Allostatic load and biological anthropology

In the paper

“Therefore, it is not surprising low birth weight predicts higher allostatic load in adults (Barboza Solís et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results report an inverse association between birth weight and allostatic load in both men and women in the cohort. For men, those in the highest birth-weight quartile had a lower allostatic-load score than those in the lowest quartile, supporting the claim about lower birth weight and higher adult allostatic load. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Barboza Solís et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Theoretically, stressful experiences directly increase allostatic load”

What the sources say

• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites Goldman, Glei, Seplaki, Liu, & Weinstein, 2005 source
• Partly supported

  In the section on cumulative biological “wear and tear,” the paper postulates that exposure to real or perceived challenges contributes to the development of allostatic load. It also says physiological responses and individual differences in how challenges are perceived matter, so it does not establish that stressful experiences directly increase allostatic load. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  cites Seeman et al., 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Conversely, those with more integrated social networks and/or greater perceived social support appear to be protected against damaging after effects of stressors and dysregulation of allostasis”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bovard, 1985 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cohen & Wills, 1985 source
• Partly supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) says available social support may affect how a person assesses a stressor, and the Discussion (page unavailable) links perceived stress to multisystem physiological dysregulation. The paper does not establish that integrated social networks or greater perceived social support protect people against the aftereffects of stress or allostatic dysregulation. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  cites Goldman et al., 2005 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Multiple studies indicate higher allostatic load is associated with increased risk of mortality”

What the sources say

• Supported

  In “Predicting Mortality > Biomarkers,” the paper reports that multiple studies found multi-system biomarker scores consistently predicted all-cause mortality. It also gives examples in which higher scores were associated with substantially higher mortality, supporting the claim about allostatic load. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Glei et al., 2014 source
• Partly supported

  The opening passage (labeled Abstract in our copy; page unavailable) says multiple studies have used biomarkers to predict mortality in older adults and that some additive risk scores have been interpreted as measures of allostatic load. The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that combinations of high-risk biomarkers predicted mortality in this study. Neither passage directly establishes that multiple studies found higher allostatic-load scores associated with greater mortality risk. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  cites Gruenewald et al., 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hwang et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“Overall, higher allostatic load has been reported for “nonwhite” study participants, a difference that may be driven by discrimination and race-related hostility”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results report that, in each age category studied, White women had the lowest mean allostatic load, followed by Mexican-American women and then Black women. This supports the quoted claim for the paper’s sample of midlife women. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Upchurch, Rainisch, et al., 2015 source
• Partly supported

  The Introduction reports higher allostatic load among African Americans than other groups. The Results specify an elevated level for African American women compared with Chinese/Japanese women, but no difference for White women in that comparison. The evidence supports a finding about African American participants, not the broader category of all “nonwhite” participants. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites Upchurch, Stein, et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Females, however, had significant differences in allostatic load by rearing history.”

In the paper

“This ALI also was associated significantly with age and number of stressful events experienced over the individual's lifespan (defined as agonistic encounters with wounding, zoo transfers, and anesthetizations).”

In the paper

“Males, regardless of rearing history, had low allostatic load.”

In the paper

“Survival analysis indicated higher allostatic load was associated significantly with mortality risk when age was included as a covariate.”

In the paper

“Early on, human adaptability studies demonstrated somatic and physiological variation are patterned not only by environmental and ecological circumstances, but also by local sociocultural variation, exploitative technologies, and variable phenotypes.”

In the paper

“Perceptions of stressors activate the hypothalamus, which coordinates multiple synergistic neuroendocrine axes to limit stressor-related damage”

In the paper

“Additionally, allostatic responses are soma-wide and therefore are affected by or affect all bodily systems”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Schulkin, 2004
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sterling & Eyer, 1988 source

In the paper

“over time, chronic, daily, repeated, and/or unavoidable stressors promote multisystem soma-wide physiological dysregulation”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites McEwen & Stellar, 1993

In the paper

“However, because allostatic load accumulates following dysregulation across multiple somatic systems, combinations of biomarkers representing these various systems are theorized to be useful for estimating individual allostatic load using an allostatic load index (ALI).”

In the paper

“In fact, the number of biomarkers included in various ALIs has increased apace with publications referencing allostasis and allostatic load.”

