The DOI matches its Crossref record; 305 of the 306 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 15 of the 167 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Allostatic load and biological anthropology
Open accessAbstract
Multiple stressors affect developing and adult organisms, thereby partly structuring their phenotypes. Determining how stressors influence health, well-being, and longevity in human and nonhuman primate populations are major foci within biological anthropology. Although much effort has been devoted to examining responses to multiple environmental and sociocultural stressors, no holistic metric to measure stress-related physiological dysfunction has been widely applied within biological anthropology. Researchers from disciplines outside anthropology are using allostatic load indices (ALIs) to estimate such dysregulation and examine life-long outcomes of stressor exposures, including morbidity and mortality. Following allostasis theory, allostatic load represents accumulated physiological and somatic damage secondary to stressors and senescent processes experienced over the lifespan. ALIs estimate this wear-and-tear using a composite of biomarkers representing neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune systems. Across samples, ALIs are associated significantly with multiple individual characteristics (e.g., age, sex, education, DNA variation) of interest within biological anthropology. They also predict future outcomes, including aspects of life history variation (e.g., survival, lifespan), mental and physical health, morbidity and mortality, and likely health disparities between groups, by stressor exposures, ethnicity, occupations, and degree of departure from local indigenous life ways and integration into external and commodified ones. ALIs also may be applied to similar stress-related research areas among nonhuman primates. Given the reports from multiple research endeavors, here we propose ALIs may be useful for assessing stressors, stress responses, and stress-related dysfunction, current and long-term cognitive function, health and well-being, and risk of early mortality across many research programs within biological anthropology.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review argues that allostatic load indices (ALIs) offer a holistic, multisystem biomarker measure of cumulative stress-related physiological dysregulation for biological anthropology. It summarizes human and nonhuman primate evidence and proposes ALIs for research on development, health, morbidity/mortality, and primate welfare.
Key findings
- The original ALI operationalized by Seeman et al. (1997) used 10 biomarkers across neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and metabolic systems, scoring each individual 0–10 based on how many biomarkers fell in the highest-risk quartile.
- ALIs typically include 8–14 biomarkers, though some use as few as 2 or as many as 18; Juster et al. (2010) counted 51 different biomarkers across 58 research reports.
- Across samples, higher allostatic load is associated with older age, lower SES/education, poorer physical performance, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, cognitive decline, and increased mortality risk; associations with sex and stressful events are sample-dependent.
- In an illustrative captive western lowland gorilla ALI using seven biomarkers (albumin, cortisol, CRH, DHEA-S, glucose, IL-6, TNF-a), females had twofold higher allostatic load than males; allostatic load was associated with age, lifetime stressful events, creatinine, triglycerides, and mortality risk when age was included as a covariate.
Methods
- Narrative review and synthesis of allostasis theory, stress-response physiology, ALI construction, and applications across human and nonhuman primate research; no new primary data were collected.
- Reviews methodological variation in ALIs, including quartile vs. decile vs. clinical cut-points, medication adjustments, sex-specific cut-points, two-tailed cut-points, z-score comparisons, and scoring by system vs. biomarker.
- Uses published examples, including the authors’ gorilla ALI studies (Edes et al., 2016a, 2016b), to illustrate possible applications in biological anthropology.
Limitations
- The paper states there is no “gold standard” ALI: different biomarkers and construction methods are used, and ALIs from different samples are not directly comparable because they rely on sample-specific distributions and risk criteria.
- The paper states clinical cut-points are problematic for subclinical risk assessment and for non-Western populations, and that childhood ALIs are challenging because developmental changes in stress-mediating systems are not necessarily linear.
