek, W. E., & Johansson, Å. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08000-4 · Cited by 245
MC4R-expressing glutamatergic neurons in the paraventricular hypothalamus regulate feeding and are synaptically connected to the parabrachial nucleus
Shah, B. P., Vong, L., Olson, D. P., Koda, S., Krashes, M. J., Ye, C., Yang, Z., Fuller, P. M., Elmquist, J. K., & Lowell, B. B. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1407843111 · Cited by 244
Genetics of Obesity: What We Have Learned Over Decades of Research
Bouchard, C. (2021) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23116 · Cited by 243
Number and size of adipose tissue fat cells in relation to metabolism in human obesity
Björntorp, P. A., & Sjöström, L. (1971) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(71)90084-9 · Cited by 243 · cited 1×
“Earlier studies suggested that adulthood adipose tissue expansion is only through hypertrophic mechanisms [25,26].”
Background
Melanocortin 4 Receptor Mutations in a Large Cohort of Severely Obese Adults: Prevalence, Functional Classification, Genotype-Phenotype Relationship, and Lack of Association with Binge Eating
Lubrano-Berthelier, C., Dubern, B., Lacorte, J., Picard, F., Shapiro, A., Zhang, S., Bertrais, S., Herçberg, S., Basdevant, A., Clément, K., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1411 · Cited by 241
The Role of Ghrelin and Growth Hormone Secretagogues Receptor on Rat Adipogenesis
Ki‐choon, C. H. O. I., Roh, S., Hong, Y.-H., Shrestha, Y. B., Hishikawa, D., Chen, C., Kojima, M., Kangawa, K., & Sasaki, S.-I. (2003) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2002-220783 · Cited by 238
Statins Activate Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Through Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase–Dependent Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Macrophages
Yano, M., Matsumura, T., Senokuchi, T., Ishii, N., Murata, Y., Taketa, K., Motoshima, H., Taguchi, T., Sonoda, K., Kukidome, D., et al. (2007) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.0000268411.49545.9c · Cited by 236
Leptin resistance contributes to obesity and hypertension in mouse models of Bardet-Biedl syndrome
Rahmouni, K., Fath, M. A., Seo, S., Thedens, D. R., Berry, C. J., Weiss, R. M., Nishimura, D. Y., & Sheffield, V. C. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci32357 · Cited by 234
The common obesity variant near MC4R gene is associated with higher intakes of total energy and dietary fat, weight change and diabetes risk in women
Qi, L., Kraft, P. L., Hunter, D. J., & Hu, F. B. (2008) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn242 · Cited by 234
Aging and Regional Differences in Fat Cell Progenitors – A Mini-Review
Sepe, A., Tchkonia, T., Thomou, T., Zamboni, M., & Kirkland, J. L. (2011) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000279755 · Cited by 232 · cited 1×
“a depot and sex- and age-dependent [31,40,45,49,50].”
Body mass index-independent inflammation in omental adipose tissue associated with insulin resistance in morbid obesity
Hardy, O. T., Perugini, R. A., Nicoloro, S. M. C., Gallagher-Dorval, K. A., Puri, V., Straubhaar, J., & Czech, M. (2010) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2010.05.013 · Cited by 229
Two Polymorphisms in the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor- Gene Are Associated with Severe Overweight among Obese Women
Valve, R., Sivenius, K., Miettinen, R., Pihlajamäki, J., Rissanen, A., Deeb, S. S., Auwerx, J. H., Uusitupa, M. I. J., & Laakso, M. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.10.6061 · Cited by 229
Nutrient regulation of insulin secretion and action
Newsholme, P., Cruzat, V. F., Arfuso, F., & Keane, K. N. (2014) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-13-0616 · Cited by 228
Stable stem cell commitment to the adipocyte lineage by inhibition of DNA methylation: Role of the BMP-4 gene
Bowers, R. R., Kim, J. W., Otto, T. C., & Lane, M. D. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0605789103 · Cited by 228
Adipocyte size as a determinant of metabolic disease and adipose tissue dysfunction
Laforest, S., Labrecque, J., Michaud, A., Cianflone, K., & Tchernof, A. (2015) · Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.3109/10408363.2015.1041582 · Cited by 222
Cellularity of adipose depots in the genetically obese Zucker rat
Johnson, P. R., Zucker, L. M., Cruce, J. A. F., & Hirsch, J. (1971) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39459-1 · Cited by 220
Setmelanotide: First Approval
