The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 28 of the 55 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product–Service Systems
Open accessAbstract
Product—service systems (PSSs) are often outlined as potential enablers of new business models for circular economy. However, not all business models based on product-service systems have superior circularity potential. This research demonstrates how the application of a previously developed business model configurator for circular economy can support the design and assessment of customer value, economic and resource decoupling potential for product-service system business models in practice. By applying action research in two Nordic manufacturing companies from the furniture sector, different business model concepts based on product-service systems were proposed and assessed. Results indicate positive uptake by companies regarding the usefulness of the obtained outcomes. This research identified two key findings about ‘product-service system business models for circular economy’: (i) their configuration should fulfil certain simultaneous conditions—i.e. superior customer value, economic growth, and resource decoupling potential—to contribute to circular economy; and (ii) they are often ‘niche solutions’, fulfilling specific needs and customer segments, and more likely to flourish with certain types/characteristic of products, segments or geographical locations. Lastly, a framework outlining the conditions and trade-offs for assessing the circularity potential of business models based on product-service systems is introduced as one of the key contributions.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This paper applies a previously developed CE-Driven Business Model Configurator, embedded in a CE-Oriented Business Model Innovation process, in action research with two Nordic furniture manufacturers to design and assess product-service system business models for circular economy. It concludes that PSS business models qualify as "CE-oriented" only when they simultaneously deliver superior customer value, economic growth, and resource decoupling, and that such models tend to be niche solutions.
Key findings
- Configuring PSS business models for CE requires fulfilling simultaneous conditions — superior customer value, economic growth, and resource decoupling potential — with trade-offs between them being inevitable; a framework outlining these conditions and trade-offs is presented as a key contribution.
- CE-oriented PSS business models are often (but not exclusively) "niche solutions" fulfilling specific needs and customer segments, and are more likely to flourish with certain product types, segments, or geographical locations; a "Market Potential" condition was added to the superior-customer-value category as a result.
- Resource decoupling potential was estimated at 20–45% for Ope's concept (utility indicator, due to no need to produce new products), 7–28% for Vestre's configuration 1, and 14–28% for configuration 2 (utility and longevity indicators, due to life-extension and no need to produce new products).
- Economic assessments showed delayed breakevens: Ope's concept was profitable but had a 10-year breakeven; Vestre's configuration 1 had an acceptable pay-back of around 6 years, while configuration 2 had a delayed pay-back of around 9 years. Ope's customer value criterion was not fulfilled (perceived sacrifices exceeded benefits), leading to a redesigned concept scoped to event spaces.
- Common barriers confirmed from prior literature included breakeven delays with negative initial cash flow for access/use-oriented PSS, customer demand for all-inclusive furniture portfolios, long usage time and technical simplicity of office furniture, and geographically widespread customers; favorable conditions included customers with short-term project work and additional services improving PSS attractiveness.
Methods
- Action research (following Mathiassen's guidelines and a four-step cyclical process) with two small Norwegian furniture manufacturers: Ope (AR cycle A, July 2018, Stavanger) and Vestre (AR cycle B, January 2019, Oslo), selected for being Nordic furniture manufacturers intending to explore CE transformation via PSS and willing to provide access and feedback.
- Workshops of 3–4 hours over roughly one month per company, with up to six participants including key decision-makers; the CE-Driven Business Model Configurator's four modules were applied (Modules 1–2 in the "sense" stage, Modules 3–4 in the "seize" stage), supported by tools such as the Circular Strategies Scanner, pattern cards, Customer/User Journey Map, and BM visualization frameworks.
- Data collection comprised a researcher journal, workshop recordings, and structured evaluation questionnaires (multiple-choice and open-ended, 4-point Likert satisfaction scale) answered by participants after each workshop; data were analyzed to evaluate the process model and tool and identify improvement opportunities. The configurator's patterns were compiled from literature and retrospective analysis of more than 150 cases across six industry sectors, with approximately 35 furniture cases; in the furniture sector, 13 of 41 patterns address collaborations.
Limitations
- Stated by the paper: the key limitations are the sample (number of companies) and time constraints for generalizing assumptions and verifying long-term success of the CE-oriented PSS business models; future empirical work is needed with a broader group of manufacturing companies in different organizational contexts and industry sectors.
- Stated by the paper: both companies will continue experiments, so adjustments or selection of new concepts may occur (e.g., Ope decided not to focus on "event solutions" and is instead experimenting with a leasing scheme for two active customers), requiring a new round of interviews to explore the implementation stage.
- Stated by the paper: the CE-Driven Business Model Configurator still requires further development (e.g., a more flexible/dynamic software, adjustment of the level of information in design options, refinement of the logic for suggesting pattern configurations), and in its current version is limited to six industry sectors.
- Evident from the text: the assessment of customer value is qualitative and based on perceived benefits and sacrifices, and the resource decoupling figures are described as "potential" estimates rather than measured outcomes; the second AR cycle had as few as one company participant in workshops 2 and 3, with internal validations conducted afterward.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
61 Own interpretation · 38 No basis given · 35 Own result · 9 No full text of the sources · 7 Supported · 7 Partly supported · 4 Couldn’t confirm · 3 Supported so far · 3 Sources not found · 3 Own method · 1 Not supported · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“For instance, in Kwon et al. [43], less than 3% of the available configuration options (3 out of 53) for PSS BMs design are related to improving resource efficiency or effectiveness.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 24
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [43] Kwon, M., Lee, J., and Hong, Y.S. (2019). Product-service system business modelling methodology using morphological analysis. Sustainability, 11. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Business Model Strategy Identification Using Morphological Analysis” (page not available), Kwon et al. report 69 strategies across eight business-model perspectives, not 53 available options. The claimed percentage is also inconsistent with its own figures: 3 out of 53 is about 5.7%, not less than 3%. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“However, not all business models based on product-service systems have superior circularity potential.”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · hedged
“However, PSS-or CE-oriented approaches do not necessarily lead to a reduction in resource consumption or automatically guarantee enhanced environmental or social sustainability [3,[17][18][19][20].”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Pieroni, M.P.P., McAloone, T.C., and Pigosso, D.C.A. (2019, January 1–3). Configuring new business models for circular economy: From patterns and design options to action. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on New Business Models, Berlin, Germany.