- Evident from the text: this is a narrative review rather than a systematic review or meta-analysis, and its proposals for broader ALI use in biological anthropology and nonhuman primates are not yet empirically tested across most of the discussed contexts.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Claims the paper makes
37 Not checked yet · 34 Own interpretation · 32 No basis given · 20 Sources not found · 19 No full text of the sources · 6 Partly supported · 5 Own result · 3 Supported so far · 2 Supported · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Therefore, it is not surprising low birth weight predicts higher allostatic load in adults (Barboza Solís et al., 2015).”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 4 | A L L O S T A T I C L O A D D U R I N G A D U L T H O O D
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Barboza Solís et al., 2015 source
The Results report an inverse association between birth weight and allostatic load in both men and women in the cohort. For men, those in the highest birth-weight quartile had a lower allostatic-load score than those in the lowest quartile, supporting the claim about lower birth weight and higher adult allostatic load. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Theoretically, stressful experiences directly increase allostatic load”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 4 | A L L O S T A T I C L O A D D U R I N G A D U L T H O O D
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Goldman, Glei, Seplaki, Liu, & Weinstein, 2005 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Partly supportedcites Seeman et al., 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the section on cumulative biological “wear and tear,” the paper postulates that exposure to real or perceived challenges contributes to the development of allostatic load. It also says physiological responses and individual differences in how challenges are perceived matter, so it does not establish that stressful experiences directly increase allostatic load. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not checked yet
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Conversely, those with more integrated social networks and/or greater perceived social support appear to be protected against damaging after effects of stressors and dysregulation of allostasis”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 4 | A L L O S T A T I C L O A D D U R I N G A D U L T H O O D
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bovard, 1985 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cohen & Wills, 1985 source
- Partly supportedcites Goldman et al., 2005 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says available social support may affect how a person assesses a stressor, and the Discussion (page unavailable) links perceived stress to multisystem physiological dysregulation. The paper does not establish that integrated social networks or greater perceived social support protect people against the aftereffects of stress or allostatic dysregulation. (LLM, conf=0.78)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Multiple studies indicate higher allostatic load is associated with increased risk of mortality”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 4 | A L L O S T A T I C L O A D D U R I N G A D U L T H O O D
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Glei et al., 2014 source
In “Predicting Mortality > Biomarkers,” the paper reports that multiple studies found multi-system biomarker scores consistently predicted all-cause mortality. It also gives examples in which higher scores were associated with substantially higher mortality, supporting the claim about allostatic load. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Partly supportedcites Gruenewald et al., 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The opening passage (labeled Abstract in our copy; page unavailable) says multiple studies have used biomarkers to predict mortality in older adults and that some additive risk scores have been interpreted as measures of allostatic load. The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that combinations of high-risk biomarkers predicted mortality in this study. Neither passage directly establishes that multiple studies found higher allostatic-load scores associated with greater mortality risk. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hwang et al., 2014 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Overall, higher allostatic load has been reported for “nonwhite” study participants, a difference that may be driven by discrimination and race-related hostility”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 4 | A L L O S T A T I C L O A D D U R I N G A D U L T H O O D
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Upchurch, Rainisch, et al., 2015 source
The Results report that, in each age category studied, White women had the lowest mean allostatic load, followed by Mexican-American women and then Black women. This supports the quoted claim for the paper’s sample of midlife women. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Partly supportedcites Upchurch, Stein, et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports higher allostatic load among African Americans than other groups. The Results specify an elevated level for African American women compared with Chinese/Japanese women, but no difference for White women in that comparison. The evidence supports a finding about African American participants, not the broader category of all “nonwhite” participants. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Females, however, had significant differences in allostatic load by rearing history.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 6 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD AMONG N O N HU M A N P RI M A T E S
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This ALI also was associated significantly with age and number of stressful events experienced over the individual's lifespan (defined as agonistic encounters with wounding, zoo transfers, and anesthetizations).”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 6 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD AMONG N O N HU M A N P RI M A T E S
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Males, regardless of rearing history, had low allostatic load.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 6 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD AMONG N O N HU M A N P RI M A T E S
