The DOI matches its Crossref record; 86 of the 87 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet.
A Model of Third Parties' Morally Motivated Responses to Mistreatment in Organizations
Abstract
We present a theory of why some people who witness or learn about acts of mistreatment against others in organizations are more likely to recognize this injustice and become personally involved. Drawing from theories of moral identity, moral intuitions, and self-regulation, we explain third parties' morally motivated responses to mistreatment and consider the role of power and belief in the disciplinary system in this process. We discuss implications of the theory and propose future research directions.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Therefore, the organization may be perceived as a facilitator and found responsible for giving the authority to the abusive supervisor.”
From Blame or Justification: A Conceptual Model of How Attributions Shape Observers’ Deviant Responses to Abusive Supervision (2026) · cites this paper as O’reilly & Aquino, 2011
Citations
Cites
James, W. (1913) · Henry Holt and Company eBooks · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,226
Exchange and Power in Social Life
Blau, P. M. (2017) · doi:10.4324/9780203792643 · Cited by 15,923
The psychology of interpersonal relations.
Heider, F. (1958) · doi:10.1037/10628-000 · Cited by 13,457
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195069945.001.0001 · Cited by 12,691
The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations.
Newcomb, T., & Heider, F. (1958) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2089062 · Cited by 11,822
Adams, J. S. (1965) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60108-2 · Cited by 10,818
Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.
Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797 · Cited by 9,020
The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment.
Haidt, J. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.4.814 · Cited by 8,048
Higgins, E. T. (1997) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.52.12.1280 · Cited by 6,775
The Social Psychology of Procedural Justice
Lind, E. A., & Tyler, T. R. (1988) · Critical Issues in Social Justice · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2115-4 · Cited by 6,585
Tyler, T. R. (2006) · doi:10.1515/9781400828609 · Cited by 5,156
Handbook of Affective Sciences
(2002) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195126013.001.0001 · Cited by 5,110
Wyer, R. S., & Srull, T. K. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315807102 · Cited by 4,211
On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a measure.
Colquitt, J. A. (2001) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.386 · Cited by 4,114
The empirical case for two systems of reasoning.
Sloman, S. A. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.3 · Cited by 3,982
The self-importance of moral identity
Aquino, K., & Reed, A. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1423 · Cited by 3,522
Self-citationPromotion and Prevention: Regulatory Focus as A Motivational Principle
Higgins, E. T. (1998) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60381-0 · Cited by 3,511
Power, approach, and inhibition.
Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D. H., & Anderson, C. (2003) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.110.2.265 · Cited by 3,427
The Dynamic Self-Concept: A Social Psychological Perspective
Markus, H., & Wurf, E. (1987) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.38.020187.001503 · Cited by 3,089
Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious
Epstein, S. (1994) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.49.8.709 · Cited by 2,883 · cited 1×
“Dual-processing models describe two distinct processes through which individuals form judgments: one involves automatic and relatively effortless processing, the other a more deliberate and conscious thought process (Bargh, 1996; Epstein, 1990, 1994, 2002; Sloman, 1996).”
BackgroundThe Neural Bases of Cognitive Conflict and Control in Moral Judgment
Greene, J. D., Nystrom, L. E., Engell, A. D., Darley, J. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.09.027 · Cited by 2,620
Attention and Self-Regulation : A Control-Theory Approach to Human Behavior
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1981) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,580
Fairness and the assumptions of economics
Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L., & Thaler, R. H. (1986) · The Journal of Business · doi:10.1086/296367 · Cited by 2,463
Organizational Theories: Some Criteria for Evaluation
Bacharach, S. B. (1989) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1989.4308374 · Cited by 2,305
Social Cognitive Neuroscience: A Review of Core Processes
Lieberman, M. D. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085654 · Cited by 2,010
Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 2nd ed.
