Deterioration rates in Virtual Reality Therapy: An individual patient data level meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Ample evidence supports the use of Virtual Reality (VR) for anxiety disorders. Nonetheless, currently there is no evidence about moderators or potential negative effects of VR treatment strategies. An Individual Patient Data (IPD) approach was employed with 15 retrieved datasets. The current study sample was composed of 810 patients. Randomized control trials (RCTs) for each primary outcome measure were performed, in addition to moderator analyses of the socio-demographic variables. Deterioration rates were 14 patients (4.0%) in VR, 8 (2.8%) in active control conditions, and 27 (15%) in the WL condition. With regard to receiving treatment, patients in a waiting list control condition had greater odds of deteriorating than in the two active conditions, odds ratios (ORs) 4.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.05, 0.67]. In the case of the socio-demographic variables, none of them were associated with higher or lower odds of deterioration, with the exception of marital status in the WL condition; married people presented a significantly lower probability of deterioration, OR 0.19, 95% CI [0.05, 0.67]. Finally, when comparing pooled effects of VR versus all control conditions, the OR was 0.61 (95% CI 0.31-1.23) in favor of VR, although this result was not statistically significant. This study provides evidence about the deterioration rates of a therapeutic VR approach, showing that the number of deteriorated patients coincides with other therapeutic approaches, and that deterioration is less likely to occur, compared to patients in WL control groups.
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VR exposure therapy for anxiety disorders is associated with low rates of deterioration.
“and associated with low rates of deterioration (Fernández-Álvarez et al. 2019).”
From Better, Virtually: the Past, Present, and Future of Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavior Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as Fernández-Álvarez et al. 2019
Meta-analytic research has revealed low rates of deterioration in VR exposure therapy.
“meta-analytic research has revealed low rates of deterioration in VR exposure therapy (Fernández-Álvarez et al. 2019)”
From Better, Virtually: the Past, Present, and Future of Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavior Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as Fernández-Álvarez et al. 2019
VR is relevant and efficacious for conducting exposure in the treatment of anxiety disorders.
“Several studies, summarized in literature reviews (e.g., [8]) and meta-analyses (e.g., [9,10,11]), have documented the relevance and efficacy of using VR to conduct exposure (also called in virtuo exposure, [12]) in the treatment of anxiety disorders.”
From Exposure to a Standardized Catastrophic Scenario in Virtual Reality or a Personalized Scenario in Imagination for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
There are low rates of deterioration in VRET.
“there are low rates of deterioration [10]”
From Experiences of gamified and automated virtual reality exposure therapy for spider phobia: qualitative study (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
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Self-citationA novel treatment of fear of flying using a large virtual reality system
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Carl, E., Stein, A. T., Levihn-Coon, A., Pogue, J. R., Rothbaum, B., Emmelkamp, P., Asmundson, G. J. G., Carlbring, P., & Powers, M. B. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.08.003 · Cited by 889 · see citing works
Self-citationPhilippe, T. J., Sikder, N., Jackson, A., Koblanski, M. E., Liow, E., Pilarinos, A., & Vasarhelyi, K. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/35159 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Virtual reality therapy in mental health
Emmelkamp, P. M. G., & Meyerbröker, K. (2021) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-115923 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
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Wechsler, T. F., Kümpers, F., & Mühlberger, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01758 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Self-citationDonker, T., Cornelisz, I., van Klaveren, C., van Straten, A., Carlbring, P., Cuijpers, P., & van Gelder, J.-L. (2019) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0219 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationMiloff, A., Lindner, P., Dafgård, P., Deak, S., Garke, M., Hamilton, W., Heinsoo, J., Kristoffersson, G., Rafi, J., Sindemark, K., et al. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.04.004 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citationVirtual reality therapy in social anxiety disorder
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Self-citationEvidence on Virtual Reality-Based Therapies for Psychiatric Disorders: Meta-Review of Meta-Analyses
Dellazizzo, L., Potvin, S., Luigi, M., & Dumais, A. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/20889 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“Although VR approaches display additional treatment costs and may lead to cybersickness in some patients [18,20], the literature has nonetheless shown the wide range of advantages of its use, that is, reduced ecological impact, personalized treatment, high level of control over exposure parameters, and better acceptab…”
BackgroundVirtual Reality Aided Therapy towards Health 4.0: A Two-Decade Bibliometric Analysis
Liu, Z., Ren, L., Xiao, C., Zhang, K., & Demian, P. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031525 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“Additionally, the deterioration rate of VR-based therapy is consistent with or lower than other treatments [110].”