In the paper

“For such social and psychological variations, perception is key to response initiation and strength because interpretations of what is stressful vary across individuals and even within the same individual at different points in time”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carlson & Chamberlain, 2005 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Everly & Lating, 2013
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites James et al., 1989

In the paper

“as yet there have been but a few reports of ALIs in research published by biological anthropologists and human biologists”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Crews, 2007 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Crews et al., 2012
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Ice & James, 2007

In the paper

“Over time, such damage accumulates, producing allostatic load”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites McEwen & Stellar, 1993

In the paper

“ALIs are composites of biomarkers specific to different neurophysiological systems that tend to accurately reflect somatic dysregulation over time.”

In the paper

“As such, allostatic stress responses are conserved across vertebrate life forms (Nelson, 2011).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Nelson, 2011

In the paper

“Evolutionarily, allostatic stress responses evolved to minimize somatic damage while maximizing chances of survival when animals were facing a stressful environment.”

In the paper

“no holistic metric to measure stress-related physiological dysfunction has been widely applied within biological anthropology.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Crews, 2007 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Crews et al., 2012
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Ice & James, 2007

In the paper

“Theoretically, individual responses, along with their strength and duration, are based upon current perception, physiological function, and previous experience”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Everly & Lating, 2013
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Juster et al., 2010 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Kuzawa, 2008

In the paper

“Such patterns of phenotypic variation tend to shift as new technologies are developed or introduced and existing adaptive balances are altered.”

In the paper

“In addition, among gregarious species, many stressors are psychosocial.”

In the paper

“Researchers from disciplines outside anthropology are using allostatic load indices (ALIs) to estimate such dysregulation and examine life-long outcomes of stressor exposures, including morbidity and mortality.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Seeman et al., 1997

In the paper

“While some have used one or two biomarkers as an ALI, with such an approach the index is biased toward only the system or systems represented by those biomarkers.”

In the paper

“This method allows allostatic load to be compared across samples even when different cut-points are used within each study to indicate highest risk.”

In the paper

“Expectedly, positive relationships of age with allostatic load are observed across samples”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Crimmins et al., 2003 source
• Not checked yetcites Crimmins, Kim, & Seeman, 2009 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Dich et al., 2015b

In the paper

“Some reports have included only secondary mediators in their ALI, assuming an array of such biomarkers adequately reflected the current state of primary mediators”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beckie, 2012 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Crews, 2007 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Mauss et al., 2015

In the paper

“Furthermore, from a worldwide perspective, clinically defined cut-points likely are unrealistic for samples from many non-Western cultural settings of specific interest to biological anthropologists.”

In the paper

“Furthermore, age-related increases in allostatic load tend to stabilize late in life”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Crimmins et al., 2003 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [2009]
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Seeman et al., 2008

In the paper

“Maltreatment also predicts allostatic load in children (Horan & Widom, 2015), an expected relationship considering both allostatic load and maltreatment are known to contribute to poor health (Rogosch et al., 2011).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites Horan & Widom, 2015 source
• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites Rogosch et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“As a fairly extreme example, body mass index (BMI) averages approximately 33 kg/m 2 in American Samoan women (Crews, 1989).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites Crews, 1989 source

In the paper

“One's environmental setting during early life plays a crucial role in physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Evans, 2003 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Flinn, 2008
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shonkoff, Boyce, & McEwen, 2009 source

In the paper

“Upchurch, Stein, et al. (2015) report medication use is associated with higher allostatic load when medicine use is not included as a biomarker, suggesting use of medication itself may be a biomarker of increased allostatic load.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites Upchurch, Stein, et al. (2015) source

In the paper

“Therefore, this may only work for samples of similar genetic and regional backgrounds.”

In the paper

“In addition to low birth weight, childhood abuse and neglect are independent risk factors for higher allostatic load in adulthood”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Danese & McEwen, 2012 source
• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites Horan & Widom, 2015 source

In the paper

“Similarly, developing ALIs from biomarkers based mostly within one system, for example using multiple measures of body habitus, such as BMI, WHR, and multiple skinfold measures, may obfuscate true associations with allostatic load with those due to fatness alone”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Donley & Crews, 2014

In the paper

“Conversely, BMI averages but 20 kg/m 2 among Yanomami women and, using identical risk assignment criteria, almost all are assigned a zero”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Crews, Kamboh, Mancilha-Carvalho, & Kottke, 1993
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mancilha-Carvalho & Crews, 1990 source

In the paper

“Additionally, a variety of different biomarkers currently are included in each proposed ALI.”