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Survival analysis indicated higher allostatic load was associated significantly with mortality risk when age was included as a covariate.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 6 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD AMONG N O N HU M A N P RI M A T E S
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Early on, human adaptability studies demonstrated somatic and physiological variation are patterned not only by environmental and ecological circumstances, but also by local sociocultural variation, exploitative technologies, and variable phenotypes.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 1 | I N T R O D U C T I O N
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 50
- Probably not a substantial claim. 41
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“As the master regulator of allostasis, the CNS continuously monitors somatic systems, adjusting physiological parameters in response to perturbations and, based upon lifetime experiences, learns to anticipate stressors and to make allostatic adjustments in advance”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 3 | HOMEOS TASIS, ALLOSTASIS, A ND ALLOSTATIC LOAD
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sterling, 2004 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sterling & Eyer, 1988 source
- Supportedcites Ulrich-Lai & Herman, 2009 source
The Introduction describes internal bodily cues being conveyed to the brain, which recruits systems that alter physiological responses to stress. The “Overlapping circuits mediating stress, memory and reward” section says experience shapes responses and that learned cues allow stress responses to be mounted in anticipation of predicted stressors. (LLM, conf=0.89)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Given the recency of estimating allostatic load, it is no surprise that many ALIs have been constructed by mining existing data sets from both crosssectional and longitudinal research programs, resulting in a wide variety of biomarkers available for analyses”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 3.1 | Estimating allostatic load
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beckie, 2012 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Juster et al., 2010 source
- Supportedcites Leahy & Crews, 2012
The Results say that researchers constructed allostatic-load measures from risk factors available in previous or current research, producing inconsistent biomarker selections. The Discussion describes studies that were primarily cross-sectional but also included prospective and retrospective cohorts, and reports that they used a broad array of biomarkers. Our copy provides no page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Across research settings, higher allostatic load also is associated significantly with cardiovascular diseases (CVD; Karlamangla et al., 2002;Mattei et al., 2010;Seeman et al., 2002), abdominal obesity (Mattei et al., 2010), hypertension (Mattei et al., 2010), diabetes (Mattei et al., 2010), and arthritis (Mattei et al., 2010).”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 4 | A L L O S T A T I C L O A D D U R I N G A D U L T H O O D
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Karlamangla et al., 2002 source
- Supportedcites Mattei et al., 2010 source
The Discussion reports that increasing allostatic-load categories were significantly associated with all five listed conditions in a cohort of Puerto Rican older adults. It specifies that CVD and arthritis were self-reported. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Seeman et al., 2002 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The original application and some subsequent reports consider medicinal interventions that control secondary mediators (e.g., blood pressure and cholesterol) to beneficially reduce known risk factors, subsequent wear-and-tear, and physiological dysregulation, thus beneficially lowering allostatic load”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > Method Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lipowicz, Szklarska, & Malina, 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites Rosenberg, Park, & Eldeirawi, 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Seeman et al., 2002 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A beneficial modification in some settings may be the use of two-tailed highest risk cut-points instead of one-tailed for some or all biomarkers”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 3.1 | Estimating allostatic load
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Hampson, Goldberg, Vogt, Hillier, & Dubanoski, 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Physiological Dysregulation section reports that a prior study found two-tailed count scores performed somewhat better than one-tailed scores, supporting the possibility of a benefit in some settings. But this paper’s Discussion reports the opposite result for its own biomarkers and concludes that one-tailed count scores are likely to be more meaningful; it does not recommend switching to two-tailed cut-points. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hwang et al., 2014 source
- Supportedcites Seplaki et al., 2004 source
The Brief Review (p. 10) identifies one-tailed treatment of biomarkers as a limitation of existing allostatic-load measures. The Discussion (p. 23) says such indices may miss relationships in the data, including associations involving both high and low values. This supports the claim’s hedged suggestion that two-tailed cut-points may be beneficial in some settings. (LLM, conf=0.89)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Among children, hypocortisolism may indicate higher allostatic load as does hypercortisolism (Badanes et al., 2011;Davies et al., 2011), a finding that supports using upper and lower quartiles of cortisol among adults as well.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 5 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD DURING GROWTH A N D DE V E L O P ME N T
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Badanes et al., 2011 source
The General Discussion argues that hypocortisolism in childhood should be evaluated as a marker of allostatic load. The “Low Cortisol as a Marker of Allostatic Load” section notes that high cortisol had already been used as a marker in children. The extension to adult cortisol quartiles follows the citation and is the citing authors’ inference, not a finding attributed to Badanes et al. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites Davies et al., 2011 source