John, O. P., Robins, R. W., & Pervin, L. A. (1999) · Cited by 1,530
Exploring Intuition and its Role in Managerial Decision Making
Dane, E., & Pratt, M. G. (2007) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2007.23463682 · Cited by 1,504
Field Theory in Social Science: Selected Theoretical Papers
Lewin, K., & Cartwright, D. (1975) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,417
Psychology in Organizations: The Social Identity Approach
Haslam, S. (2012) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446278819 · Cited by 1,221
The Politics of Organizational Decision-Making.
Pfeffer, J., & Pettigrew, A. (1976) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2063824 · Cited by 1,169
Haidt, J. (2003) · Cited by 1,095
Culpable control and the psychology of blame.
Alicke, M. D. (2000) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.126.4.556 · Cited by 1,068
Aquino, K. F., Freeman, D., Reed, A., Lim, V. K. G., & Felps, W. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015406 · Cited by 1,042
Self-citationMind Perception Is the Essence of Morality
Gray, K., Young, L., & Waytz, A. (2012) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2012.651387 · Cited by 1,008
Protecting the Vulnerable: A Reanalysis of Our Social Responsibilities
Goodin, R. E. (1985) · Cited by 935
What is Procedural Justice?: Criteria Used by Citizens to Assess the Fairness of Legal Procedures
Tyler, T. R. (1988) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.2307/3053563 · Cited by 912
Living High and Letting Die: Our Illusion of Innocence
Unger, P. (1996) · doi:10.1093/0195108590.001.0001 · Cited by 898
Emotion, cognitive structure, and action tendency
Frijda, N. H. (1987) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699938708408043 · Cited by 824
Violence, aggression, and coercive actions.
Tedeschi, J. T., & Felson, R. B. (1994) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10160-000 · Cited by 782
Mood and Persuasion: A Cognitive Response Analysis
Bless, H., Bohner, G., Schwarz, N., & Strack, F. (1990) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167290162013 · Cited by 766
Who gets power — and how they hold on to it: A strategic-contingency model of power
Salancik, G. R., & Pfeffer, J. (1977) · Organizational Dynamics · doi:10.1016/0090-2616(77)90028-6 · Cited by 748
Development of Prosocial Motivation: Empathy and Guilt
HOFFMAN, M. L. (1982) · The Development of Prosocial Behavior · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-234980-5.50016-x · Cited by 709
Moral identity and the expanding circle of moral regard toward out-groups.
Reed, A., & Aquino, K. F. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.6.1270 · Cited by 672
Self-citationSocial Justice in a Diverse Society
Tyler, T. R., Boeckmann, R. J., Smith, H. J., & Huo, Y. J. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429306310 · Cited by 667
A Dissociation Between Moral Judgments and Justifications
HAUSER, M., CUSHMAN, F., YOUNG, L., KANG‐XING JIN, R., & MIKHAIL, J. (2007) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0017.2006.00297.x · Cited by 666
Cognitive‐Experiential Self‐Theory of Personality
Epstein, S. J. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0507 · Cited by 666
The Politics of Organizational Decision-Making
Pettigrew, A. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315824116 · Cited by 663
Fairness theory: Justice as accountability.
Folger, R. G., & Cropanzano, R. (2001) · Cited by 661
Aquino, K., Tripp, T. M., & Bies, R. J. (2001) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-9010.86.1.52 · Cited by 658
Self-citationViolence, aggression, & coercive actions
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-1220 · Cited by 636
Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory
Epstein, S. J. (1998) · The Plenum series in social/clinical psychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8580-4_9 · Cited by 593
Mood and Persuasion: Affective States Influence the Processing of Persuasive Communications
Schwarz, N., Bless, H., & Bohner, G. (1991) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60329-9 · Cited by 559
Thinking is for doing: Portraits of social cognition from Daguerreotype to laserphoto.
Fiske, S. T. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.63.6.877 · Cited by 476
The Expanding Circle: Ethics and Sociobiology
Singer, P. (1981) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 450
Bradfield, M. (1999) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1016/s0149-2063(99)00018-5 · Cited by 436
Self-citationControlling other people: The impact of power on stereotyping.