- Supportedcites [17] Kjaer, 2019, Product/Service-Systems for a Circular Economy: The Route to Decoupling Economic Growth from Resource Consumption?, J. Ind. Ecol. source
The Abstract states that a product/service-system is “no implicit guarantee for a CE.” This supports the claim that a business model based on such a system does not necessarily have superior circularity potential. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] Tukker, 2006, Product-services as a research field: Past, present and future. Reflections from a decade of research, J. Clean. Prod. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · hedged
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“transferring conceptual knowledge/learnings about PSS and circular economy to the real-world practice in an effective, useful, and simple approach [9,23]”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [9] Pieroni, 2019, Business model innovation for circular economy and sustainability: A review of approaches, J. Clean. Prod. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The available passages are bibliographic metadata (the title and the section labelled “1 Finished”), not discussion of the paper’s findings. Searches for transferring PSS and circular-economy knowledge into practice, practical challenges, and the theory–practice gap found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)
- Not matchedcites [23] Pieroni, M.P.P., McAloone, T.C., and Pigosso, D.C.A. Business model innovation for circular economy: Integrating literature into a conceptual process model. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED19), Manuscript In Press.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Hence, building organizational (or even interorganizational) capabilities for CE requires as much technological or product innovation as systemic value innovation with the configuration of new business models (BM) which are fit with CE principles [8,9].”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Schulte, 2013, New business models for a radical change in resource efficiency, Environ. Innov. Soc. Transit. source
- Could not verifycites [9] Pieroni, 2019, Business model innovation for circular economy and sustainability: A review of approaches, J. Clean. Prod. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The supplied passage contains only the paper’s title and byline, with no section or page containing substantive text. Searches for organizational capabilities, technological innovation, systemic value innovation, and circular business models found no passage addressing the claim, so our copy cannot verify it. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Despite the availability of an increasing amount of academic content and approaches for BM innovation for CE (including PSS as a strategy) [9], developing resource-efficient and effective business models based on PSS offerings is still reported as challenging for companies [13,21,22].”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Tukker, 2015, Product services for a resource-efficient and circular economy—A review, J. Clean. Prod. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Vezzoli, 2012, Why have ‘Sustainable Product-Service Systems’ not been widely implemented? Meeting new design challenges to achieve societal sustainability, J. Clean. Prod. source
- Partly supportedcites [22] Pigosso, 2015, Supporting the Development of Environmentally Sustainable PSS by Means of the Ecodesign Maturity Model, Procedia CIRP sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3 (page not available) says that developing PSS involves business models and other cross-functional considerations that may challenge companies unfamiliar with them. It also identifies a lack of environmental considerations in PSS development practices as a possible barrier to environmentally sustainable PSS. The paper does not specifically report that developing resource-efficient and effective PSS business models remains challenging for companies generally. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“20-45% potential resource reduction (calculated with indicator utility 1 ; due to no need to produce new products).”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > PSS BM concept
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Azevedo et al. [59] Azevedo, S., Godina, R., and Matias, J. (2017). Proposal of a Sustainable Circular Index for Manufacturing Companies. Resources, 6. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Characterization Calculation Unit of Measure” section describes a utility-during-use indicator and says that doubling a product’s lifetime would halve the virgin materials used per year for the linear portion of its flow. It does not give a 20–45% resource-reduction estimate or calculate one using that indicator, so the claimed range is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, this research contributes to the literature by showing another approach for servitization in the context of CE than that commonly discussed in previous literature [6,15,38], which addresses the occurrence of product development initiatives for CE concurrently with the business model development of PSS.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > •
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Bocken, 2016, Product design and business model strategies for a circular economy, J. Ind. Prod. Eng. source
- Supportedcites [15] Moreno, M., De los Rios, C., Rowe, Z., and Charnley, F. (2016). A Conceptual Framework for Circular Design. Sustainability, 8. source
The citation is attached to the reference to previous literature; the claim that this research shows a different, concurrent approach is the citing authors’ own conclusion. The source’s Introduction says circular product design should fit the chosen business model, and its design-strategies table includes design for product-service systems. These passages support its use as prior literature linking circular product design and service-oriented business models. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Supportedcites [38] Bosch, T., Verploegen, K., Grösser, S.N., and van Rhijn, G. (2017). Sustainable Furniture that Grows with End-Users. Dynamics of Long-Life Assets, Springer International Publishing. source
Section 2 describes two applications developed in the same Gispen project: a model for the shift to a circular product-service business model and a Circular Economy Design Framework for product design. The Introduction likewise presents business-model simulation and circular product development as parallel parts of the work, supporting the attributed example of the two initiatives occurring together. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Potential customers are likely to be companies that have a lot of short-term project work (AR A) [39]”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > •
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [39] Besch, 2005, Product-service systems for office furniture: Barriers and opportunities on the European market, J. Clean. Prod. source
Section 5.1.7 identifies companies needing office equipment for short-term projects as potential renters. Section 6.2.5 calls short-term projects an ideal application of the PSS scenario, while noting uncertainty about the size of that market. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Customer requirement of all-inclusive furniture portfolio/solutions (AR A) [39]”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > •
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [39] Besch, 2005, Product-service systems for office furniture: Barriers and opportunities on the European market, J. Clean. Prod. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 5.2.1 says several companies buy all their office furniture from one or a couple of producers to obtain prices and specifications. It does not say customers require an all-inclusive furniture portfolio or identify that requirement as a common barrier. Searches for a complete range, one-stop solution, and full-service offering found no passage establishing the claimed barrier. (LLM, conf=0.72)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Breakeven delays with negative initial cash flow for access or use-oriented (pay-per-use or leasing) PSS (AR A and B) [38]”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > •
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [38] Bosch, T., Verploegen, K., Grösser, S.N., and van Rhijn, G. (2017). Sustainable Furniture that Grows with End-Users. Dynamics of Long-Life Assets, Springer International Publishing. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (section 2.1.2) say that circular-economy assets with long usage cycles generate long delays and high negative initial cash flows in a pay-per-use scenario, making lease models less usable. This supports the barrier described, but the paper’s finding is bounded to long-usage-cycle assets and does not establish that it is common across access- or use-oriented PSS generally. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
- Probably not a substantial claim. 89
- It may state two separate claims as one. 48
- The quote only partly states this claim. 4
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Product-service systems (PSSs) are often outlined as potential enablers of new business models for circular economy.”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
“Product-Service Systems (PSS) are often outlined as one of the potential enablers for configuring new business models for circular economy, stimulating life-extension and product take-back [10][11][12][13][14][15][16].”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [10] Nußholz, J. (2017). Circular Business Models: Defining a Concept and Framing an Emerging Research Field. Sustainability, 9. source
Section 4.1 says shifting from product ownership to a PSS has been widely discussed as a way to facilitate product collection and circular strategies. It also identifies PSSs as an option when designing a business model to deliver an embedded circular strategy. The claim describes them as potential enablers, not a requirement for every circular business model. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] Blomsma, 2018, Enabling circular strategies with different types of product/service-systems, Procedia CIRP source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Lieder, 2016, Towards circular economy implementation: A comprehensive review in context of manufacturing industry, J. Clean. Prod. source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The purpose is to trigger a change of mindset towards CE by acting around the dynamic capabilities concept (individual managerial and organizational skills) [41].”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > •
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [41] Teece, 2017, Business models and dynamic capabilities, Long Range Plann. source
The Introduction describes dynamic capabilities as underpinned by organizational routines and managerial skills, supporting the cited explanation of the concept. The aim of changing mindsets toward circular economy is the citing authors’ stated purpose, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“CE and PSS are indicated as promising approaches to this end [34,38,39].”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 2.1. Research Approach
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [34] Forrest, A., Hilton, M., Ballinger, A., and Whittaker, D. (2017). Circular Economy Opportunities in the Furniture Sector, European Environmental Bureau.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [38] Bosch, T., Verploegen, K., Grösser, S.N., and van Rhijn, G. (2017). Sustainable Furniture that Grows with End-Users. Dynamics of Long-Life Assets, Springer International Publishing. source