ResultVirtual Reality for the Enhancement of Emotion Regulation
Colombo, D., Díaz‐García, A., Fernandez‐Álvarez, J., & Botella, C. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2618 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationBetter, Virtually: the Past, Present, and Future of Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavior Therapy
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Virtual Reality in Clinical Psychology
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Self-citationAdverse Effects of Virtual and Augmented Reality Interventions in Psychiatry: Systematic Review
Lundin, R. M., Yeap, Y., & Menkes, D. B. (2023) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/43240 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“ET, whether in vivo or delivered via VR, can transiently intensify distress [22] while improving outcomes overall [23].”
BackgroundToward Ubiquitous Semantic Metaverse: Challenges, Approaches, and Opportunities
Li, K., Lau, B. P. L., Yuan, X.-N., Ni, W., Guizani, M., & Yuen, C. (2023) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3302159 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Pilot randomized trial of self-guided virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder
Zainal, N. H., Chan, W. W., Saxena, A. P., Taylor, C. B., & Newman, M. G. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103984 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“, attrition rate of 20% was akin to in vivo exposure therapy and other VREs; Benbow & Anderson, 2019) and low deterioration rate (i.e., current deterioration rate of 0–4% for anxiety measures matched prior meta-analytic data; Fernandez-Alvarez et al., 2019).”
BackgroundLindner, P., Dagöö, J., Hamilton, W., Miloff, A., Andersson, G., Schill, A., & Carlbring, P. (2020) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2020.1795240 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Low rates of deterioration have also been found (Fernández-Álvarez et al., 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLindner, P., Rozental, A., Jurell, A., Reuterskiöld, L., Andersson, G., Hamilton, W., Miloff, A., & Carlbring, P. (2020) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/17807 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Importantly, this treatment works across age groups [8], the fear reduction in VR generalizes to real-world equivalent stimuli [9], there are low rates of deterioration [10], and clinicians have positive attitudes toward using the technology for therapeutic purposes [11,12].”
BackgroundSelf-citationLindner, P., Miloff, A., Bergman, C., Andersson, G., Hamilton, W., & Carlbring, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00116 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Importantly, results generalize to reduced fear of real-world stimuli (5), there are low rates of deterioration (6) and ef fi cacy has been demonstrated also among adolescents (7).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRimer, E., Husby, L. V., & Solem, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.671871 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Furthermore, a meta-analysis proposed that the deterioration rate in VRET is low (4%), and comparable with face-to-face therapy (Fernández-Álvarez et al., 2019).”
MethodChung, O. S., Robinson, T., Johnson, A. M., Dowling, N. L., Ng, C. H., Yücel, M., & Segrave, R. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.791123 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Álvarez‐Pérez, Y., Rivero, F., Herrero, M., Viña, C. M., Fumero, A., Betancort, M., & Castro, W. P. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10163505 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Different research supports the clinical efficacy of virtual reality in mental health for conditions including anxiety disorders and others [22,23].”
BackgroundResultBrown, T., Nauman Vogel, E., Adler, S., Bohon, C., Bullock, K., Nameth, K., Riva, G., Safer, D. L., & Runfola, C. D. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/16386 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Lindner, P., Miloff, A., Hamilton, W., & Carlbring, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00132 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationGuitard, T., Bouchard, S., Bélanger, C., & Berthiaume, M. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8030309 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationJiang, M. Y. W., Upton, E., & Newby, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.076 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Maximizing the impact of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders
Anderson, P. L., & Molloy, A. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.10.001 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Use of Virtual Reality for Managing Psychological Distress in Adolescents: Systematic Review
Kelson, J. N., Ridout, B., Steinbeck, K., & Campbell, A. J. (2021) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2021.0090 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Virtual Reality for Anxiety Disorders: Rethinking a Field in Expansion
Fernández‐Álvarez, J., Lernia, D. D., & Riva, G. (2020) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_21 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationDellazizzo, L., Potvin, S., Phraxayavong, K., & Dumais, A. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9103169 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Chung, O. S., Johnson, A. M., Dowling, N. L., Robinson, T., Ng, C. H., Yücel, M., & Segrave, R. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.792663 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Mayer, G., Gronewold, N., Polte, K., Hummel, S., Barniske, J., Korbel, J. J., Zarnekow, R., & Schultz, J.-H. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/40056 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Deterioration rates are likely to occur randomly and could not be traced back to the application of VRE therapy in a meta-analysis with several treatment approaches for anxiety [22].”
BackgroundCuijpers, P. J., Harrer, M., & Furukawa, T. A. (2026) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.70002 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“An overview of recently published individual patient data meta analyses 141,165 180 is presented in Table 2.”
