The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 36 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease3
Open accessAbstract
Certain algae contain the (n-3) fatty acid DHA, yet the relation between algal oil supplementation and cardiovascular disease risk factors has not been systematically examined. Our objective was to examine the relation between algal oil supplementation and cardiovascular disease risk factors. We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials published between 1996 and 2011 examining the relation between algal oil supplementation and cardiovascular disease risk factors and performed a meta-analysis of the association between algal oil DHA supplementation and changes in the concentrations of TG, LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C). We identified 11 randomized controlled trials with 485 healthy participants that evaluated the relation between algal oil DHA supplementation and TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C. The median dose of algal DHA was 1.68 g/d. The pooled estimate for the change in TG concentration was -0.20 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.27 to -0.14), 0.23 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.16-0.30) for LDL-C, and 0.07 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.05-0.10) for HDL-C. DHA supplementation from algal oil, a marine source of (n-3) fatty acids not extracted from fish, may reduce serum TG and increase HDL-C and LDL-C in persons without coronary heart disease.
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22 Not checked yet · 20 Own result · 13 Own method · 2 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
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“0.07 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.05-0.10)for HDL-C”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“for HDL-C it was 0.07 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.05-0.10)(Fig. 3 and Supplemental Table 5)”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Abstract
plaindirectn = 485- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Results · plain
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In the paper
“Limiting the study to the seven studies that reported using the Friedewald equation (18,19,22,23,28,29,34), the effect estimate of change in LDL-C was 0.29 (95% CI: 0.20-0.38)mmol/L LDL-C.”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Trim-and-fill correction analysis with serum TG showed the main results remained significant and robust.”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“0.23 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.16-0.30)for LDL-C”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“for LDL-C it was 0.23 mmol/ L (95% CI: 0.16-0.30)(Fig. 2 and Supplemental Table 4)”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Abstract
plaindirectn = 485- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All algal oil supplements used in the analyzed studies contained either no EPA (18,22,23,29,33,35,36) or a negligible amount of EPA (19,26,28,34) (e.g., 1/20 the amount of DHA/d or ,0.005 g/d).”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Study selection.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A 0.20-mmol/L absolute reduction in TG corresponded to a 15% (95% CI: 10-20%) decrease”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Of the six studies that measured LDL particle size in relation to algal oil supplementation, five reported an increase in particle size and one reported no change”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“We did not identify any studies that included cardiovascular disease outcomes.”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Study selection.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“a 0.07-mmol/L increase in HDL-C corresponded to a 5% (95% CI: 4-7%) increase.”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“a 0.23mmol/L increase in LDL-C corresponded to an 8% (95% CI: 6-10%) increase”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
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In the paper
“All but one of the studies reported that the algal oil contained a mixture of SFA and PUFA in addition to DHA, although the overall mean DHA fatty acid content was 41% by weight (Supplemental Table 2).”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the three Begg rank correlation tests and three Egger tests, five were not significant and only the Egger test with serum TG was significant (P value 0.01), suggesting an overall small potential for publication bias or small-study effects.”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Results
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All studies but one had doses of algal oil DHA ,3 g/d.”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review and metaanalysis of algae-derived DHA supplementation and serum lipids.”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The two studies that showed a decrease in LDL-C included vegetarian participants (18,35), although the CI were wide, and a third study with vegetarian participants (34) observed a significant rise in LDL-C, similar to other studies.”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Results
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Conquer, 1996, Supplementation with an algae source of docosahexaenoic acid increases (n-3) fatty acid status and alters selected risk factors for heart disease in vegetarian subjects., J Nutr. source
- Not checked yetcites [35] Wu, 2006, Effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on blood lipids, estrogen metabolism, and in vivo oxidative stress in postmenopausal vegetarian women., Eur J Clin Nutr. source
- Not checked yetcites [34] Geppert, 2006, Microalgal docosahexaenoic acid decreases plasma triacylglycerol in normolipidaemic vegetarians: a randomised trial., Br J Nutr. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“One study reported using “standard” methods for estimating LDL-C (36) and one did not report its method (26).”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Results
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Neff, 2011, Algal docosahexaenoic acid affects plasma lipoprotein particle size distribution in overweight and obese adults., J Nutr. source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Theobald, 2004, LDL cholesterol-raising effect of low-dose docosahexaenoic acid in middle-aged men and women., Am J Clin Nutr. source
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The one study that showed a higher increase in HDL-C compared to other studies had young study participants, was of longer duration than most studies, and was single-blinded (33).”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Results
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Agren, 1996, Fish diet, fish oil and docosahexaenoic acid rich oil lower fasting and postprandial plasma lipid levels., Eur J Clin Nutr.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All but one of the placebo arms in the trials we examined contained corn, soy, or olive oil, each of which is rich in palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids.Soy oil also has a small amount of a-linolenic acid.”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“One study that reported using direct methods for estimating LDL-C, rather than the Freidewald equation, showed a decrease in LDL-C (35), whereas another that used the direct method showed no effect (33).”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Results
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Wu, 2006, Effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on blood lipids, estrogen metabolism, and in vivo oxidative stress in postmenopausal vegetarian women., Eur J Clin Nutr. source
- Not checked yetcites [33] Agren, 1996, Fish diet, fish oil and docosahexaenoic acid rich oil lower fasting and postprandial plasma lipid levels., Eur J Clin Nutr.