The Discussion (page unavailable) describes both heightened and dampened cortisol reactivity in children as conditional patterns in an allostatic-load process, with distinct developmental costs. The citation supports the claim about children; the subsequent proposal to use upper and lower cortisol quartiles in adults is the citing authors’ inference. (LLM, conf=0.87)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Allostatic load differed significantly between male and female gorillas, with females having twofold higher allostatic load than males.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 6 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD AMONG N O N HU M A N P RI M A T E S
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Allostatic load was significantly associated with creatinine and triglycerides and approached a significant negative association with cholesterol.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 6 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD AMONG N O N HU M A N P RI M A T E S
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Wild-caught females had significantly higher allostatic load compared to mother-reared females, while nursery-reared females fell between and were not significantly different from either wild-caught or mother-reared conspecifics.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 6 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD AMONG N O N HU M A N P RI M A T E S
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the field continues to pursue a reliable, relatively easy to apply metric for assessing lifetime stress and stress-related outcomes.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 1 | I N T R O D U C T I O N
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stressors vary in their frequencies and intensities over time and come in multiple forms, such as predators, infectious agents, chemicals (e.g., toxins and caffeine), environmental factors (e.g., hypoxia and extreme temperatures), and atypical systemic fluctuations (e.g., trauma and high blood volume).”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 2 | S T R E S S R E S P O N S E P H Y S IOL O G Y
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also predict future outcomes, including aspects of life history variation (e.g., survival, lifespan), mental and physical health, morbidity and mortality”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Allostatic load is a latent variable and, as such, it cannot be measured directly.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 3.1 | Estimating allostatic load
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Allostatic load is a latent variable that cannot be measured directly.
In the paper
“Some reports have even suggested cortisol alone makes an ALI (e.g., Goymann & Wingfield, 2004), a view not supported by theory or results.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 3.1 | Estimating allostatic load
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Goymann & Wingfield, 2004 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Typically, ALIs are composed of between eight and 14 biomarkers, although some have included only two and others as many as 18”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 3.1 | Estimating allostatic load
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beckie, 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As a process, allostasis is a dynamic, holistic, and adaptively plastic system that integrates sensory perceptions and cognitive processing to produce neurohormonal activation of the stress response”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 3 | HOMEOS TASIS, ALLOSTASIS, A ND ALLOSTATIC LOAD
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Karatsoreos & McEwen, 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ALIs estimate this wear-and-tear using a composite of biomarkers representing neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune systems.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Across samples, ALIs are associated significantly with multiple individual characteristics (e.g., age, sex, education, DNA variation) of interest within biological anthropology.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As dysregulation continues, allostasis theory suggests cardiovascular and metabolic diseases follow, leading to stress-related tertiary outcomes such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 3 | HOMEOS TASIS, ALLOSTASIS, A ND ALLOSTATIC LOAD
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Over time, however, it has been recognized that many physiological systems are not regulated so narrowly.In fact, some systems require continual adjustments to maintain optimal current function”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 3 | HOMEOS TASIS, ALLOSTASIS, A ND ALLOSTATIC LOAD
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Baker (1984) articulated a human adaptability process whereby cycles of social, cultural, developmental, or genetic adjustments that alleviate stressors often generate new stressors requiring new adjustments.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 1 | I N T R O D U C T I O N
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baker, 1984 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As a theory, allostasis was developed to explain how mammalian physiological responses to stressors in their environments evolved to maximize the probability of survival while limiting somatic damage”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 1 | I N T R O D U C T I O N
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Following allostasis theory, allostatic load represents accumulated physiological and somatic damage secondary to stressors and senescent processes experienced over the lifespan.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites McEwen & Stellar, 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The broad similarity of allostatic stress responses across mammals illustrates the evolutionary depth of this adaptive system.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 1 | I N T R O D U C T I O N
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“over time, repeated allostatic activity (i.e., stress responses) leads to systemic somatic damage and loss of resilience to additional stressors.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 1 | I N T R O D U C T I O N