Markham, A. (2021) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-021-01470-9 · Cited by 214
Regional Differences in Adipose Tissue Metabolism in Women
Tchernof, A., Bélanger, C., Morisset, A., Richard, C., Mailloux, J. R., Laberge, P. Y., & Dupont, P. (2006) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db05-1439 · Cited by 208
A genetic polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene influences plasma leptin levels in obese humans
Meirhaeghe, A. (1998) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/7.3.435 · Cited by 207
Efficacy and safety of setmelanotide, a melanocortin-4 receptor agonist, in patients with Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Alström syndrome: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial with an open-label period
Haqq, A. M., Chung, W. K., Dollfus, H., Haws, R. M., Martos-Moreno, G. Á., Poitou, C., Yanovski, J. A., Mittleman, R. S., Yuan, G., Forsythe, E., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00277-7 · Cited by 206
Oestrogen alters adipocyte biology and protects female mice from adipocyte inflammation and insulin resistance
Stubbins, R. E., Najjar, K., Holcomb, V. B., Hong, J., & Núñez, N. P. (2012) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01488.x · Cited by 204
A systematic review of genetic syndromes with obesity
Kaur, Y., de Souza, R. J., Gibson, W. T., & Meyre, D. (2017) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12531 · Cited by 203
Loss-of-function mutations in ADCY3 cause monogenic severe obesity
Saeed, S., Bonnefond, A., Tamanini, F., Mirza, M. U., Manzoor, J., Janjua, Q. M., Din, S. M., Gaitan, J., Milochau, A., Durand, E., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-017-0023-6 · Cited by 201
Evidence of Early Alterations in Adipose Tissue Biology and Function and Its Association With Obesity-Related Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Children
Landgraf, K., Rockstroh, D., Wagner, I. V., Weise, S., Tauscher, R., Schwartze, J. T., Löffler, D., Bühligen, U., Wojan, M., Till, H., et al. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-0744 · Cited by 194
Homozygosity of the Pro12Ala variant of the peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor-γ2 (PPAR-γ2): divergent modulating effects on body mass index in obese and lean Caucasian men
Ek, J., Urhammer, S. A., Sørensen, T. I. A., Andersen, T., Auwerx, J. H., & Pedersen, O. B. (1999) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250051243 · Cited by 192
Altered expression of C/EBP family members results in decreased adipogenesis with aging
Karagiannides, I., Tchkonia, T., Dobson, D. E., Steppan, C. M., Cummins, P., Chan, G., Salvatori, K., Hadzopoulou‐Cladaras, M., & Kirkland, J. L. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2001.280.6.r1772 · Cited by 182
Fat cell turnover in humans
Arner, P., & Spalding, K. L. (2010) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.02.165 · Cited by 181 · cited 1×
“This rate indicates that the maintenance of the adipocyte number normally involves a tightly regulated balance of adipogenesis and adipocyte death [58].”
Background
Genetic Influences on the Response of Body Fat and Fat Distribution to Positive and Negative Energy Balances in Human Identical Twins
Bouchard, C., & Tremblay, A. (1997) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/127.5.943s · Cited by 180
Growth and development of human adipose tissue during early gestation
Poissonnet, C. M., Burdi, A. R., & Bookstein, F. L. (1983) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/0378-3782(83)90028-2 · Cited by 179 · cited 1×
“During the prenatal phase, adipose tissue undergoes dynamic changes characterized by both hyperplasia and hypertrophy processes [16].”
Background
High incidence of Bardet Biedl syndrome among the Bedouin
Farag, T. I., & Teebi, A. S. (1989) · Clinical Genetics · doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1989.tb03378.x · Cited by 178
Rare variants in single-minded 1 (SIM1) are associated with severe obesity
Ramachandrappa, S., Raimondo, A., Cali, A. M. G., Keogh, J. M., Henning, E., Saeed, S., Thompson, A., Garg, S., Bochukova, E. G., Brage, S., et al. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci68016 · Cited by 172
Between brown and white: Novel aspects of adipocyte differentiation
Cinti, S. (2011) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853890.2010.535557 · Cited by 169 · cited 1×
“During life, to replace mature adipocytes and under the condition of an excess energy flow, APC proliferate to generate new adipocytes [70,71].”
