Gut Hormones and Appetite Control: A Focus on PYY and GLP-1 as Therapeutic Targets in Obesity
Open accessAbstract
The global obesity epidemic has resulted in significant morbidity and mortality. However, the medical treatment of obesity is limited. Gastric bypass is an effective surgical treatment but carries significant perioperative risks. The gut hormones, peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), are elevated following gastric bypass and have been shown to reduce food intake. They may provide new therapeutic targets. This review article provides an overview of the central control of food intake and the role of PYY and GLP-1 in appetite control. Key translational animal and human studies are reviewed.
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Receptors to GLP-1 and PYY are expressed locally in gut enteric neurons and vagal afferents, as well as in the CNS including the brainstem and hypothalamus.
“The receptors to these peptides are expressed locally in the gut enteric neurons and vagal afferents, as well as in the central nervous system (CNS), including the brainstem and hypothalamus (De Silva and Bloom, 2012;Richards et al., 2014).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as De Silva and Bloom, 2012
The GLP-1 and PYY sections identify their receptors in the hypothalamus and brainstem, and the PYY section places Y2 receptors at peripheral terminals of vagal afferent neurons. The copy does not establish receptor expression in gut enteric neurons or specifically place GLP-1 receptors on vagal afferents; it describes vagal involvement in GLP-1 action instead. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGLP-1 and PYY signal the brain via the vagus nerve, impacting appetite and feeding.
“GLP-1 and PYY signal the brain via the vagus nerve, impacting appetite and feeding [89].”
From Unraveling the Connections: Eating Issues, Microbiome, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [89]
Basal secretion of GLP-1 and PYY is thought to play an important role in the control of food intake, body weight, and metabolism, since obese individuals are generally characterized by decreased serum levels of both GLP-1 and PYY.
“This basal secretion of GLP-1 and PYY is thought to play an important role in the control of food intake, body weight, and metabolism since obese individuals are generally characterized by decreased serum levels of both GLP-1 and PYY (De Silva and Bloom, 2012).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as De Silva and Bloom, 2012
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Han, Y. E., Kang, C. W., Oh, J. H., Park, S. H., Ku, C. R., Cho, Y. H., Lee, M. K., & Lee, E. J. (2018) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/js.2018-00165 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Xie, H., Yepuri, N., Meng, Q., Dhawan, R., Leech, C. A., Chepurny, O., Holz, G. G., & Cooney, R. (2020) · Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-020-09584-3 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
- Authors
- Silva, A. D., & Bloom, S. R.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bloom, Stephen R.
- ORCID
- Bloom, Stephen R.
- Venue
- Gut and Liver
- Published
- 2012-01-30
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 10-20
- ISSN
- 1976-2283 (ISSN-L)
- 2005-1212
- PMC
- PMC3286726
- OpenAlex
- W2004923528
- Cited by
- 373
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 7.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Gut and Liver (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- gastrointestinal hormones, appetite regulation, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1, obesity, gastric bypass, food intake regulation, therapeutic target
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