The Abstract presents circular-economy principles and combining products with services as potentially beneficial for an office-furniture producer, including by extending product life. Section 2.1 describes service-based circular business models for furniture. The paper cautions in §2.1.2 that conventional pay-per-use leases can create cash-flow problems, but this does not negate the broader claim that these approaches are promising. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [39] Besch, 2005, Product-service systems for office furniture: Barriers and opportunities on the European market, J. Clean. Prod. source
The Executive Summary identifies product life extension and remanufacturing or reuse as promising ways to close material loops in office furniture. Section 1.1 says PSS may help close those loops and reduce environmental impacts. These support the citing sentence’s characterization of circular approaches and PSS as promising, specifically for office furniture. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Although a few works apply pattern-based approaches for designing BMs for PSS [42,43], they are still addressing CE superficially.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 24
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [42] Hellek, K., McAloone, T.C., Avlonitis, V., Garcia i Mateu, A., Andersen, J.B., Mougaard, K., Neugebauer, L., and Hsuan, J. (2013). PSS Tool Book: A Workbook in the PROTEUS Series, PRO-04, Technical University of Denmark (DTU).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [43] Kwon, M., Lee, J., and Hong, Y.S. (2019). Product-service system business modelling methodology using morphological analysis. Sustainability, 11. source
The Introduction describes a methodology that identifies patterns from PSS business-model cases and uses them to generate business-model alternatives. This confirms the cited work as an example of a pattern-based approach. The statement that such works address circular economy superficially is the citing authors’ assessment, not a finding attributed to this source by the citation placement. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Long usage time and technical simplicity of office furniture (AR A and B) [39]”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > •
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [39] Besch, 2005, Product-service systems for office furniture: Barriers and opportunities on the European market, J. Clean. Prod. source
The Conclusion and Recommendations identifies both long customer usage (about 12 years), which makes renting less attractive, and the simplicity of office furniture, which requires little maintenance or repair, as obstacles to a product-service system. Section 5.1.1 also reports companies' view that furniture is too simple to justify such a system. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Applicability in regions where customers are geographically widespread (AR A) [39]”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > •
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [39] Besch, 2005, Product-service systems for office furniture: Barriers and opportunities on the European market, J. Clean. Prod. source
The Conclusion and Recommendations (section 7) explicitly states that the office-furniture PSS scenario is not applicable where customers are geographically widespread. Section 6.3 explains that serving remote customers would make logistics costs unreasonably high. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Additional services could help improve the attractiveness of the PSS scenario to lock in customers (AR A and B-see Tables 1 and 3) [39]”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > •
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [39] Besch, 2005, Product-service systems for office furniture: Barriers and opportunities on the European market, J. Clean. Prod. source
Section 7 (Conclusion and Recommendations) says additional services could improve the attractiveness of the PSS scenario and strengthen customer–producer relationships. Section 6.3 (Adjustment of the PSS Scenario) adds that these services could stabilize the relationship and increase customer retention. “AR A and B” refers to the citing paper’s tables, not a claim attributed to Besch. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The results of this research are consistent with findings of previous literature [38,39], confirming common barriers or favorable conditions for the implementation of circular economy-oriented PSS in the furniture sector.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [38] Bosch, T., Verploegen, K., Grösser, S.N., and van Rhijn, G. (2017). Sustainable Furniture that Grows with End-Users. Dynamics of Long-Life Assets, Springer International Publishing. source
Section 2.1.2 (Results; page unavailable) identifies high initial cash-flow demands as a barrier to pay-per-use furniture models and suggests product upgrading as a service as a possible option. Section 3 (Conclusion and Future Work; page unavailable) also identifies underdeveloped reverse logistics and remanufacturing processes as obstacles to a closed-loop furniture business. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [39] Besch, 2005, Product-service systems for office furniture: Barriers and opportunities on the European market, J. Clean. Prod. source
The Conclusion identifies barriers to implementing a PSS for office furniture in the EU, including financial risk, competitive market conditions, and limited legislative pressure. The Executive Summary also identifies opportunities, including flexible office needs and potential environmental benefits. Together, these support the citation as prior literature on barriers and favorable conditions in the furniture sector. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This reinforces that the transition to CE through new business models is a learning process [67], which will require more than a tool, but a holistic and systemic approach of continuous change [9].”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > •
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [67] Bocken, 2018, Experimenting with a circular business model: Lessons from eight cases, Environ. Innov. Soc. Transit. source
Citation [67] is attached to the claim that transitioning to a circular economy through new business models is a learning process; the subsequent claim about a holistic, systemic approach is attributed to [9]. Section 2.1 describes business model innovation towards circularity as an ongoing process of organisational learning and change, and Section 3.2 describes iterative learning cycles. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Could not verifycites [9] Pieroni, 2019, Business model innovation for circular economy and sustainability: A review of approaches, J. Clean. Prod. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The indexed passages retrieved are bibliographic information and keywords, not discussion of the claimed transition. Searches for a learning process, a holistic and systemic approach, and continuous change found no passage in our copy that addresses those points. (LLM, conf=0.73)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, they had limited experience with additional basic services for product life-cycle extension occurring in an informal and ad hoc approach (e.g., repair and maintenance, refurbishment services, buy-back scheme).”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.1.1. Action Research Cycle A
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Vestre offers outdoor furniture to allow the creation of social meeting places.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.1.2. Action Research Cycle B
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the participants reached consensus and selected 'BM idea 1' due to two criteria (company's choice): (i) lower service dependence when compared to other alternatives; (ii) less complexity and effort (or time) to develop.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.2.1. Action Research Cycle A
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The product comprises two key parts, MDF panels and plastic connectors.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.1.1. Action Research Cycle A
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although profitable (positive return on investment), the concept incurs in a delayed breakeven of 10 years.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > PSS BM concept
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“no return or 'pro-active action' with the products when they reach end-of-use or absolute end-of-life”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.1.2. Action Research Cycle B
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They have a varied portfolio of premium products manufactured in-house and currently sold in B2B and B2G (business-to-government) segments.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.1.2. Action Research Cycle B
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Vestre also had previous knowledge about the concept of CE, with a higher focus on the wider scope of environmental and social sustainability.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.1.2. Action Research Cycle B
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The technology for guaranteeing the system's modularity was developed and patented by Ope and is fundamental for allowing multiple cycles of disassembly and assembly during use.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.1.1. Action Research Cycle A
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This action research cycle occurred during January 2019 in Vestre, which is also a small Norwegian company with headquarters in Oslo.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.1.2. Action Research Cycle B
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“leading to the creation of eight BM ideas that were added to the Circular Strategies Scanner, of which three were based on PSS (Table 1).”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.2.1. Action Research Cycle A
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The different products are mainly composed of wood and stainless steel.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.1.2. Action Research Cycle B
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ope had previous knowledge about the concept of CE and sustainability.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.1.1. Action Research Cycle A
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“they identified the opportunity for increasing market share in a specific segment by providing products as services and greener solutions”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.1.2. Action Research Cycle B
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also acknowledged some challenges, such as the presence of 'non-circular' components in the composition of the product (e.g., MDF and plastics), lack of formalized life-extension or end-of-life services, no return or 'pro-active action' with the products when they reach end-of-use or absolute end-of-life.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.1.1. Action Research Cycle A
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The company offers dynamic and modular furniture systems, allowing the creation of working/living spaces.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.1.1. Action Research Cycle A
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This action research cycle occurred during July 2018 in the company Ope, which is a small Norwegian furniture manufacturer with headquarters in Stavanger.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.1.1. Action Research Cycle A