Fiske, S. T. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.48.6.621 · Cited by 413
Beyond Moral Reasoning: A Review of Moral Identity Research and Its Implications for Business Ethics
Shao, R., Aquino, K., & Freeman, D. (2008) · Business Ethics Quarterly · doi:10.5840/beq200818436 · Cited by 411
Self-citationIs virtue its own reward? Self-sacrificial decisions for the sake of fairness
Turillo, C. J., Folger, R., Lavelle, J. J., Umphress, E. E., & Gee, J. O. (2002) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/s0749-5978(02)00032-8 · Cited by 410
Living High and Letting Die: Our Illusion of Innocence.
Kamm, F. M., & Unger, P. (1999) · The Philosophical Review · doi:10.2307/2998310 · Cited by 406
A neurocognitive model of the ethical decision-making process: Implications for study and practice.
Reynolds, S. J. (2006) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.4.737 · Cited by 390
Intuition: A fundamental bridging construct in the behavioural sciences
Hodgkinson, G. P., Langan‐Fox, J., & Sadler‐Smith, E. (2007) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712607x216666 · Cited by 383
Haslam, S. A., & Ellemers, N. (2005) · International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 2005 · doi:10.1002/0470029307.ch2 · Cited by 376
Hardy, C., & Clegg, S. (2006) · The SAGE Handbook of Organization Studies · doi:10.4135/9781848608030.n27 · Cited by 367
THIRD-PARTY REACTIONS TO EMPLOYEE (MIS)TREATMENT: A JUSTICE PERSPECTIVE
Skarlicki, D. P., & Kulik, C. T. (2004) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0191-3085(04)26005-1 · Cited by 349
Virtue in Organizations: Moral Identity as a Foundation for Moral Agency
Weaver, G. R. (2006) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/0170840606062426 · Cited by 345
Understanding Power in Organizations
Pfeffer, J. (1992) · California Management Review · doi:10.2307/41166692 · Cited by 342
Smith, E. R., & Semin, G. R. (2007) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00490.x · Cited by 336
Moral dumbfounding: when intuition finds no reason
Björklund, F., Haidt, J., & Murphy, S. (2000) · Lund University Publications (Lund University) · Cited by 334
Thinking is for doing: Portraits of social cognition from Daguerreotype to laserphoto.
Fiske, S. T. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.6.877 · Cited by 306
Intuition in Organizations: Implications for Strategic Management
Hodgkinson, G. P., Sadler‐Smith, E., Burke, L. A., Claxton, G. L., & Sparrow, P. (2009) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2009.05.003 · Cited by 304
Family metaphors and moral intuitions: How conservatives and liberals narrate their lives.
McAdams, D. P., Albaugh, M., Farber, E., Daniels, J., Logan, R. L., & Olson, B. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012650 · Cited by 303
To Act or not to Act: The Dilemma Faced by Sexual Harassment Observers
Bowes-Sperry, L., & O'Leary-Kelly, A. M. (2005) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2005.16387886 · Cited by 261
Oyserman, D. (2001) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470998519.ch23 · Cited by 259
Values, Achievement, and Justice
Feather, N. T. (2002) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/b108376 · Cited by 241
A Vigilante Model of Justice: Revenge, Reconciliation, Forgiveness, and Avoidance
Tripp, T. M., Bies, R. J., & Aquino, K. F. (2007) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-007-0030-3 · Cited by 227
Self-citationMoral Complexity: The Fatal Attraction of Truthiness and the Importance of Mature Moral Functioning
Narvaez, D. F. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610362351 · Cited by 204
Lapsley, D. K., & Lasky, B. (2001) · Identity · doi:10.1207/s1532706xid0104_03 · Cited by 196
Intuition: A Review of the Literature
Shirley, D. A., & Langan‐Fox, J. (1996) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1996.79.2.563 · Cited by 193
Conceptualizing and Measuring Intuition: A Review of Recent Trends
Dane, E., & Pratt, M. G. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470745267.ch1 · Cited by 183
The Effects of Mood on Individuals' Use of Structured Decision Protocols
Elsbach, K. D., & Barr, P. S. (1999) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.10.2.181 · Cited by 146
Identity as Motivation: Toward a Theory of the Moral Self
(2004) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410610256-6 · Cited by 101
Aquino, K. F., & Freeman, D. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511627125.018 · Cited by 99
Self-citationMoral Psychology Must Not Be Based on Faith and Hope: Commentary on Narvaez (2010)
Haidt, J. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610362352 · Cited by 58
(2001) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.39-0233 · Cited by 55
The social intuitionist model: Some counter-intuitions.