The Symbiosis of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy and Telemental Health: A Review
Ong, T., Wilczewski, H., Soni, H., Nisbet, Q., Paige, S. R., Barrera, J. F., Welch, B. M., & Bunnell, B. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2022.848066 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Randomized trials have demonstrated successful phobia treatment with asynchronous, self-led, low-cost VRET with no negative side effects (Freeman et al., 2018; Lindner et al., 2019a; Donker et al., 2019; Shin et al., 2021).”
BackgroundChung, O. S., Dowling, N. L., Brown, C., Robinson, T., Johnson, A. M., Ng, C. H., Yücel, M., & Segrave, R. A. (2022) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-022-01235-w · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Kahlon, S., Lindner, P., & Nordgreen, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2023.1240778 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Evaluation of XR Applications: A Tertiary Review
Becker, A., & Freitas, C. M. D. S. (2023) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3626517 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Opportunities for improving data sharing and FAIR data practices to advance global mental health
Sadeh, Y., Denejkina, A., Karyotaki, E., Lenferink, L. I. M., & Kassam‐Adams, N. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.7 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Beyond the practices of individual researchers, a variety of national policies impact mental health data sharing and reuse (Packer, 2010; Fernando et al., 2019), including regulations on research ethics, human subjects protection, and data privacy (e.g., GDPR in the EU, HIPAA for health data in the…”
BackgroundPractical considerations of clinical XR (AR/VR) deployments
Morgan, J. W., Patel, R. A., & Campbell, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2025.1517402 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
VIDA-Nursing v1.0: immersive virtual reality in vacuum blood collection among adults
de Souza-Junior, V. D., Mendes, I. A. C., Tori, R., Marques, L. P., Mashuda, F. K. K., Hirano, L. A. F., & de Godoy, S. (2020) · Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1518-8345.3685.3263 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Fifteen meta-analyses report VR simulators intended to support the treatment of patients(24-38), while”
BackgroundPeñate, W., Rivero, F., Viña, C. M., Herrero, M., Betancort, M., de la Fuente, J., Álvarez‐Pérez, Y., & Fumero, A. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8122139 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Although there are no conclusive data on this [39], given that VR phobic stimulus exposure activates fewer escape behaviors, lower attrition rates and more therapeutic adherence can be expected, as reported by other studies [7,9,39,40].”
ResultPowers, M. B., & ROTHBAUM, B. O. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.08.007 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Premkumar, P., Heym, N., Myers, J. A. C., Formby, P., Battersby, S., Sumich, A. L., & Brown, D. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1467141 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Lindner, P., Dafgård, P., Miloff, A., Andersson, G., Reuterskiöld, L., Hamilton, W., & Carlbring, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.645273 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationLognoul, M., Nasello, J., & Triffaux, J. (2020) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2020.01.005 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Nolet, K., Corno, G., & Bouchard, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00086 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationNoPhobiar: Designing A VR Game to Prevent Childhood Dark Phobia with Children and Stakeholders
Su, X., & Yan, S. (2023) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3544549.3585733 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“With the increasing research in the field of VR treatment for psychological disorders, VR exposure therapy has been shown to be safe, practical [5], and very effective in treating specific phobias [6, 7].”
BackgroundWechsler, T. F., Kocur, M., Schumacher, S., Rubenbauer, M., Ruider, A., Brockelmann, M., Lankes, M., Wolff, C. G., & Mühlberger, A. (2023) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045231194103 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“In adults, virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) for speci fi c phobias has already been proven to be safe (Fern´andez-´Alvarez et al., 2019), practical, and not signi fi cantly different in ef fi cacy compared to in vivo exposure (Carl et al., 2019; Wechsler et al., 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPolak, M., Tanzer, N. K., & Carlbring, P. (2022) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1259 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationWechsler, T. F., Brockelmann, M., Kulik, K., Kopf, F. M., Kocur, M., Lankes, M., Mühlberger, A., & Wolff, C. G. (2021) · Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play · doi:10.1145/3450337.3483463 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Also the use of VR exposure has already been proven to be safe [6], practical, and similar in efficiency to in vivo exposure in the treatment of specific phobia in adults [2, 17, 18, 31].”