In the paper

“There also was a significant positive association between number of years lived in poverty during childhood and allostatic load (Evans et al., 2009;Evans & Kim, 2012).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Evans et al., 2009 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Evans & Kim, 2012 source

In the paper

“Educational attainment, an indicator of SES, also is significantly inversely related to allostatic load”

What the sources say

• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites Barboza Solís et al., 2015 source
• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites Gale et al., 2015 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hansen et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“Higher allostatic load is associated with lower cognitive functioning”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Booth et al., 2015 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Karlamangla et al., 2014
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Seeman et al., 1997

In the paper

“Cut-points defined by quartiles Seeman et al. (1997Seeman et al. ( , 2001Seeman et al. ( , 2002)) may provide a more accurate assessment of dysregulation for neuroendocrine modulators like cortisol, for which reports suggest both hyperand hypocortisolism reflect a similar degree of physiological dysregulation”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Seeman et al. (1997
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [2001]
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [2002]

In the paper

“Developmental responses to early life stressors may alter allostatic reactivity and resilience to stressors, promoting greater allostatic load during adulthood and later life.”

In the paper

“By producing life-long dysregulation of stress responses (Lupien et al., 2006;McEwen, 1998bMcEwen, , 2000aMcEwen, , 2000bMcEwen, , 2001McEwen, , 2003McEwen, , 2012;;Singer, Ryff, & Seeman, 2004), early life stressors ultimately generate higher allostatic load during later life stages”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Lupien et al., 2006
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites McEwen, 1998b
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Singer, Ryff, & Seeman, 2004 source

In the paper

“This is especially so when samples include primarily healthy participants with generally low-level physiological dysregulation.”

In the paper

“Clinically based constructs directly counteract the usefulness of ALIs to determine individuals in a group at greatest underlying risk for future health issues and early mortality.”

In the paper

“As expected by the significant relationships of allostatic load with morbidity and mortality risk, an inverse relationship between SES and allostatic load has been observed across multiple samples”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Crimmins et al., 2009 source
• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites Dowd et al., 2009 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Jim enez, Osypuk, Arevalo, Tucker, & Falcon, 2015

In the paper

“Upchurch, Stein, et al. (2015) report medication use is associated with higher allostatic load when medicine use is not included as a biomarker, suggesting use of medication itself may be a biomarker of increased allostatic load.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites Upchurch, Stein, et al. (2015) source

In the paper

“Furthermore, continuing research shows no single biomarker adequately predicts future outcomes when compared to a more comprehensive index”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Karlamangla et al., 2002 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Karlamangla, Singer, & Seeman 2006 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Seeman, Crimmins, et al. 2004 source

In the paper

“As men and women differ in their circulating hormone profiles and tend to vary in their behavioral responses to stressors, every day and long-term stressors likely differentially affect their allostatic biomarkers”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Seeman et al., 2002 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Stephens, Mahon, McCaul, & Wand, 2016

In the paper

“In boys from the Study of Asthma, Genes and Environment, high allostatic load at baseline was associated with four times greater asthma susceptibility at 2-year follow-up (from age 10.5 to 12.5 years; Bahreinian et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Bahreinian et al., 2013

In the paper

“Even with less healthy samples, use of clinical cut-points is a difficult model to follow as standard reference values are not available for many biomarkers of allostasis.”

In the paper

“There are reasons why no single ALI has yet achieved consensus as being the “gold standard””

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Mauss et al., 2015

In the paper

“For one, even when using the same biomarkers and construction methods, ALIs from different samples are not directly comparable as they are based upon sample-specific distributions, means, and risk criteria.”

In the paper

“This recently was illustrated by Mauss et al. (2016), who published a “short-form” allostatic load index with only five biomarkers (diastolic blood pressure, Hb A1c , LDL cholesterol, waist circumference, heart rate variability).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites Mauss et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“Following along the same vein, theoretically the intent of determining ALIs is to assess sub-clinical risk, therefore using clinical cutpoints for constructing an ALI is potentially problematic.”

