How arousal modulates memory: disentangling the effects of attention and retention
Open accessAbstract
Emotion may influence memory both by altering attention and perception during encoding and by affecting memory retention. To date, studies have focused on the enhancement of memory consolidation by arousal. However, they have failed to rule out a role for attention. To specifically link memory enhancement of arousing material to modulation of memory retention, we examined recognition of neutral and arousing words at two time points and under conditions that manipulate attention during encoding. Participants were briefly presented with an arousing or neutral word at the periphery, while fixating on a central word. Recognition of peripheral words was assessed either immediately or after 24 h. Whereas recognition of neutral words became worse over time, recognition of arousing words remained the same and was better than neutral word recognition at delay. The results indicate that arousal supports slower forgetting even when the difference in attentional resources allocated to stimuli is minimized.
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Objective memory accuracy and subjective memory confidence can dissociate.
“Numerous behavioral cognitive studies have observed dissociations between memory accuracy and memory confidence [89–95].”
From First-person view of one’s body in immersive virtual reality: Influence on episodic memory (2019) · cites this paper as [90]
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- Authors
- Sharot, T., & Phelps, E. A.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Phelps, Elizabeth A.
- Venue
- Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience
- Published
- 2004-09
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 294-306
- ISSN
- 1530-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-135X
- OpenAlex
- W2103782422
- Cited by
- 375
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 3.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH62104, R01MH062104)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- arousal, emotional memory, memory consolidation, attentional modulation, memory retention, forgetting, recognition memory, word recognition, attentional capture, emotional words
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Arousal, Attention, Female, Field Dependence-Independence, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Male, Perceptual Masking, Photic Stimulation, Mental Recall, Retention, Psychology, Verbal Learning, Visual Perception, Recognition, Psychology
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