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites McEwen & Stellar, 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Following Seeman et al.'s (1997) estimates, many indices have been proposed, tested, and reported as being associated with current morbidity and predictive of future health outcomes.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 3.1 | Estimating allostatic load
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Seeman et al., 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although adaptive in the shortterm, stress responses are energetically expensive and physiologically taxing, representing an evolutionary trade-off between survival and reproduction.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 2 | S T R E S S R E S P O N S E P H Y S IOL O G Y
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Allostasis is a system that not only recognizes and responds to stressors, but also promotes recovery.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 3 | HOMEOS TASIS, ALLOSTASIS, A ND ALLOSTATIC LOAD
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and likely health disparities between groups, by stressor exposures, ethnicity, occupations, and degree of departure from local indigenous life ways and integration into external and commodified ones.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Theoretically, allostatic load results from altered physiology across multiple systems secondary to stressors and related responses and, therefore, may be estimated using multisystem biomarker composites representing, for example, the neuroendocrine, metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune systems.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 1 | I N T R O D U C T I O N
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Repeated and/or chronic stress responses may result in cellular and organ damage and permanently alter central nervous system (CNS) function, particularly during growth and development”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 2 | S T R E S S R E S P O N S E P H Y S IOL O G Y
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Flinn, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Korte et al., 2005 source
- Not matchedcites McEwen, 2000a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This perceptual modulation of responses theoretically separates allostasis from other systems maintained by homeostatic feedback loops, for example blood pH.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 2 | S T R E S S R E S P O N S E P H Y S IOL O G Y
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“On the other hand, if allostatic responses are shaped by early-life traumatic or life-threatening events, this could promote hyper-or hyporesponsiveness, extreme vigilance, reduced resilience, and impaired return of allostatic systems to physiological baselines”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 3 | HOMEOS TASIS, ALLOSTASIS, A ND ALLOSTATIC LOAD
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carlson & Chamberlain, 2005 source
- Not checked yetcites Davies et al., 2011 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Not matchedcites Dich, Doan, & Evans, 2015a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher allostatic load indicates a person likely has suffered greater stress-induced physiological damage and, consequently, is more likely to develop early signs of chronic degenerative conditions and succumb to mortality earlier than their contemporaries.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 3.1 | Estimating allostatic load
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Such natural experiments, now commonly known as human adaptability studies (Little, 2010), revealed extensive phenotypic variation both within and across human populations.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 1 | I N T R O D U C T I O N
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Little, 2010 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Negative impacts of chronic stress may follow, including anxiety, depression, chronic degenerative diseases, substance abuse, personality and conduct disorders, psychosomatic conditions, metabolic syndrome, and immunosuppression”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 2 | S T R E S S R E S P O N S E P H Y S IOL O G Y
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, low exposure to stressors, close regulation of the stress response, and/or high resilience to stressors are theorized to promote slower physiological dysregulation, psychosocial adaptability, and continued maintenance of somatic function.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 2 | S T R E S S R E S P O N S E P H Y S IOL O G Y
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since this initial utilization, ALIs have been applied to humans across a range of disciplines, including epidemiology, psychology, sociology, and gerontology, but seldom within anthropology.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 1 | I N T R O D U C T I O N
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“suggesting selective mortality may be at play and individuals with higher allostatic load may not survive to older ages”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 4 | A L L O S T A T I C L O A D D U R I N G A D U L T H O O D
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As primary mediators are more reflective of recent stressful events, such as daily hassles and interactions, while secondary mediators tend to indicate more long-term social and behavioral stressors (Karlamangla et al., 2002), including both likely is necessary to accurately represent current allostatic load.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 3.1 | Estimating allostatic load
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Karlamangla et al., 2002 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In general, higher allostatic load is associated with poorer physical performance and increased risk for physical decline (Seeman et al., 1997).”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 4 | A L L O S T A T I C L O A D D U R I N G A D U L T H O O D
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Seeman et al., 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While some such modifications may improve observed associations of ALIs with outcomes in some settings, others may be inappropriate or problematic.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 3.1 | Estimating allostatic load
