Activation of Anterior Insula during Self-Reflection
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Functional neuroimaging studies have suggested activation of midline frontoparietal brain regions to be at the core of self-related processes. However, although some studies reported involvement of the insula, little attention has been paid to this region as forming part of the "self"-network. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we aimed at replicating and extending previous studies by scanning subjects whilst reflecting upon their own personal qualities as compared to those of an acquaintance. A third condition with statements about general knowledge was used to control for attention, semantic processing and decision making processes. The results showed a significant effect of task in brain activity, consistent with previous findings, by which both person conditions recruited a common set of medial prefrontal and posterior regions, yet significant differences between self and other were found in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Notably, significant neural activation in the left anterior insula was observed as uniquely associated with self-reflection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The results provide further evidence for the specific recruitment of anterior MPFC and ACC regions for self-related processing, and highlight a role for the insula in self-reflection. As the insula is closely connected with ascending internal body signals, this may indicate that the accumulation of changes in affective states that might be implied in self-processing may contribute to our sense of self.
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Functional MRI tasks tapping into self-referential cognition activate overlapping brain regions as those modulated by meditation, including the insula, prefrontal cortex (PFC), cingulum and amygdala.
“functional MRI (fMRI) tasks tapping into self-referential cognition activate overlapping brain regions as those modulated by meditation, including the insula, prefrontal cortex (PFC), cingulum and amygdala.22–24”
From Distinct and shared therapeutic neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based and social support stress reduction groups in adults with autism spectrum disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [22]
The Abstract’s Methodology/Principal Findings and the Discussion (page numbers unavailable) report activation of the anterior insula, medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex during self-reflection. The paper does not establish that these regions overlap with those modulated by meditation, and the cited findings do not include the amygdala. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe involvement of the anterior PFC may reflect self-oriented processing, as the anterior PFC is implicated in perspective-taking, prospection, and self-reflection.
“Its involvement may reflect self-oriented processing, as the anterior PFC is implicated in perspective-taking (Ames et al., 2008), prospection (Addis et al., 2007) and self-reflection (Modinos et al., 2009).”
From Feeling left out or just surprised? Neural correlates of social exclusion and overinclusion in adolescence (2020) · cites this paper as Modinos et al., 2009
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“However, other studies have suggested that activation of the insula reflects interoceptive processing (Marvel and Desmond, 2012; Modinos et al., 2009; Morin and Hamper, 2012).”
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- Authors
- Modinos, G., Ormel, J., & Aleman, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Groningen (NL)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Modinos, Gemma
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2009-02-26
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e4618
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2643476
- OpenAlex
- W1964504848
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 6.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- European Science Foundation (044035001)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (044035001)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Mind wandering and attention
- Keywords
- anterior insula, self-reflection, self-referential processing, medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, self-other comparison, affective states, selfhood
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Decision Making, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Self Concept, Semantics, Prefrontal Cortex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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