Moral polarization and out-party hostility in the US political context
Open accessAbstract
Affective polarization describes the phenomenon whereby people identifying as Republican or Democrat tend to view opposing partisans negatively and co-partisans positively. Though extensively studied, there remain important gaps in scholarly understanding of affective polarization. In particular, (a) how it relates to the distinct behavioural phenomena of in-party “love” vs. out-party hostility; and (b) to what extent it reflects a generalized evaluative disparity between partisans vs. a domain-specific disparity in evaluation. We report the results of an investigation that bears on both of these questions. Specifically, drawing on recent trends in political science and psychology, we hypothesize that moral polarization—the tendency to view opposing partisans’ moral character negatively, and co-partisans’ moral character positively—will be associated with behavioural hostility towards the out-party. We test this hypothesis in two preregistered studies comprising behavioural measures and large convenience samples of US partisans (combined N = 1354). Our results strike an optimistic chord: Taken together, they suggest that this association is probably small and somewhat tenuous. Though moral polarization itself was large—perhaps exceeding prior estimates of trait affective polarization—even the most morally polarized partisans appeared reluctant to engage in a mild form of out-party hostility. These findings converge with recent evidence that polarization—moral or otherwise—has yet to translate into the average US partisan wanting to express hostile and directly discriminatory behaviour toward their out-party counterparts.
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Intensified bias and hostility toward outgroups is evidence that political conflict has deepened; opponents' positions lead to considerable animosity and we tend to consider them illegitimate and morally reprehensible.
“Intensified bias and hostility toward outgroups is evidence that political conflict has deepened; although we no longer disagree exclusively in our preferences on how best to solve social problems, our opponents' positions lead to considerable animosity and we tend to consider them illegitimate and morally reprehensible (Tappin & McKay, 2019).”
From ¿Demasiado lejos? Cómo la polarización mal percibida alimenta la polarización afectiva en España (2025) · cites this paper as Tappin & McKay, 2019
The paper describes US partisans as viewing opponents’ moral character negatively, and its Discussion reports substantial moral polarization. But it does not establish that political conflict has deepened over time or that opponents’ positions cause considerable animosity; the Discussion instead calls the association between moral polarization and hostile behavior small and somewhat tenuous. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Haerter, V. A., Filsinger, M., & Freitag, M. (2025) · Politics · doi:10.1177/02633957251315046 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Learning Decision and Spiritual Based Skills for Adult Education
Assoc. Prof., I. T., Mu’awanah, E., Hidayah, N., Prof., S. U. N. M., Sulistyorini, S., Assoc. Prof., I. T., Hidayah, R., & Assoc. Prof., U. M. M. I. M. (2020) · International Journal of Instruction · doi:10.29333/iji.2020.13354a · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Čavojová, V., & Brezina, I. (2021) · Studia Psychologica · doi:10.31577/sp.2021.02.818 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bernaerts, K., & Caluwaerts, D. (2025) · International Political Science Review · doi:10.1177/01925121251355894 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Hoyle, R. H., & Davisson, E. K. (2026) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2026.03.005 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bor, A., Marie, A., Pradella, L., & Petersen, M. B. (2026) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-026-02432-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
An Open Mind or a Big Heart: Possible Routes to Reducing In-Group Bias
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Addressing Online Political HostilityPreprint
Rasmussen, J. S. (2023) · doi:10.31237/osf.io/745px · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Measuring affective polarization: Matching concepts to measures
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From Barack Obama to Donald Trump
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Cultural Polarization and Social Groups: The Case of Book Banning
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Duyn, E. V. (2026) · doi:10.1093/9780197820865.001.0001
Duyn, E. V. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197820865.005.0002
Duyn, E. V. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197820865.005.0001
Duyn, E. V. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197820865.005.0004
Duyn, E. V. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197820865.002.0004
Duyn, E. V. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197820865.003.0005
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Duyn, E. V. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197820865.003.0001
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Duyn, E. V. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197820865.005.0005
Duyn, E. V. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197820865.005.0003
Duyn, E. V. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197820865.003.0015
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Duyn, E. V. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197820865.003.0006
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Duyn, E. V. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197820865.005.0007
- Authors
- Tappin, B. M., & McKay, R. T.
- Affiliations
- Royal Holloway University of London (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Social and Political Psychology
- Published
- 2019-03-28
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 213-245
- ISSN
- 2195-3325 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2902236491
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 26.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Social and Political Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PsychOpen Gold (Leibniz Institute for Psychology) (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Europe’s Journal of Psychology (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/J500148/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
- Keywords
- moral polarization, affective polarization, partisan hostility
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