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The company provides a guarantee on materials, which highlights the importance of the reliability of their products.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.1.2. Action Research Cycle B
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“potential difficulties with recyclability or biodegradability due to the presence of toxic materials (e.g., lacquer impregnation and coating used in galvanization)”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.1.2. Action Research Cycle B
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the need to redesign the products to facilitate disassembly or repair”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.1.2. Action Research Cycle B
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ope was developing a new product for short-term events, also designed with modular technology.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.1.1. Action Research Cycle A
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the furniture sector, 13 out of 41 patterns address collaborations.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > •
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, they were unsure about how they could apply their products' characteristics (e.g., durability) to seize new business models for CE.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.1.2. Action Research Cycle B
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“specific requirements from customers potentially hindering the acceptance of CE BMs”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.1.2. Action Research Cycle B
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, even though positive, profitability would occur in the long term, which would require capacity of investment and scalability that were not considered as feasible by Ope.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.3.2. Action Research Cycle B
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the resource decoupling potential for the proposed BM concept showed positive results, the customer value criteria were not fulfilled.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.3.2. Action Research Cycle B
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From the usability perspective, although enhancements were incorporated after the first AR, further improvements are required.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As sacrifices are considered larger than benefits, this criterion was not fulfilled.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > PSS BM concept
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, since modular product design was already part of the incumbent BM, this could help avoid burden shifting.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > Mitigate rebound effects
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After analyzing the assessments, Vestre discussed how to work with both models in parallel to suit different customer segments, but without cannibalizing each other.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.2.2. Action Research Cycle B
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The concept presented delayed pay-back period (around 9 years).”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > Mitigate rebound effects
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“not possible to capture the 'full circularity potential' of the product (could be used/refurbished for 10 cycles, but it is reaching 2 cycles in this configuration)”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > PSS BM concept
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, from previous experience and initial experiments with this type of business model, Vestre identified that reconsiderations of product design would be necessary to adapt products for easy assembly and in loco customizations (i.e., different urban landscape projects require adaptations in the installation procedures and slight modifications/adaptations of the products in loco).”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > Mitigate rebound effects
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From a usefulness perspective, the CE-Driven BM Configurator showed positive results, supporting the manufacturers with fast ideation and simulation workshops providing knowledge about CE and PSS from external sources in an interactive and focused process.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 4. Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' questionnaire responses and testimonials are a valid indicator of the configurator's usefulness.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The volume of returning products is small to justify investments in refurbishing facilities during the beginning of the implementation.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > Mitigate rebound effects
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the risks for implementing this configuration are higher than in configuration 1 and, likewise, the effort for executing the mitigation plans is also higher.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > Mitigate rebound effects
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“'BM Pattern 1' (Table 3) was combined with a pattern entitled 'Incentivized product return for next-life sales.'This implies implementing a buy-back scheme for products reaching the end-of-use but yet with the potential for further use (which could occur in six years for Vestre) in order to refurbish or remanufacture and resell them.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.2.2. Action Research Cycle B
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ope judged that the sacrifices perceived by the customers with the proposed concept, i.e., the need for full-office solutions with a diversified furniture portfolio, would surpass their perception of added benefits, leading to a low perceived value.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.3.2. Action Research Cycle B
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimated return of products and volumes of sales do not pay off investment in refurbishing facilities and marketing campaigns required for launching this concept (i.e., negative return on investment in the first decade).”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > PSS BM concept
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Considered added benefits: lower upfront investment; more value received to money; convenience; environmental conscious/compliant option for end-of-use.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 5. Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As an alternative, Ope is experimenting with another use-oriented PSS BM concept (i.e., modular furniture systems in a leasing scheme) for two active customers.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 5. Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After further investigations, for instance, Ope has decided not to focus on the 'event solutions' since it would demand a complex system in terms of number of product components and add-on features to offer the expected complete solution.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 5. Conclusions
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This helped to adjust a feasible price for services contracts to enable comparable profitability to current BM (in the long term).”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 5. Conclusions
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lastly, the CE-Driven BM Configurator still requires further development (e.g., a more flexible/dynamic software; adjustment in the level of information in the design options; refinement in the logic of suggestion of patterns configurations).”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 5. Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The concept presented an acceptable pay-back period for the company (around 6 years), but estimated costs have to be reviewed after negotiation with partners.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 5. Conclusions
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The configurator is flexible in terms of customers segments, varying according to the predominance of success cases in each specific sector.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 5. Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sacrifices: binding of 10-year contract (should not be critical).”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 5. Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The binding of a 10-year contract should not be critical for customers.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results demonstrate a positive uptake by the companies regarding the obtained outcomes.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 5. Conclusions
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“they are often 'niche solutions', fulfilling specific needs and customer segments, and more likely to flourish with certain types/characteristic of products, segments or geographical locations.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Introducing a sectorial contextualization to enable more precise and in-depth business model configurations for CE.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > •
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“'BM idea 3' would require the development of new service-oriented capabilities, related to the actual operation and users' behavior in offices (e.g., ethnographical and user-centered design) not available today.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.2.1. Action Research Cycle A
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants of the events would have the possibility of booking, using, and paying-per-use (days, weeks) of full preconfigured spaces.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > Results:
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, facilities for recycling and coalitions for collecting ocean plastics will need to be established.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.2.1. Action Research Cycle A
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The process model allows a holistic approach to companies, in the sense that it suggests activities from design to implementation of CE-oriented BMs [23].”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 2.2. The CE-Oriented BMI Process and the CE-Driven BM Configurator
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23] Pieroni, M.P.P., McAloone, T.C., and Pigosso, D.C.A. Business model innovation for circular economy: Integrating literature into a conceptual process model. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED19), Manuscript In Press.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“There is one work applying the pattern-based approach for CE [25]; however, it is still conceptual (i.e., lacking clarity about how the implementation of the framework could occur in practice) and generic (i.e., lacking sectorial specificity or contextualization, which is relevant for CE [26]).”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 24
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Facilitating the proposal of business models based on PSS and with a focus on CE, including patterns that address economic and resource decoupling problems/opportunities (section 3.2);”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > •
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the products would be pick-up by the providers, who could facilitate the reuse of system(s) in other nine users/cycles before moving them back to the regional refurbishment/remanufacturing center.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.2.1. Action Research Cycle A
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the manufacturer, this configuration would require less effort with logistics and facilitate scalability.”
