Virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of anxiety disorders: An evaluation of research quality
Abstract
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) support the effectiveness of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) for anxiety disorders; however, the overall quality of the VRET RCT literature base has yet to be evaluated. This study reviewed 27 VRET RCTs and the degree of adherence to 8 RCT research design criteria derived from existing standards. Adherence to the study quality criteria was generally low as the articles met an average 2.85 criteria (SD=1.56). None of the studies met more than six quality criteria. Study quality did not predict effect size; however, a reduction in effect size magnitude was observed for studies with larger sample sizes when comparing VRET to non-active control groups. VRET may be an effective method of treatment but caution should be exercised in interpreting the existing body of literature supporting VRET relative to existing standards of care. The need for well-designed VRET research is discussed.
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VRET has been shown to be effective for flying phobia treatment in several meta-analyses and systematic reviews.
“VRET has been shown to be effective for FP treatment in several meta-analyses and systematic reviews [28–31].”
From An Internet-based treatment for flying phobia (NO-FEAR Airlines): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as [31]
Only three systematic reviews with meta-analyses examined the efficacy of VR interventions in randomized controlled trials, and they present certain shortcomings.
“While many narrative reviews and commentaries focused on VR interventions, only three systematic reviews with meta-analyses examined their efficacy in randomized controlled trials/RCTs4,6,7 and they present certain shortcomings.”
From The effectiveness of virtual reality based interventions for symptoms of anxiety and depression: A meta-analysis (2018) · cites this paper as [6]
Assessment of quality in prior meta-analyses relied on mixed and potentially inadequate tools that included items not linked to any type of trial bias.
“Assessment of quality6,7 relied on mixed and potentially inadequate tools that included items not linked to any type of trial bias (e.g., treatment fidelity)9, thereby potentially confounding the relationship between study quality and treatment effects.”
From The effectiveness of virtual reality based interventions for symptoms of anxiety and depression: A meta-analysis (2018) · cites this paper as [6]
Meta-analytic research has found no correlation between study quality and observed effect size.
“It should however be noted that meta-analytic research has found no correlation between study quality and observed effect size (McCann et al. 2014).”
From Better, Virtually: the Past, Present, and Future of Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavior Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as McCann et al. 2014
VR is relevant and efficacious for conducting exposure in the treatment of anxiety disorders.
“Several studies, summarized in literature reviews (e.g., [8]) and meta-analyses (e.g., [9,10,11]), have documented the relevance and efficacy of using VR to conduct exposure (also called in virtuo exposure, [12]) in the treatment of anxiety disorders.”
From Exposure to a Standardized Catastrophic Scenario in Virtual Reality or a Personalized Scenario in Imagination for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
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- Authors
- McCann, R. A., Armstrong, C. M., Skopp, N. A., Edwards-Stewart, A., Smolenski, D. J., June, J. D., Metzger-Abamukong, M., & Reger, G. M.
- Affiliations
- Madigan Army Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Reger, Greg M.
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-08
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 625-631
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2018957064
- Cited by
- 134
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 26.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- virtual reality exposure therapy, anxiety disorders, research quality, randomized controlled trials, effect size, sample size, active control groups, treatment effectiveness
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Humans, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Sample Size, Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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