The Ideological-Conflict Hypothesis: Intolerance Among Both Liberals and Conservatives
Abstract
Decades of research in social and political psychology have demonstrated that political conservatives appear more intolerant toward a variety of groups than do political liberals. Recent work from our three independent labs has challenged this conventional wisdom by suggesting that some of the psychological underpinnings of intolerance are not exclusive to people on either end of the political spectrum. These studies have demonstrated that liberals and conservatives express similar levels of intolerance toward ideologically dissimilar and threatening groups. We suggest directions for future research and discuss the psychological and political implications of our conclusions.
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By challenging official narratives, conspiracy theories can undermine people's trust in broader societal structures, leading to alienation and anomie, which is linked to non-normative political activism.
“by challenging official narratives conspiracy theories can actually undermine people's trust in broader societal structures [cf.56] leading to alienation and anomie [10-12, 57, 58] which in turn is linked to non-normative political activism [17**,18].”
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Speciesism, generalized prejudice, and perceptions of prejudiced others
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The Psychology of Intolerance: Unpacking Diverse Understandings of Intolerance
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Empathy and the liberal-conservative political divide in the U.S.
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The Realignment of Political Tolerance in the United States
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Cultural threat perceptions predict violent extremism via need for cognitive closure
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Gender equality, value violations, and prejudice toward Muslims
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- Authors
- Brandt, M. J., Reyna, C., Chambers, J. R., Crawford, J. T., & Wetherell, G.
- Affiliations
- Tilburg University (NL)
- DePaul University (US)
- Saint Louis University (US)
- The College of New Jersey (US)
- Venue
- Current Directions in Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-02
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 27-34
- ISSN
- 0963-7214 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8721
- OpenAlex
- W2146237990
- Cited by
- 432
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 93.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Directions in Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- Research portal (Tilburg University) (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Universiteit van Tilburg
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Academic Freedom and Politics
- Keywords
- political intolerance, intergroup attitudes, political ideology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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