Background
Total and Regional Fat Distribution is Strongly Influenced by Genetic Factors in Young and Elderly Twins
Malis, C., Rasmussen, E. L., Poulsen, P., Petersen, I., Christensen, K., Beck‐Nielsen, H., Astrup, A. V., & Vaag, A. A. (2005) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2005.265 · Cited by 167
TGF-β/SMAD signaling regulation of mesenchymal stem cells in adipocyte commitment
Li, S., & Wu, J. (2020) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-020-1552-y · Cited by 167
PDGFRα signaling drives adipose tissue fibrosis by targeting progenitor cell plasticity
Iwayama, T., Steele, C., Yao, L., Dozmorov, M. G., Karamichos, D., Wren, J. D., & Olson, L. E. (2015) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.260554.115 · Cited by 164
Regulation of Lipolysis in Small and Large Fat Cells of the Same Subject
Laurencikiene, J., Skurk, T., Kulyté, A., Hedén, P., Åström, G., Sjölin, E., Rydén, M., Hauner, H., & Arner, P. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-1702 · Cited by 164
Molecular genetic classification in Prader-Willi syndrome: a multisite cohort study
Butler, M. G., Hartin, S. N., Hossain, W. A., Manzardo, A. M., Kimonis, V. E., Dykens, E. M., Gold, J. A., Kim, S., Weisensel, N., Tamura, R., et al. (2018) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105301 · Cited by 163
Hypothalamic inflammation and obesity: a mechanistic review
Seong, J., Kang, J. Y., Sun, J. S., & Kim, K. W. (2019) · Archives of Pharmacal Research · doi:10.1007/s12272-019-01138-9 · Cited by 158
Adipose tissue depot and cell size dependency of adiponectin synthesis and secretion in human obesity
Meyer, L. K., Ciaraldi, T. P., Henry, R. R., Wittgrove, A. C., & Phillips, S. A. (2013) · Adipocyte · doi:10.4161/adip.24953 · Cited by 156
Regulation of adipocyte differentiation and insulin action with rapamycin
Cho, H. J., Park, J., Lee, H. W., Lee, Y. S., & Kim, J. B. (2004) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.050 · Cited by 151
Proadipogenic effect of leptin on rat preadipocytes in vitro: activation of MAPK and STAT3 signaling pathways
Machinal-Quélin, F., Dieudonné, M., Leneveu, M.-C., Pecquery, R., & Giudicelli, Y. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00331.2001 · Cited by 148
Ethnic and population differences in the genetic predisposition to human obesity
Stryjecki, C., Alyass, A., & Meyre, D. (2017) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12604 · Cited by 147
Sex-specific Associations of Magnetic Resonance Imaging-derived Intra-abdominal and Subcutaneous Fat Areas with Conventional Anthropometric Indices: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Schreiner, P. J., Terry, J. G., Evans, G. W., Hinson, W. H., Crouse, J. R., & HEISS, G. M. (1996) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008934 · Cited by 147
Sex‐ and Depot‐Dependent Differences in Adipogenesis in Normal‐Weight Humans
Tchoukalova, Y. D., Koutsari, C., Votruba, S. B., Tchkonia, T., Giorgadze, N., Thomou, T., Kirkland, J. L., & Jensen, M. D. (2010) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2010.56 · Cited by 145
Association between Common Polymorphism near the MC4R Gene and Obesity Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Xi, B., Chandak, G. R., Shen, Y., Wang, Q., & Zhou, D. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045731 · Cited by 143
There and Back Again: Leptin Actions in White Adipose Tissue
Martínez‐Sánchez, N. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21176039 · Cited by 142
Autocrine IGF-1 Action in Adipocytes Controls Systemic IGF-1 Concentrations and Growth
Klöting, N., Koch, L., Wunderlich, T., Kern, M., Ruschke, K., Krone, W., Brüning, J. C., & Blüher, M. (2008) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db07-1538 · Cited by 140
Adipocyte morphology and implications for metabolic derangements in acquired obesity
Heinonen, S., Saarinen, L., Naukkarinen, J., Rodrı́guez, A., Frühbeck, G., Hakkarainen, A., Lundbom, J., Lundbom, N. M. I., Vuolteenaho, K., Moilanen, E., et al. (2014) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2014.31 · Cited by 140
PDGFRα/PDGFRβ signaling balance modulates progenitor cell differentiation into white and beige adipocytes
Gao, Z., Daquinag, A. C., Su, F., Snyder, B., & Kolonin, M. G. (2017) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.155861 · Cited by 138
Extreme Insulin Resistance of the Central Adipose Depot In Vivo
Mittelman, S. D., Citters, G. W. V., Kirkman, E. L., & Bergman, R. N. (2002) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.755 · Cited by 136
Bardet-Biedl Syndrome
Suspitsin, E. N., & Имянитов, Е. Н. (2016) · Molecular Syndromology · doi:10.1159/000445491 · Cited by 136
Experimental obesity in man: cellular character of the adipose tissue
Salans, L. B., Horton, E. S., & Sims, E. A. H. (1971) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci106570 · Cited by 136 · cited 1×
“Earlier studies suggested that adulthood adipose tissue expansion is only through hypertrophic mechanisms [25,26].”