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The greatest decrease in TG and greatest increase in LDL-C appeared in the two studies that included participants with elevated serum lipid concentrations at baseline (23,29).”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Results
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Kelley, 2007, Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation improves fasting and postprandial lipid profiles in hypertriglyceridemic men., Am J Clin Nutr. source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Davidson, 1997, Effects of docosahexaenoic acid on serum lipoproteins in patients with combined hyperlipidemia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial., J Am Coll Nutr. source
hedgedcorrelationaln = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the algal oil supplements contained palmitic and oleic acid, though in different amounts than the placebos.”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The median dose of algal DHA was 1.68 g/d.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The median dose of algal DHA in the analysis of serum lipids was 1.68 g/d.”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The three funnel plots were symmetrical, suggesting that effect estimates were not associated with SE or study size.”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Results
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the meta-regression, we did not observe a significant dose response between algal DHA and TG, LDL-C, or HDL-C concentration: a 1-g increase per day in the dose of algal DHA was associated with a 0.06-mmol/L decrease in TG (95% CI: 20.19, 0.07), a 0.04-mmol/L reduction in LDL-C (95% CI: 20.28, 0.19), and a 0.02-mmol/L reduction in HDL-C (95% CI: 20.07, 0.04).”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We identified 11 randomized controlled trials with 485 healthy participants that evaluated the relation between algal oil DHA supplementation and TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“We identified 11 randomized controlled trials, including a total of 485 participants, dating from 1996 to 2011 (18,19,22,23,26, 28,29,33-36) (Supplemental Table 1).”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Abstract
plainn = 485- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Results · plain
In the paper
“The increase in HDL-C was also similar to that with fish oil (0.01 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.00-0.02); the increase in LDL-C was higher (0.06 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.03-0.09)(42).”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Eslick, 2009, Benefits of fish oil supplementation in hyperlipidemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis., Int J Cardiol. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Purified ethyl ester DHA supplementation has been shown to lower TG and mildly elevate LDL-C and HDL-C (51,52).”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Grimsgaard, 1997, Highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in humans have similar triacylglycerol-lowering effects but divergent effects on serum fatty acids., Am J Clin Nutr. source
- Not checked yetcites [52] Mori, 2000, Purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids have differential effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins, LDL particle size, glucose, and insulin in mildly hyperlipidemic men., Am J Clin Nutr. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“DHA supplementation from algal oil, a marine source of (n-3) fatty acids not extracted from fish, may reduce serum TG and increase HDL-C and LDL-C in persons without coronary heart disease.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“In conclusion, DHA supplementation from algal oil, a marine source of (n-3) fatty acids not extracted from fish, may reduce serum TG and increase LDL-C and HDL-C in persons without CHD.”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Abstract
hedgedconditionaln = 485- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Aquaculture, or fish farming, provides an alternative or perhaps additional source of fish for consumption, yet the practice has been associated with damage to and pollution of sensitive ecologic areas (8)(9)(10).”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Jenkins, 2009, Are dietary recommendations for the use of fish oils sustainable?, CMAJ. source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Naylor, 2000, Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies., Nature. source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Reijnders, 2003, Quantification of the environmental impact of different dietary protein choices., Am J Clin Nutr. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The DHA content of the supplements could explain our findings; however, it is also likely that the saturated fat content of the algal oil contributed to study participant lipid concentrations different than that those expected from purified DHA.”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Reduced synthesis in turn leads to reduced secretion and smaller VLDL particles, which are more readily converted to LDL than are large VLDL particles and which also compete with LDL for uptake by LDL receptors (52).Both of these actions lead to higher serum LDL-C.”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Mori, 2000, Purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids have differential effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins, LDL particle size, glucose, and insulin in mildly hyperlipidemic men., Am J Clin Nutr. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies were of good quality (9 of 11 scored 4 of 5).”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Consumption of wild marine fish is severely limited, however, because most ocean fish populations are exploited and unable to yield sustainable catches at current levels (6)(7)(8).”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] FAO of the United Nations. The state of the world's fisheries and aquaculture; 2008 [cited 2010 Jul 6]. Available from: http://www.fao.org/fishery/sofia/en.