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As men and women differ in their circulating hormone profiles and tend to vary in their behavioral responses to stressors, every day and long-term stressors likely differentially affect their allostatic biomarkers”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > Method Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Seeman et al., 2002 source
- Not matchedcites Stephens, Mahon, McCaul, & Wand, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, assessing and measuring large numbers of biomarkers may not be feasible for most field, clinical, and laboratory research, and is not likely to improve assessments of underlying allostatic load.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 3.1 | Estimating allostatic load
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Along with an ever increasing array of biomarkers being included in estimates of allostatic load, multiple methods for aggregating them into indices have been proposed.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 3.1 | Estimating allostatic load
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Allostatic load indices assessed during childhood significantly predicted working memory during young adulthood (Evans et al., 2009), although again this effect was only seen for individuals whose mothers exhibited low responsiveness (Doan & Evans, 2011).”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 5 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD DURING GROWTH A N D DE V E L O P ME N T
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Across multiple disciplines and research settings, ALI variants are associated with a variety of independent (e.g., age, sex, and educational attainment) and dependent (e.g., immune response, infections, and chronic diseases) factors long studied by anthropologists.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 4 | A L L O S T A T I C L O A D D U R I N G A D U L T H O O D
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sex differences in ALIs also are reported, but are sample dependent.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 4 | A L L O S T A T I C L O A D D U R I N G A D U L T H O O D
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An approach based upon Western clinical values inflates estimates of allostatic load among American Samoan women, while underestimating it among Yanomami women.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > Method Studies
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One commonly accepted criterion is to include one or more primary neuroendocrine and inflamma-tory mediators of allostasis, along with multiple secondary mediators such as blood pressure and cholesterol”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 3.1 | Estimating allostatic load
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mauss et al., 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Following allostasis theory, as one responds to stressors over the lifespan from conception through in utero development and later phases of infancy, childhood and adolescence, and into adulthood, damage accrues from both stressor exposures and the stress response, ultimately leading to allostatic load.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 7 | C O M M E N T A R Y
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To the degree that understanding our complex system of stress responses and related outcomes is a goal of biological anthropological research on human and nonhuman primate variation, ALIs will aid these endeavors.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 7 | C O M M E N T A R Y
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, one of the most significant stressors for wild silverbacks may be the occurrence of intergroup encounters, as these can result in loss of females, injury, and even death.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 6 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD AMONG N O N HU M A N P RI M A T E S
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, applications of allostatic load to nonhuman primates remain relatively underdeveloped.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 6 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD AMONG N O N HU M A N P RI M A T E S
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although courtship aggression is normal behavior for gorillas, it likely is stressful for females, who are only half the size of males (Harcourt & Stewart, 2007).”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 6 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD AMONG N O N HU M A N P RI M A T E S
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harcourt & Stewart, 2007 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This will not only further understanding of allostasis, allostatic stress responses, and physiological dysregulation in our living relatives, but also enhance evolutionary understanding of primate divergences in stress responses from humans.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 6 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD AMONG N O N HU M A N P RI M A T E S
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A direct link between stress-related physiology and behavioral ecology is seen when possible reasons why female gorillas have higher allostatic load than males are explored.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 6 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD AMONG N O N HU M A N P RI M A T E S
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Such environments significantly limit visibility (Stoinski, Hoff, & Maple, 2003), which likely serves to reduce risks of receiving male aggression.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 6 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD AMONG N O N HU M A N P RI M A T E S
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Stoinski, Hoff, & Maple, 2003 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Integrating allostasis theory and assessing ALIs across research on nonhuman primates alongside social and behavioral data also likely will aid research initiatives directed at improving health and management of captive populations, as well as informing conservation decision-making.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 6 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD AMONG N O N HU M A N P RI M A T E S