Background
The Pro115Gln and Pro12Ala PPAR gamma gene mutations in obesity and type 2 diabetes
Clément, K., Herçberg, S., Passinge, B., Galan, P., Varroud-Vial, M., Shuldiner, A. R., Beamer, B. A., Charpentier, G., Guy-grand, B., Froguel, P., et al. (2000) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801191 · Cited by 135
Genetics of common forms of obesity: a brief overview
Lyon, H. N., & Hirschhorn, J. N. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/82.1.215s · Cited by 135
The genetics of fat distribution
Schleinitz, D., Böttcher, Y., Blüher, M., & Kovacs, P. (2014) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3214-z · Cited by 134
The Bardet–Biedl syndrome protein complex is an adapter expanding the cargo range of intraflagellar transport trains for ciliary export
Liu, P., & Lechtreck, K. F. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1713226115 · Cited by 133
Adipocytes and adipose tissue.
Kiess, W., Petzold, S., Töpfer, M., Garten, A., Blüher, S., Kapellen, T., Körner, A., & Kratzsch, J. (2008) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2007.10.002 · Cited by 130 · cited 1×
“Thus, adipose tissue expansion involves a complex interplay of factors including energy balance, genetics, and developmental processes [15].”
Background
Leptin Induces Proadipogenic and Proinflammatory Signaling in Adipocytes
Palhinha, L., Liechocki, S., Hottz, E. D., Pereira, J. A. D. S., de Almeida, C. J., Moraes‐Vieira, P. M., Bozza, P. T., & Maya‐Monteiro, C. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00841 · Cited by 130
Dynamics of adipose tissue turnover in human metabolic health and disease
White, U. A., & Ravussin, É. (2018) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4732-x · Cited by 127 · cited 2×
“However, shown by several elegant studies, at any life stage, states of over-nutrition lead to adipose tissue hyperplasia and, consequently, to an increased mass [14,50,51,59].”
Background
Adipocyte Dynamics and Reversible Metabolic Syndrome in Mice with an Inducible Adipocyte-Specific Deletion of the Insulin Receptor
Sakaguchi, M., Fujisaka, S., Cai, W., Winnay, J. N., Konishi, M., O'Neill, B. T., Li, M., García-Martín, R., Takahashi, H., Hu, J., et al. (2017) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.12.008 · Cited by 125
Adipose tissue and metabolic alterations: regional differences in fat cell size and number matter, but differently: a cross-sectional study.
Rydén, M., Andersson, D. P., Bergström, I. B., & Arner, P. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1526 · Cited by 124
Patients with Bardet-Biedl Syndrome Have Hyperleptinemia Suggestive of Leptin Resistance
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Depot- and obesity-related differences in adipogenesisAdipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia are known to facilitate lipid storage in adipose tissues by increasing adipocyte cell size and number, respectively. Adipogenesis is the process resulting in adipose tissue hyperplasia. Although depot-specific differences and obesity-related modulation of adipocyte size are well documented, available data on adipogenesis and adipose tissue hyperplasia are less conclusive. Most studies support a reduction of adipogenesis in the obese state. Preadipocytes of the subcutaneous fat depot appear to be more responsive to adipogenic stimulation compared with those from visceral fat compartments in most studies. A number of studies support the notion that adipose tissue expansion through hyperplasia reduces ectopic lipid excess and obesity-related complications. Several genetic variants have been identified in the genes coding for adipogenesis-regulating proteins. While some of these variants have been clearly associated with the phenotypes of obesity and obesity-related alterations, available data highlight the importance of considering gene–gene and gene–diet interactions.
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Authors: Horwitz, A., & Birk, R.
Affiliations: Ariel University (IL)
Corresponding author: Birk, Ruth
ORCID: Birk, Ruth
Venue: Nutrients
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2023-08-04
Volume: 15
Issue: 15
Pages: 3445
ISSN: 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/nu15153445
PMC: PMC10421039
OpenAlex: W4385577907
Cited by: 143
References: 264
Citations by year: 2026: 50 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 4
FWCI: 5.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
Keywords: adipose tissue hyperplasia, adipocyte hypertrophy, syndromic obesity, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, monogenic obesity, polygenic obesity
MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue, Animals, Humans, Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, Obesity, Syndrome, Adipocytes, Bardet-Biedl Syndrome

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Adipose tissue hyperplasia and hypertrophy in common and syndromic obesity-the case of BBS obesity

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