- Also stated in: § 3.3.2. Action Research Cycle B · hedged
“For the manufacturer, this configuration would require less effort with logistics and facilitate scalability.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > Results:
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 3.3.2. Action Research Cycle B · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Configurator seeks to incentivize more of those individual actors acting in the position of manufacturers to change their perspectives and way of operating and inevitably to influence others.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > •
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Moreover, it allows a systemic approach that integrates four tangible and intangible perspectives for CE-oriented BM innovation: (i) activities and tools; (ii) business processes and sustainability performance interdependence; (iii) strategic decision-making procedures; and (iv) consideration of social traits and capabilities [23].”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 2.2. The CE-Oriented BMI Process and the CE-Driven BM Configurator
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23] Pieroni, M.P.P., McAloone, T.C., and Pigosso, D.C.A. Business model innovation for circular economy: Integrating literature into a conceptual process model. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED19), Manuscript In Press.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“CE will require 'breaking industry recipes' [46] and the silo/organizational-centric view.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > •
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [46] Matthyssens, 2006, Value innovation in business markets: Breaking the industry recipe, Ind. Mark. Manag. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the systems could be used ten times before being collected and taken by the manufacturer to regional refurbishment/remanufacturing centers.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > Results:
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The CE-Driven BM Configurator tackles those gaps and advances knowledge in respect to the aforementioned research by:”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 24
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Collaborations with service providers or dealers will be fundamental to enable these capabilities.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.2.1. Action Research Cycle A
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lastly, financing enablers are required, for instance, the possibility to collaborate with existing customers for sharing risks and initial investments.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.2.1. Action Research Cycle A
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Event organizers and venue owners interested in providing this solution for their customers (i.e., event participants) without putting too much effort into services would be able to request the system for their venues by paying a deposit for the initial stocks.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > Results:
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“companies (that are seeking temporary workspace or event solutions) would be able to access and temporarily use the furniture by either subscribing to a service package or agreeing on a determined rental/lease contract directly from the provider's digital platform (application).”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.2.1. Action Research Cycle A
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, according to recent research in CE [47], some actor in the value chain has to take the lead and start thinking about CE first internally, then absorb the concepts, and then influence other actors and lead the initiatives that will occur collaboratively.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > •
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] Perey, 2018, The place of waste: Changing business value for the circular economy, Bus. Strateg. Environ. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“'BM idea 2' would require the expansion of the available furniture portfolio to provide convenient and comprehensive solutions for customers.This would probably require collaboration with other furniture manufacturers or the creation of new product lines, which would require long-term for implementation.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.2.1. Action Research Cycle A
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Enabling practical application and providing guidance on how to use and combine the patterns along the stages of ideation, design, and evaluation of business models for CE, including simulation of different configurations (scenarios) (Figures 1 and 2; and section 3.2);”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > •
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“provides the opportunity for companies to check the affinity of the proposed concepts with CE outcomes, so they can either improve the concept or decide to start the design/configuration of another concept.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.2.1. Action Research Cycle A
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also discussed that configuration 1 should be the target for dissemination in the case that cannibalization is inevitable, mainly taking into consideration the market representativeness of customer segments.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.2.2. Action Research Cycle B
plainconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Rebound with the increased demand for resources could occur either if 2nd life furniture (refurbished or remanufactured) is perceived as of inferior functionality or if it is priced lower when compared to new ones [60].”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > Mitigate rebound effects
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] Zink, 2017, Circular Economy Rebound, J. Ind. Ecol. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By not having the upfront investment, customers (especially in the case of offices or project-based organizations) could spend these savings with other resources.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > PSS BM concept
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mitigation: the company would self-finance initial projects for strategic purposes.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > Mitigate rebound effects
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although legislation is still lagging behind, environmental practices and public policies seem to be advancing, at least in the Nordic context.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > •
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The furniture needs to be designed for easy disassembly.This could have an effect on durability.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.2.2. Action Research Cycle B
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, since modular product design was already part of the incumbent BM, this could help avoid burden shifting.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > PSS BM concept
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was discussed that venue owners could act as partners and potentially share investment and profits to offer the solution for participants (e.g., companies attending the events and in need of organizing their presentation stands/spaces).”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.3.2. Action Research Cycle B
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mitigation: this could be absent in the case of events' solutions because currently, the venue owners are not necessarily the owners of modular furniture/materials for space creation of stands.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > Mitigate rebound effects
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mitigation actions would rely on establishing collaborative/strategic partnerships, as well as reviewing considerations (trade-offs) for product design and pricing strategies.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.2.2. Action Research Cycle B
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One potential risk is shifting the burden to the end-oflife by substituting the current raw material MDF to ocean plastics, in case that recyclability of the latter is not possible.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > Mitigate rebound effects
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By not having the upfront investment, customers (especially in the case of offices or project-based organizations) could spend these savings with other resources.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > Mitigate rebound effects
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Return on investment, net present value and profit margins (including profit per asset/product) for different buy-back fees and an average of substitution were calculated.This helped to adjust a feasible price for products or services contracts to enable comparable profitability to current BM (in the long term).”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.2.2. Action Research Cycle B
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For value creation and delivery, beyond the new capabilities previously mentioned for configuration 1, Vestre will have to review its sales model and create standard contracts with service level agreements.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.2.2. Action Research Cycle B
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on this assessment (Table 2), Ope concluded that the evaluated BM concept could work more adequately when the new product is ready for launching, since it will be directed to events with considerably shorter use cycles (e.g., ranging from days to a couple of weeks) and could compose synergy with the current products.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.3.2. Action Research Cycle B
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the case of B2G, this is considered as a mitigated risk since they are already with 'limited budget for investment' upfront.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > Mitigate rebound effects
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The furniture needs to be designed for easy disassembly and high durability.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > Mitigate rebound effects
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mitigation: this could be absent in the case of events' solutions because currently, the venue owners are not necessarily the owners of modular furniture/materials for space creation of stands.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > PSS BM concept
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Venue owners are not necessarily the owners of the modular furniture/materials used for creating stands at events.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One potential risk is shifting the burden to the end-oflife by substituting the current raw material MDF to ocean plastics, in case that recyclability of the latter is not possible.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > PSS BM concept
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As in the previous concept, the systems could be used ten times before being collected and taken by the manufacturer to regional refurbishment/remanufacturing centers.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 3.3.2. Action Research Cycle B
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Building on previous research, it advances knowledge about when (or under which conditions) PSS can lead to enhanced circularity.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 5. Conclusions
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Connected to our first key findings, our key contribution is consolidated in a framework to support identifying conditions for configuring 'CE-Oriented PSS business models.'”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 5. Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Manufacturing companies planning to engage in CE through PSS need guidance on where and how to start.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the furniture sector, for instance, the generated business model concepts could be applied for B2B, B2C, or B2G.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 5. Conclusions
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or favorable upscaling conditions (i.e., existing infrastructure or possibility to invest on creating or accessing collection points, reverse logistics, or reprocessing facilities for the products and materials) can be facilitated by the correct selection of a market segment.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > •
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the new capabilities required by these solutions would be realistic to achieve, despite already challenging for their context.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > •
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The key limitations of this research are the sample (i.e., number of companies) and time constraints for the generalization of assumption/verification of the long-term success of CE-Oriented PSS BM concepts.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 5. Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, since the tool incorporates the learnings from the two aforementioned key findings, it can help manufacturing companies to focus on problem-solving for CE, instead of only trying out any type of PSS concept (which are not necessarily impactful for CE).”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > 5. Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: The configurator and the findings derived from two Nordic furniture manufacturers transfer to manufacturing companies and sectors beyond the two case companies.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As exemplified in the AR cycles, the configuration of CE-Oriented PSS business models involves identifying sources of structural waste in the current configurations, occurring simultaneously to new (and synergistic) customer needs, and being able to generate positive economic results for the company.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > •
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finding 2: CE-Oriented PSS BMs are often (but not exclusively) 'niche solutions' in the sense that they fulfil very specific needs and customer segments, and are more likely to succeed with certain types of products or geographical locations.”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · hedged
“(ii) CE-Oriented PSS BMs are often (but not exclusively) 'niche solutions' in the sense that they fulfil very specific needs and customer segments, and are more likely to succeed with certain types of products or geographical locations.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > •
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on this finding, another condition was added to the category 'superior customer value' on top of the one evaluated in the case companies.This condition, entitled 'Market Potential,' is related to the existence of representativeness of a customer in terms of generated revenues (e.g., large contracts) or enough volume of several potential interested customers.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > •
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This finding could be considered a consequence of finding 1, which imposes many conditions to fulfil the three expected outcomes of CE.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > •
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One can argue that applying higher prices for avoiding rebound effects could bring difficulties for the company to withstand competition.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > •
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, a successful implementation of these concepts could work as 'steppingstones' and help in convincing internal (e.g., sponsors and board members) or external actors (e.g., new investors, suppliers, new partners in the value chain, customers) that CE-oriented BMs can generate business results or additional value, and are worth expanding into more sophisticated solutions.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > •
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
The two Nordic furniture manufacturers are representative enough that findings about PSS business models for circular economy can be generalized to other companies.
