The genetics of obesity: From discovery to biology
Open accessAbstract
The prevalence of obesity has tripled over the past four decades, imposing an enormous burden on people's health. Polygenic (or common) obesity and rare, severe, early-onset monogenic obesity are often polarized as distinct diseases. However, gene discovery studies for both forms of obesity show that they have shared genetic and biological underpinnings, pointing to a key role for the brain in the control of body weight. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with increasing sample sizes and advances in sequencing technology are the main drivers behind a recent flurry of new discoveries. However, it is the post-GWAS, cross-disciplinary collaborations, which combine new omics technologies and analytical approaches, that have started to facilitate translation of genetic loci into meaningful biology and new avenues for treatment.
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Twin and family studies estimate that 40-70% of obesity risk is heritable, with over 1000 genetic loci implicated in weight regulation.
“Twin and family studies estimate that 40–70% of obesity risk is heritable, with over 1000 genetic loci implicated in weight regulation [21].”
From Obesity: Clinical Impact, Pathophysiology, Complications, and Modern Innovations in Therapeutic Strategies (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
The opening passage under “Obesogenic environment” states that twin, family and adoption studies estimate obesity heritability at 40–70%. “Gene discovery for polygenic obesity” reports more than 750 BMI-associated loci, not more than 1,000; the claimed locus count is therefore not supported by the cited paper. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEnergy homeostasis is determined by feedback between circulating neuropeptide hormones and the central nervous system.
“Influenced by genetic expression, energy homeostasis is determined by feedback between circulating neuropeptide hormones and the central nervous system.19,23”
From Obesity Management in Adults (2023) · cites this paper as [19]
The leptin–melanocortin pathway section says circulating leptin signals through receptors in the CNS, and Fig. 4 describes hypothalamic neurons sensing leptin and regulating appetite. This supports a link between circulating hormonal signals and central regulation of energy balance, but the paper identifies leptin as an adipocyte-secreted hormone and describes neuropeptide signalling within the brain; it does not characterize the circulating signals as neuropeptide hormones. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGenome-wide association studies have identified several hundred common variants that influence food intake, basal metabolic rate, and the energy used during a fixed amount of exercise.
“Genome-wide association studies have identified several hundred common variants that influence food intake, basal metabolic rate, and the energy used during a fixed amount of exercise.92–94”
From Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity (2025) · cites this paper as [92]
In “Gene discovery for polygenic obesity” (page unavailable), the review reports that a BMI GWAS identified more than 750 loci. In “Insights from genetic loci linked to common obesity” (page unavailable), it links the FTO locus to food intake, but says there is no evidence to date linking that locus to energy expenditure. The copy does not establish that the identified variants influence basal metabolic rate or energy used during a fixed amount of exercise. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGenetic variants are implicated in the development of obesity.
“Genetic variants are implicated in its development.19”
From Obesity Management in Adults (2023) · cites this paper as [19]
Most forms of obesity have polygenic risk factors with several variants strongly associated with BMI, while obesity due to a single gene variant is rare.
“Most forms of obesity have polygenic risk factors with several variants strongly associated with BMI, while obesity due to a single gene variant is rare.19”
From Obesity Management in Adults (2023) · cites this paper as [19]
The environment influences the relationship between genetics and obesity risk.
“The environment influences the relationship between genetics and obesity risk.19”
From Obesity Management in Adults (2023) · cites this paper as [19]
Evidence from studies of families, twins, and adopted children shows that at least 40-70% of the variation in body weight is explainable by genetic factors (heritability).
“Evidence from studies of families, twins, and adopted children shows that at least 40–70% of the variation in body weight is explainable by genetic factors (heritability).90–92”
From Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity (2025) · cites this paper as [92]
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“Twin and family studies estimate that 40–70% of obesity risk is heritable, with over 1000 genetic loci implicated in weight regulation [21].”
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- Authors
- Loos, R. J. F., & Yeo, G. S. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Loos, Ruth J. F.
- Yeo, Giles S. H.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Genetics
- Published
- 2021-09-23
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 120-133
- ISSN
- 1471-0056 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0064
- PMC
- PMC8459824
- OpenAlex
- W3199205086
- Cited by
- 1,291
- References
- 175
- Citations by year
- 2026: 216 · 2025: 316 · 2024: 333 · 2023: 281 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 10 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 28.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Novo Nordisk
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF20OC0059313)
- National Institutes of Health
- Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00014/1, MR/S026193/1, MC_UU_00014/5)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/S017593/1)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL142302)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK107786, R01DK110113, R01DK124097)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Physical Performance
- Keywords
- obesity genetics, monogenic obesity, polygenic obesity, genome-wide association study, obesity prediction, obesity treatment, multi-omics integration, genetic loci
- MeSH terms
- Whole Genome Sequencing, Animals, Eating, Humans, Obesity, Genetic Variation, Genome, Human, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Multifactorial Inheritance, Overweight, Genome-Wide Association Study, Gene-Environment Interaction
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