BackgroundSelf-citationTeknolojik Bir Yaklaşım: Sanal Gerçeklik Maruz Bırakma Terapisi
Vardarlı, B. (2021) · Ege Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.12984/egeefd.807422 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kang, J., Hong, J., & Lee, Y.-H. (2021) · Asian Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.anr.2021.12.002 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Technological Interventions for Emotion Regulation
Fernández‐Álvarez, J., Díaz‐García, A., Colombo, D., Botella, C., Cipresso, P., & Riva, G. (2020) · Comprehensive Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00033-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationTake a Look at Me Now: The Use of Virtual Reality in the Treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder
Meyerbröker, K., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23782 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationVirtual Reality for Anxiety and Stress-Related Disorders: A SWOT Analysis
Fernández‐Álvarez, J., Colombo, D., Botella, C., García‐Palacios, A., & Riva, G. (2019) · Lecture notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25872-6_4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationBadeja, D., Schier, F., McGinity, M., & Hoyer, J. (2026) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2025.2534978 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Moreover, treatment attrition and deterioration rates seem comparable to those of in-vivo exposure (Benbow & Anderson, 2019; Fernández-Álvarez et al., 2019).”
Technological Interventions for Anxiety Disorders
Baños, R., Vara, M., Mira, A., García-Palacios, A., & Botella, C. (2020) · Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00008-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationInterpersonal Emotion Regulation
Colombo, D., Ventura, S., & Baños, R. (2022) · Advances in logistics, operations, and management science book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-2478-0.ch010 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationTowards Making XR 100% Accessible: A Discussion Panel
Rupp, M. A., Gluck, A., Derby, J. L., Gable, T., Kelling, N., & Ommen, C. A. V. (2023) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/21695067231192632 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…in which users can feel as if they are in the virtual world (e.g., place illusion; [Slater, 2018]) VR has been beneficial in education and training (Howard et al., 2021), exposure therapy (Fernández-Álvarez et al., 2019) or physical rehabilitation programs for older adults (Amorim et al., 2019).”
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“Research showed that the VR-based treatment of various mental disorders yielded similar or even superior treatment effect when compared with psychological interventions [16, 19, 47, 63].”
Wechsler, T. F., Kocur, M., Schumacher, S., Rubenbauer, M., Ruider, A., Brockelmann, M., Lankes, M., Wolff, C. G., & Mühlberger, A. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/kt7qz · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Application of Virtual Reality-based Stress and Anxiety Management
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“VR technology capabilities have advanced to the point where greater consumer devices are now available, opening new possibilities for interactive virtual systematic desensitization suggested by Fernández-Álvarez et al. [25].”
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Applications and outcomes of virtual reality in inpatient psychiatry: A systematic review
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“However, CBT/exposure and assessment accounted for most studies, reflecting the current stage of VR implementation in psychiatry (Benbow & Anderson, 2019; Carl et al., 2019; Fernández-Álvarez et al., 2019).”
- Authors
- Fernández-Álvarez, J., Rozental, A., Carlbring, P., Colombo, D., Riva, G., Anderson, P. L., Baños, R. M., Benbow, A. A., Bouchard, S., Bretón-López, J. M., Cárdenas, G., Difede, J., Emmelkamp, P., García-Palacios, A., Guillén, V., Hoffman, H., Kampann, I., Moldovan, R., Mühlberger, A., North, M., Pauli, P., Peñate Castro, W., Quero, S., Tortella-Feliu, M., Wyka, K., & Botella, C.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Universitat Jaume I (ES)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT)
- Georgia State University (US)
- Universitat de València (ES)
- Université du Québec en Outaouais (CA)
- Cornell University (US)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Washington (US)
- Babeș-Bolyai University (RO)
- University of Regensburg (DE)
- Kennesaw State University (US)
- University of Würzburg (DE)
- ORCID
- Rozental, Alexander
- Carlbring, Per
- Colombo, Desirée
- Riva, Giuseppe
- Anderson, Page L.
- Baños, Rosa María
- Bouchard, Stéphane
- Bretón-López, Juana María
- Difede, JoAnn
- Emmelkamp, Paul
- Guillén, Verónica
- Hoffman, Hunter
- Kampann, Isabel
- Moldovan, Ramona
- Mühlberger, Andreas
- North, Max
- Pauli, Paul
- Peñate Castro, Wenceslao
- Quero, Soledad
- Botella, Cristina
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-01
- Volume
- 61
- Pages
- 3-17
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2884586559
- Semantic Scholar
- 455de836f8962bcc221d034e5abeba45c83f02d2
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 143
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 9.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- Repositori UJI (Universitat Jaume I) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DigitalCommons - Kennesaw State University (Kennesaw State University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg) (submittedVersion)
- Repository of Digital Objects for Teaching Research and Culture (University of Valencia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- Marie Skłodowska-Curie Innovative Training Network AffecTech
- European Commission H2020
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- virtual reality therapy, anxiety disorders, treatment deterioration, waitlist control, active control, sociodemographic moderators, marital status
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Odds Ratio, Young Adult, Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
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