“By applying action research in two Nordic manufacturing companies from the furniture sector, different business model concepts based on product-service systems were proposed and assessed.”
“This research identified two key findings about 'product-service system business models for circular economy': (i) their configuration should fulfil certain simultaneous conditions-i.e., superior customer value, economic growth, and resource decoupling potential-to contribute to circular economy; and (ii) they are often 'niche solutions', fulfilling specific needs and customer segments, and more l”
The paper relies on this without support.
The CE-Driven Business Model Configurator and its patterns are valid tools for designing and assessing PSS business models for circular economy.
“This research demonstrates how the application of a previously developed business model configurator for circular economy can support the design and assessment of customer value, economic and resource decoupling potential for product-service system business models in practice.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The action research method with workshops and questionnaires can reliably evaluate the usefulness of the process model and tool.
“Data collection methods to evaluate the application of the CE-Oriented BMI Process and the CE-Driven Business Model Configurator comprised a journal with the researcher's observations and post reflection; recordings of the workshops to enable the compilation of comments and verbal feedback; and structured evaluation questionnaires standardized for all companies and answered by the participants at”
The paper relies on this without support.
The furniture sector's characteristics are relevant to the study's conclusions about PSS business models for circular economy.
“The furniture sector was selected in this study due to its economic representativeness for the European Union (EU) and Nordic markets, the environmental challenges and potential opportunities in a CE context.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Venue owners are not necessarily the owners of the modular furniture/materials used for creating stands at events.
“currently, the venue owners are not necessarily the owners of modular furniture/materials for space creation of stands.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The product could be used or refurbished for 10 cycles.
“could be used/refurbished for 10 cycles, but it is reaching 2 cycles in this configuration”
The paper relies on this without support.
Market requirements regarding the time taken for products to be returned back and made available for new contracts limit the number of use cycles the product reaches in this configuration.
“imposed by market requirements regarding the time taken for products to be returned back and made available for new contracts”
The paper relies on this without support.
Manufacturing companies planning to engage in CE through PSS need guidance on where and how to start.
“This can benefit manufacturing companies that are planning to engage in CE through means of PSS and need to define where and how to start.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The configurator and the findings derived from two Nordic furniture manufacturers transfer to manufacturing companies and sectors beyond the two case companies.
“Moreover, since the tool incorporates the learnings from the two aforementioned key findings, it can help manufacturing companies to focus on problem-solving for CE, instead of only trying out any type of PSS concept (which are not necessarily impactful for CE).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants' questionnaire responses and testimonials are a valid indicator of the configurator's usefulness.
“Formal feedback provided by individual participants in questionnaires indicates their satisfaction with the obtained results, with testimonials indicating that the configurator “made the process easier” and “has clarified and confirmed many choices that have been based on assumptions earlier.””
The paper relies on this without support.
The binding of a 10-year contract should not be critical for customers.
“Sacrifices: binding of 10-year contract (should not be critical).”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“For instance, in Kwon et al. [43], less than 3% of the available configuration options (3 out of 53) for PSS BMs design are related to improving resource efficiency or effectiveness.”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 24
Reported 3 · recomputed 5.660377
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > Mitigate rebound effects
“Calculation of indicators 'Utility' and 'Longevity' based on Azevedo et al. [59] and Franklin-Johnson et al. [61].”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > References
“57. Azevedo, S.; Godina, R.; Matias, J. Proposal of a Sustainable Circular Index for Manufacturing Companies. Resources 2017, 6, 63. [CrossRef] 58. Zink, T.; Geyer, R. Circular Economy Rebound. J. Ind. Ecol. 2017, 21, 593-602. [CrossRef] 59. Franklin-Johnson, E.; Figge, F.; Canning, L. Resource duration as a managerial indicator for Circular Economy performance.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 24
“For instance, in Kwon et al. [43], less than 3% of the available configuration options”
§ Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product-Service Systems > References
“43. Barquet, A.P.B.; de Oliveira, M.G.; Amigo, C.R.; Cunha, V.P.; Rozenfeld, H. Employing the business model concept to support the adoption of product-service systems (PSS).”
Citations
Cites
The Circular Economy–A new sustainability paradigm?
Geissdoerfer, M., Savaget, P., Bocken, N. M. P., & Hultink, E. J. (2017) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.048 · Cited by 9,360 · cited 1×
“CE is often interpreted as one way of achieving economic and environmental sustainability [2], but it also has potential to generate secondary positive effects on the social sustainability perspective [3,4].”
BackgroundGhisellini, P., Cialani, C., & Ulgiati, S. (2016) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.007 · Cited by 6,536 · cited 1×
“Circular economy (CE) aims to establish a resource-effective and efficient economic system that is more suitable to respect planetary boundaries [1].”
BackgroundProduct design and business model strategies for a circular economy
Bocken, N. M. P., de Pauw, I., Bakker, C., & van der Grinten, B. (2016) · Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering · doi:10.1080/21681015.2016.1172124 · Cited by 4,002 · cited 2×
“To implement CE principles, societal, industrial, and consumption systems will need to shift their foundations to build on renewable energy/materials sources and to reduce waste generation [5] by intentionally narrowing, slowing, and closing material and energy flows [6].”
BackgroundMethodBusiness models and dynamic capabilities
Teece, D. J. (2018) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2017.06.007 · Cited by 3,695
Towards circular economy implementation: A comprehensive review in context of manufacturing industry
Lieder, M., & Rashid, A. (2016) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.042 · Cited by 2,762 · cited 1×
“The main challenges during the design and assessment stages faced by organizations are related to: (i) applying efforts systematically to reinvent the logic of how their business works to simultaneously achieve economic and resource effectiveness/efficiency goals [12]; and (ii) transferring conceptual knowledge/learni…”
BackgroundProduct services for a resource-efficient and circular economy – a review
Tukker, A. (2015) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.11.049 · Cited by 1,961 · cited 1×
“Despite the availability of an increasing amount of academic content and approaches for BM innovation for CE (including PSS as a strategy) [9], developing resource-efficient and effective business models based on PSS offerings is still reported as challenging for companies [13,21,22].”