- Not checked yetcites [7] Gussow, 1995, Mediterranean diets: are they environmentally responsible?, Am J Clin Nutr. source
- Not checked yetcites [8] Jenkins, 2009, Are dietary recommendations for the use of fish oils sustainable?, CMAJ. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“because particle size, in addition to lipoprotein cholesterol content, may help predict atherogenic risk, the net effect of algal DHA supplementation on serum lipoproteins and lipids may be beneficial despite the increase in LDL-C (55).”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Berneis, 2002, Metabolic origins and clinical significance of LDL heterogeneity., J Lipid Res. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We observed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for this systematic review and meta-analysis (17).”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Materials and Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Moher, 2009, Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement., Ann Intern Med. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Study designs were of good quality and with an average duration of 6 wk, there was adequate time to see changes in measured outcomes.”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We searched for all randomized controlled trials that examined the association between algae-derived EPA or algae-derived DHA and serum lipoproteins or cardiovascular disease.”
- Also stated in: § Search strategy. · plain
“There were no language restrictions in our search.”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Search strategy.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Search strategy. · plain
In the paper
“The 8% increase in LDL-C and 5% increase in HDL-C we observed with algal oil is similar to that observed with 4 g/d of purified DHA, the latter which was also associated with a transition to larger, possibly less-atherogenic LDL particles (52).”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Mori, 2000, Purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids have differential effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins, LDL particle size, glucose, and insulin in mildly hyperlipidemic men., Am J Clin Nutr. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We were also only able to assess the relation between algal oil supplementation and serum lipids.”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recently, algae have been cultivated to preferentially produce DHA and their oil has been extracted to make supplements (13,14).”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Gebauer, 2006, n-3 Fatty acid dietary recommendations and food sources to achieve essentiality and cardiovascular benefits., Am J Clin Nutr. source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Sijtsma, 2004, Biotechnological production and applications of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid., Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because one of the recognized benefits of fish oil supplementation is antiarrhythmic with a reduction in sudden death, our ability to compare algal oil supplementation to fish oil supplementation is limited.”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most studies were 6 wk in duration and either did not independently assess algal oil concentration or did not report such an assessment (6 of 11 studies).”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The quality of each study, defined as the confidence that its design, conduct, analysis, and presentation limited bias in its results, was assessed by a validated quality scoring system (39).”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Study selection.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Moher, 1998, Does quality of reports of randomised trials affect estimates of intervention efficacy reported in meta-analyses?, Lancet. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The chief limitations are that the studies were few and small, all were funded or gifted by industry, and most did not independently verify the algal oil supplements.”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the wild, fish accumulate EPA and DHA by consumption of marine algae (11,12).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Fish naturally accumulate EPA and DHA by consumption of marine algae (11,12), which are a diverse group of uni-and multi-cellular photosynthetic organisms.”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All studies used fasting blood samples for lipid measurements and the majority used the Freidewald equation to estimate LDL-C.”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Results
plainn = 485- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, in our analysis, the different methods may have been a source of between-study heterogeneity and this possibility should be explored further.”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The fixed-effects model assumes that the true treatment effect is identical across studies and that any differences among study results arise by chance.