In the paper

“This “short-form” ALI was associated with perceived work-related stress in German industrial employees.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites Mauss et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“To date, however, only one study group has constructed a multibiomarker ALI and used it to test for associations with other study variables (e.g., sex, age, and mortality risk) in the manner reported for human samples (Edes, Wolfe, & Crews, 2016a, 2016b).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Edes, Wolfe, & Crews, 2016a, 2016b

In the paper

“IGF-1 has been used as a biomarker in multiple adult ALIs (Barboza Solís et al., 2015;Glei et al., 2007;Goldman et al., 2005;Hwang et al., 2014;Kobrosly et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites Barboza Solís et al., 2015 source
• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites Glei et al., 2007 source
• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites Goldman et al., 2005 source

In the paper

“because disrupted rearing in primates likely influences allostasis and allostatic load similar to how adverse early environments affect children (Edes et al., 2016b).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Edes et al., 2016b

In the paper

“Furthermore, as nonhuman primates and humans share a similar cardiovascular physiology and predispositions to CVD, cardiovascular biomarkers are indicators of allostatic load in both.”

In the paper

“have documented altered physiology, such as changes in cortisol (Levine & Wiener, 1988), ACTH (Clarke & Boinski, 1995), norepinephrine (Higley, Hasert, Suomi, & Linnoila, 1991), and immune response”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Levine & Wiener, 1988
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Clarke & Boinski, 1995 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Higley, Hasert, Suomi, & Linnoila, 1991 source

In the paper

“Such shared patterns of physiological and neurological function and dysfunction suggest similar biomarkers will be useful for estimating allostatic load across both humans and nonhuman primates.”

In the paper

“Other studies have documented increases in fecal parasite richness, a potential indicator of immunosuppression, during stressful events in chimpanzees , 2011).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites , 2011

In the paper

“Only since 2004 have allostasis theory or allostatic load been referenced in any primate journals.”

In the paper

“Additionally, those who responded to social reorganization with larger increases in cortisol were at greater risk for infection (Cohen et al., 1997).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cohen et al., 1997 source

In the paper

“Reports from several research groups indicate they already have biomarker data on their nonhuman primate samples to potentially retrospectively construct ALIs (Table 3).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Table 3

In the paper

“For example, olive baboons with high social connectedness had lower basal cortisol than those less socially connected (Ray & Sapolsky, 1992;Sapolsky, Alberts, & Altmann, 1997).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ray & Sapolsky, 1992 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Sapolsky, Alberts, & Altmann, 1997

In the paper

“Additionally, gorillas prefer thick secondary forests with dense vegetation (Schaller, 1964).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Schaller, 1964

In the paper

“Among crab-eating (AKA long-tailed) macaques [Macaca fascicularis] exposed to frequent social reorganization, subordinates demonstrated higher norepinephrine than dominant individuals (Cohen et al., 1997).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cohen et al., 1997 source

In the paper

“However, such single biomarker approaches to stress fail to access the multisystem, interactive nature of physiological dysregulation following life's many stressors.”

In the paper

“Even small alterations in species-typical rearing conditions were observed to have adverse long-term impacts on stress physiology and emotionality among nonhuman primates (Gunnar & Quevedo, 2007;Sanchez, 2006).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gunnar & Quevedo, 2007 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sanchez, 2006 source

In the paper

“Differences in sociality translate into tangible physiological differences, as female baboons with greater social connectedness have significantly reduced mortality risk (Archie, Tung, Clark, Altmann, & Alberts, 2014;Silk et al., 2010).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites Archie, Tung, Clark, Altmann, & Alberts, 2014 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Silk et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“Western lowland gorillas commonly live in polygynous groups with a single silverback”

What the sources say

• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites Bradley, Doran-Sheehy, & Vigilant, 2007 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Doran & McNeilage, 1998
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gatti, Levr ero, M enard, & Gautier-Hion, 2004 source

In the paper

“Given the well-established conservation of the allostatic stress response between humans and nonhuman primates (Cavigelli & Caruso, 2015), we propose implementing research on ALIs among the latter.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cavigelli & Caruso, 2015 source

In the paper

“For example, offspring of macaque females exposed to unpredictable foraging demands have elevated serotonin metabolites and CRH (Coplan et al., 1996;Sanchez, 2006).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Coplan et al., 1996 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sanchez, 2006 source

In the paper

“This large range likely lowers the risk of receiving aggression for females who are not foraging near the silverback.”

In the paper

“Early research on stressors in nonhuman primates focused mainly on sequela of maternal separation and social isolation in deprived infants (Harlow & Suomi, 1971;Harlow et al., 1965).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harlow & Suomi, 1971 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harlow et al., 1965 source