Backgroundde Ven, A. H. V. (2007) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199226290.001.0001 · Cited by 1,944
Engaged Scholarship: A Guide for Organizational and Social Research
van de Ven, & Andrew, H. P. (2007) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,932
Designing the Business Models for Circular Economy—Towards the Conceptual Framework
Lewandowski, M. (2016) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su8010043 · Cited by 1,890
Action research for operations management
Coughlan, P., & Coghlan, D. (2002) · International Journal of Operations & Production Management · doi:10.1108/01443570210417515 · Cited by 1,534 · cited 1×
“This research followed the overall guidelines proposed by Mathiassen [29] and applied a four-step cyclical process [33] for data collection and analysis.”
MethodSchaltegger, S., Freund, F. L., & Hansen, E. G. (2012) · International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development · doi:10.1504/ijisd.2012.046944 · Cited by 1,268 · cited 1×
“, from more simplistic to more complex configurations) to prompt ideation, the decision-makers’ ambitions in embedding CE principles to their BMs are key factors influencing or limiting the achievement of impactful environmental and economic outcomes [9,66].”
BackgroundA review and typology of circular economy business model patterns
Lüdeke‐Freund, F., Gold, S., & Bocken, N. M. P. (2019) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.12763 · Cited by 1,256 · cited 3×
“There is one work applying the pattern-b s d approach for CE [25]; howev r, it is still conceptual (i.”
MethodInfluentialZink, T., & Geyer, R. (2017) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.12545 · Cited by 1,210 · cited 4×
“” Rebound with the increased demand for resources could occur either if 2nd life furniture (refurbished or remanufactured) is perceived as of inferior functionality or if it is priced lower when compared to new ones [60].”
BackgroundInfluentialBusiness model innovation for circular economy and sustainability: A review of approaches
Pieroni, M. P. P., McAloone, T. C., & Pigosso, D. C. A. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.036 · Cited by 1,143
Investigating Information Systems with Action Research
Baskerville, R. (1999) · Communications of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1cais.00219 · Cited by 1,123
The business model: an integrative framework for strategy execution
Richardson, J. (2008) · Strategic Change · doi:10.1002/jsc.821 · Cited by 1,048
Tukker, A., & Tischner, U. (2006) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.01.022 · Cited by 979
Puhakainen, P., & Siponen, M. (2010) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/25750704 · Cited by 700
Case Study Methodology in Business Research
Dul, J., & Hak, T. (2007) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780080552194 · Cited by 679 · cited 1×
“A 4-point Likert scale varying from ‘Unsatisfactory’ to ‘Very satisfactory’ [40] was employed as options for answers.”
MethodA Conceptual Framework for Circular Design
Moreno, M., De los Rios, C., Rowe, Z., & Charnley, F. (2016) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su8090937 · Cited by 564 · cited 1×
“Moreover, this research contributes to the literature by showing another approach for servitization in the context of CE than that commonly discussed in previous literature [6,15,38], which addresses the occurrence of product development initiatives for CE concurrently with the business model development of PSS.”
MethodExperimenting with a circular business model: Lessons from eight cases
Bocken, N. M. P., Schuit, C. S. C., & Kraaijenhagen, C. (2018) · Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions · doi:10.1016/j.eist.2018.02.001 · Cited by 510 · cited 1×
“This reinforces that the transition to CE through new business models is a learning process [67], which will require more than a tool, but a holistic and systemic approach of continuous change [9].”
BackgroundKjaer, L. L., Pigosso, D. C. A., Niero, M., Bech, N. M., & McAloone, T. C. (2019) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.12747 · Cited by 490 · cited 3×
“Final BM Idea Original Selected BM Pattern Combined Patterns Customer Value Potential Structural Waste Source/Type Decoupling Potential (Based on [17])”
BackgroundInfluentialCircular Business Models: Defining a Concept and Framing an Emerging Research Field
Nußholz, J. (2017) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su9101810 · Cited by 415 · cited 1×
“, through long-life design, repair and remanufacturing) and closing material loops” [10] (p.”
BackgroundResource duration as a managerial indicator for Circular Economy performance
Franklin-Johnson, E., Figge, F., & Canning, L. (2016) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.023 · Cited by 377
Taking the Circularity to the Next Level: A Special Issue on the Circular Economy
Bocken, N. M. P., Olivetti, E., Cullen, J. M., Potting, J., & Lifset, R. (2017) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.12606 · Cited by 351
Employing the business model concept to support the adoption of product–service systems (PSS)
Barquet, A. P. B., de Oliveira, M. G., Amigo, C. R., Cunha, V. P., & Rozenfeld, H. (2013) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2013.05.003 · Cited by 294 · cited 1×
“Inspired by previous research in the PSS field [45], the Configurator is a planning tool suited for the early stage of when manufacturing companies decide to move towards BMs for CE.”
MethodValue innovation in business markets: Breaking the industry recipe
Matthyssens, P., Vandenbempt, K., & Berghman, L. (2006) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2005.05.013 · Cited by 213 · cited 1×
“CE will require ‘breaking industry recipes’ [46] and the silo/organizational-centric view.”
BackgroundThe place of waste: Changing business value for the circular economy
Perey, R., Benn, S., Agarwal, R., & Edwards, M. (2018) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2068 · Cited by 199 · cited 1×
“However, according to recent research in CE [47], some actor in the value chain has to take the lead and start thinking about CE first internally, then absorb the concepts, and then influence other actors and lead the initiatives that will occur collaboratively.”
BackgroundThe business model pattern database—A tool for systematic business model innovation
REMANE, G., HANELT, A., TESCH, J. F., & KOLBE, L. M. (2017) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s1363919617500049 · Cited by 179 · cited 4×
“BM literature [24,44], in two steps: (i) identification and consolidation of previously developed generic patterns of business models for CE available in literature (listed in [9]); and, (ii) retrospective analysis of more than 150 cases in six industry sectors [3].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSustainable business models as boundary-spanning systems of value transfers
Brehmer, M., Podoynitsyna, K. S., & Langerak, F. (2017) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.083 · Cited by 174 · cited 1×
“[52] and illustrates the flow of value exchanged (i.”
BackgroundProposal of a Sustainable Circular Index for Manufacturing Companies
Azevedo, S., Godina, R., & Matias, J. (2017) · Resources · doi:10.3390/resources6040063 · Cited by 165
Product-service systems for office furniture: barriers and opportunities on the European market
Besch, K. (2005) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.12.003 · Cited by 155
Stahel, W. R. (2010) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230274907 · Cited by 153
Power-by-the-hour: the role of technology in reshaping business strategy at Rolls-Royce
Smith, D. J. (2013) · Technology Analysis and Strategic Management · doi:10.1080/09537325.2013.823147 · Cited by 146
Biloslavo, R., Bagnoli, C., & Edgar, D. A. (2017) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.281 · Cited by 145 · cited 1×
“[54], which build on the ‘value concept’ largely disseminated in traditional BM literature by Osterwalder and Pigneur [55] and Richardson [56].”