Narvaez, D. F. (2008) · Cited by 44
Affirmative Action, Fairness, and the Scope of Justice
Opotow, S. V. (1996) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1996.tb01845.x · Cited by 41
WATER SMOOTHING STONES: SUBORDINATE RESISTANCE TO WORKPLACE BULLYING
Lutgen‐Sandvik, P. (2005) · Cited by 30
Research works printed but not linked: 24
- Alicke M. D., 2000, Psychological Bulletin, 126, 556, 10.1037/0033-2909.126.4.556 · DOI · Paper page
- Aquino K., 2001, Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 52, 10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.52 · DOI · Paper page
- Bargh J. A., 1996, Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles, 169
- Bergman R., 2004, Moral development, self, and identity, 21
- Blasi A., 1984, Morality, moral behavior and moral development, 128
- Bradfield M., 1999, Journal of Management, 25, 607, 10.1177/014920639902500501 · DOI · Paper page
- Carver C. S., 1999, Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 553
- Dane E., 2009, International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 24, 1
- Ellard J. H., 2002, Emerging perspectives on managing organizational justice, 133
- Epstein S., 1990, Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 165
- Epstein S., 2002, Comprehensive handbook of psychology. Volume 5: Personality and social psychology, 159
- Fields-Meyer T., 1998, People, 49, 137
- Fiske S. T., 1993, American Psychologist, 48, 621, 10.1037/0003-066x.48.6.621 · DOI · Paper page
- Folger R., 1998, Managerial ethics: Morally managing people and processes, 13
- Folger R., 2001, Research in social issues in management, 3
- Folger R., 2001, Advances in organizational justice, 89
- Grayson J. P., 1992, Legal Studies Forum, 16, 21
- Hardy C., 1996, Handbook of organization studies, 622
- Haslam S. A., 2005, International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 20, 39
- Hoffman M. L., 1982, The development of prosocial behavior, 218
- Hogarth R. M., 2001, Educating intuition
- Nadisic T., 2008, Justice, morality and social responsibility, 125
- Narvaez D., 2008, Moral psychology. Volume 2: The cognitive science of morality: Intuition and diversity, 233
- Sederberg P., 1978, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 1, 287
Cited by
(Un)Ethical Behavior in Organizations
Treviño, L. K., den Nieuwenboer, N. A., & Kish-Gephart, J. J. (2014) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143745 · Cited by 694
Rupp, D. E., Shao, R., Thornton, M. A., & Skarlicki, D. P. (2013) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12030 · Cited by 623
Third parties’ reactions to the abusive supervision of coworkers
Mitchell, M. S., Vogel, R. M., & Folger, R. (2015) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000002 · Cited by 337
Observing workplace incivility.
Reich, T. C., & Hershcovis, M. S. (2014) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036464 · Cited by 227
The lives of others: Third parties’ responses to others’ injustice.
O’Reilly, J., Aquino, K. F., & Skarlicki, D. P. (2015) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000040 · Cited by 169
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- O'reilly, J., & Aquino, K.
- Affiliations
- The University of British Columbia
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- ORCID
- Aquino, Karl
- Venue
- Academy of Management Review
- Publisher
- Academy of Management
- Published
- 2011-07
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 526-543
- ISSN
- 0363-7425 (ISSN-L)
- 1930-3807
- OpenAlex
- W1964937508
- Cited by
- 223
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 28.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Academy of Management Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Ethics in Business and Education
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Workplace Violence and Bullying
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Keywords
- third parties, moral motivation, moral identity, moral intuitions, self-regulation, organizational justice, power, workplace abuse
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.