“The fixed-effects model assumes that the true effect of treatment is the same in each study and that differences between study results are due to chance (40).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“ω3 PUFA increased LDL‐C level significantly with a dose greater than 2 g/d, consistent with previous findings. 7 , 9 , 12 , 13”
From Association Between Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Dyslipidemia: A Continuous Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“ω3 PUFAs could reduce serum triglyceride concentration by approximately 15% to 30% 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 but could not affect or even increase LDL‐C levels. 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13”
From Association Between Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Dyslipidemia: A Continuous Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Previous systematic reviews and meta‐analyses have been unable to reveal a significant dose–response relationship. 12 , 14”
From Association Between Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Dyslipidemia: A Continuous Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Previous dose–response models using pooled meta‐regression method were conducted based on the assumption that a linear causal relationship existed, 9 , 12 , 13 , 16 without taking into account the correlations at different dose levels.”
From Association Between Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Dyslipidemia: A Continuous Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These past meta‐analyses examined the dose–response relationship using pooled linear meta‐regression 9 , 12 , 13 , 16 without taking into account the correlations among effects at different dose levels. 17”
From Association Between Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Dyslipidemia: A Continuous Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These dose predictions cannot be performed in previous meta‐analyses that failed to reveal a significant dose–response relationship 12 , 14 and brought uncertainty. 6 , 9 , 13 , 15”
From Association Between Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Dyslipidemia: A Continuous Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“While both EPA and DHA reduce TAG levels in humans (Wang et al. 2006; Bernstein et al. 2012), DHA appears responsible for the blood pressure and heart rate-lowering effect of fish oils (Valera et al. 2014).”
From Algae as nutritional and functional food sources: revisiting our understanding. (2017) · cites this paper as Bernstein et al. 2012
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > Discussion
“To approximate 200 mg/d of DHA, algal oil supplementation at present may cost three times as much as fish oil supplementation (60,61).”
§ A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease 1-3 > References
“60. Amazon.com. Health and personal care: diet and nutrition: fish oil EPA [cited 2010 Jul 14].”
Citations
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Environment Impact on Algal Food Quality
Vasumathi, K., Sundar, K., & Premalatha, M. (2022) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9789815051872122010007
Harris, W. S., & Jacobson, T. A. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-28786-9.00026-8
Sprygin, V. G., Kushnerova, N. F., Евгеньевна, Ф. С., Drugova, E. S., Lesnikova, L. N., & Merzlyakov, V. Y. (2024) · Известия Российской академии наук Серия биологическая · doi:10.31857/s1026347024010035
Averyanova, I. V., Alyoshina, O. О., Bezmenova, I. N., & Вдовенко, С. И. (2024) · Экология человека · doi:10.17816/humeco634225
DHA-Rich Algae Oil Is a Safe and Effective Vegetarian Source of Omega-3
Doughman, S. D., Krupanidhi, S., & Sanjeevi, C. B. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-84200-9_5
Ghalamara, S., Salsinha, A. S., Ujong, A., Pintado, M., & Tiwari, B. K. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-28810-4.00018-9
Kalia, S., Magnuson, A. D., Sun, T., Liu, G., Kim, W. K., Johnson, Z. I., & Lei, X. G. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26568112
Jakhmola, P., Saini, K., Neha, Y., & Srivatsan, V. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-43810-3.00004-x
Lipid‐Based Nanosystems to Enhance the Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Algal Lipids
Marques, F., Domingues, M. R., & Cerqueira, M. Â. (2026) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.70611
Metadata
- Authors
- Bernstein, A. M., Ding, E. L., Willett, W. C., & Rimm, E. B.
- Affiliations
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bernstein, Adam M.
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 142
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 99-104
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2115191862
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 1.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- docosahexaenoic acid, algal oil, omega-3 fatty acids, serum triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, cardiovascular risk factors, dietary supplementation, coronary artery disease
- MeSH terms
- Coronary Disease, Docosahexaenoic Acids, Humans, Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol, LDL, Plant Oils, Triglycerides
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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