BackgroundNew business models for a radical change in resource efficiency
Schulte, U. G. (2013) · Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions · doi:10.1016/j.eist.2013.09.006 · Cited by 143 · cited 1×
“Hence, building organizational (or even interorganizational) capabilities for CE requires as much technological or product innovation as systemic value innovation with the configuration of new business models (BM) which are fit with CE principles [8,9].”
BackgroundPluralist action research: a review of the information systems literature*
Chiasson, M. W., Germonprez, M., & Mathiassen, L. (2008) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2575.2008.00297.x · Cited by 133 · cited 1×
“There are several AR approaches and ways of combining them with other methods [31].”
Method45 Years with design methodology
Andreasen, M. M. (2011) · Journal of Engineering Design · doi:10.1080/09544828.2010.538040 · Cited by 120
Business model patterns for disruptive technologies
AMSHOFF, B., DÜLME, C., ECHTERFELD, J., & GAUSEMEIER, J. (2015) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s1363919615400022 · Cited by 111
Wells, P. (2016) · Organization & Environment · doi:10.1177/1086026615590882 · Cited by 93 · cited 2×
“Inspired by aspirations in Management and Design Sciences of promoting ‘impactful’ academic research, which is able to demonstrate the contribution made ‘to’ and ‘with’ business [26,27], this research adopts action research (AR) as methodology.”
BackgroundMethodWhy have ‘Sustainable Product-Service Systems’ not been widely implemented?
Vezzoli, C., Ceschin, F., Diehl, J. C., & Kohtala, C. (2012) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.05.050 · Cited by 82
Exploring the Field of Business Model Innovation
Gassmann, O., Frankenberger, K., & Sauer, R. (2016) · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41144-6 · Cited by 81
Haase, R. P., Pigosso, D. C. A., & McAloone, T. C. (2017) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2017.03.053 · Cited by 73
Designing Engaged Scholarship: From Real-World Problems to Research Publications
Mathiassen, L. (2017) · Engaged Management ReView · doi:10.28953/2375-8643.1000 · Cited by 61 · cited 4×
“Chiasson, M.; Germonprez, M.; Mathiassen, L. Pluralist action research: A review of the information systems literature.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSustainable Qualifying Criteria for Designing Circular Business Models
Pieroni, M., Pigosso, D. C. A., & McAloone, T. C. (2018) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2017.11.014 · Cited by 61
Pieroni, M., McAloone, T. C., & Pigosso, D. C. A. (2019) · Proceedings of the ... International Conference on Engineering Design · doi:10.1017/dsi.2019.258 · Cited by 52
Integration of Circular Economy in Business
Laubscher, M., & Marinelli, T. (2014) · doi:10.13140/2.1.4864.4164 · Cited by 46
Enabling circular strategies with different types of product/service-systems
de Pádua Pieroni, M., Blomsma, F., McAloone, T. C., & Pigosso, D. C. A. (2018) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2018.03.327 · Cited by 41
Implications of developing a tool for sustainability screening of circular economy initiatives
Kravchenko, M., McAloone, T. C., & Pigosso, D. C. A. (2019) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2019.01.044 · Cited by 41 · cited 1×
“The selection of indicators to compose the quantitative part of the assessments followed guidelines provided by a tool for screening the sustainability potential of CE initiatives [58].”
MethodPigosso, D. C. A., & McAloone, T. C. (2015) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2015.02.091 · Cited by 38 · cited 1×
“Despite the availability of an increasing amount of academic content and approaches for BM innovation for CE (including PSS as a strategy) [9], developing resource-efficient and effective business models based on PSS offerings is still reported as challenging for companies [13,21,22].”
Product-Service System Business Modelling Methodology Using Morphological Analysis
Kwon, M., Lee, J., & Hong, Y. S. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11051376 · Cited by 38 · cited 4×
“Altho gh a few w rks apply pattern-based approach s for designing BMs for PSS [42,43], they are still addressing CE superficially.”
BackgroundInfluentialTransforming a Traditional Product Offer into PSS: A Practical Application
Pieroni, M., Marques, C., Campese, C., Guzzo, D., Mendes, G., Costa, J., Rosa, M., Oliveira, M. G. D., Macul, V., & Rozenfeld, H. (2016) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2016.03.036 · Cited by 28
Self-citationOpen Business Model: Hebeleffekte durch kollaborative Wertschöpfung
Gassmann, O., Frankenberger, K., & Csik, M. (2013) · Geschäftsmodelle entwickeln · doi:10.3139/9783446437654.035 · Cited by 21
Sustainable Furniture that Grows with End-Users
Bosch, T., Verploegen, K., Grösser, S. N., & van Rhijn, G. (2017) · Dynamics of Long-Life Assets · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45438-2_16 · Cited by 15
EXPLORING THE SYNERGISTIC RELATIONSHIPS OF CIRCULAR BUSINESS MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCT DESIGN
Pieroni, M., Pigosso, D., & McAloone, T. (2018) · Design Conference Proceedings · doi:10.21278/idc.2018.0202 · Cited by 15 · cited 1×
“However, minor changes on the product are inevitable, as identified in previous research from the PSS [62] or CE [9,63] fields.”
Background(2019) · Cited by 8
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Circular business models: a review
Geissdoerfer, M., Pieroni, M. P. P., Pigosso, D. C. A., & Soufani, K. (2020) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123741 · Cited by 1,089
Circular economy business models: The state of research and avenues ahead
Ferasso, M., Beliaeva, T., Kraus, S., Clauss, T., & Ribeiro‐Soriano, D. (2020) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2554 · Cited by 588
Adoption of circular economy practices in small and medium-sized enterprises: Evidence from Europe
Dey, P. K., Malesios, C., Chowdhury, S., Saha, K., Budhwar, P. S., & De, D. (2022) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2022.108496 · Cited by 382
“…practices of CE (Su ´ arez-Eiroa Su ´ arez-Eiroa et al., 2019) for digitization (Schalkwyk et al., 2018), product designing and business modelling (Pieroni et al., 2019), carbon footprint calculation (Wang et al., 2020), exploring the potential of additive manufacturing for product design (Lieder…”
InfluentialA literature review on circular economy adoption in the manufacturing sector
Acerbi, F., & Taisch, M. (2020) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123086 · Cited by 312
Circular economy in manufacturing companies: A review of case study literature
Bjørnbet, M. M., Skaar, C., Fet, A. M., & Schulte, K. Ø. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126268 · Cited by 313
Metadata
- Authors
- P. P. Pieroni, M., C. McAloone, T., & C. A. Pigosso, D.
- Affiliations
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nils Koppels Allé 404, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Venue
- Sustainability
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-07-08
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 3727
- ISSN
- 2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2955607550
- Semantic Scholar
- 4f10ba8dd92e1532ec5b525a302e7ce933fcff52
- Cited by
- 150
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 25.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- NordForsk (83144)
- Nordic Innovation (83144)
- Nordic Energy Research (83144)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Sustainable Supply Chain Management
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Service and Product Innovation
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Environmental Sustainability in Business
- Keywords
- product-service systems, circular economy, business model configuration, customer value, economic decoupling, resource decoupling, furniture industry, resource efficiency
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-18, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-18 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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