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social status and interactions further influence stress responses among nonhuman primates, as they do humans.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 6 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD AMONG N O N HU M A N P RI M A T E S
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This current flexibility in how ALIs are constructed allows researchers to use biomarkers from existing data sets to construct ALIs, thereby addressing their own research hypotheses through a new lens.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 7 | C O M M E N T A R Y
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, while there is little support for including insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and GH in adult estimates of allostatic load, both may be biomarkers of allostatic load during childhood.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 5 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD DURING GROWTH A N D DE V E L O P ME N T
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Application of ALIs within primatology also will provide extensive comparative data on multiple species of nonhuman primates.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 6 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD AMONG N O N HU M A N P RI M A T E S
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we propose ALIs for nonhuman primates based on allostasis theory and modeled using similar data and methodology will provide a consistent method and quantitative metric for assessing current states of stressrelated physiological dysfunction and for predicting future morbid and mortal outcomes.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 6 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD AMONG N O N HU M A N P RI M A T E S
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The absence of such stressors in captive silverbacks housed in breeding groups also may contribute to observed differences in allostatic load between males and females in this report.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 6 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD AMONG N O N HU M A N P RI M A T E S
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“While there is no gold standard of biomarkers or models used for determining allostatic load in humans, research demonstrates that the method of constructing ALIs proposed by Seeman et al. (1997) is sound despite variation in biomarker constructs and methods for accumulating them into allostatic load scores.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 7 | C O M M E N T A R Y
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Seeman et al. (1997)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because early-life processes structure allostasis and future stress responses are based upon early-life exposure to stressors, allostasis theory also is encompassed theoretically within theories on the developmental origins of late-life diseases and early-life influences on later-life well-being and health.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 7 | C O M M E N T A R Y
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This trade-off promotes energy conservation and allows the IRS-1/IRS-2 ratio to be used as a biomarker of undernutrition in utero (Hern andez, 1998) and therefore is a possible indicator of allostatic load in children.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 5 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD DURING GROWTH A N D DE V E L O P ME N T
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hern andez, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Therefore, GH, IGF-1, and their ratios relative to other factors are biomarkers of early life stressor exposures and likely will be useful for estimating allostatic load among children and adolescents.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 5 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD DURING GROWTH A N D DE V E L O P ME N T
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, great apes and humans share a propensity to cardiomyopathy (Hansen, Alford, & Keeling, 1984) and heart failure, the leading cause of death in great apes (Videan et al., 2009).”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 6 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD AMONG N O N HU M A N P RI M A T E S
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hansen, Alford, & Keeling, 1984 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Videan et al., 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not checked yet
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a theory, allostasis fits within the general arena of life history theory.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 7 | C O M M E N T A R Y
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Elevated glucocorticoids are observed following conflicts in a number of primate species, and these increases seem to be larger among losers who are of lower social rank (Creel, 2001).”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 6 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD AMONG N O N HU M A N P RI M A T E S
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Creel, 2001 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, most methods currently used to assess stress-related outcomes are neither holistic, because they do not provide snapshots of physiological variation and dysregulation across the soma, nor are they realistic estimates, as they do not provide an integrative assessment model.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 7 | C O M M E N T A R Y
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results to date clearly demonstrate the degree of intersection between research on primates, stress response physiology, behavioral ecology, and human research on allostatic load, while also suggesting a novel approach to research on stressors, primate behavior, and the health and welfare of captive species.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 6 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD AMONG N O N HU M A N P RI M A T E S
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because ALIs are integrated assessments of soma-wide phenotypic responses and related physiological dysregulation to one's life ways, social and physical experiences, and environmental and ecological settings, they will assess changes affecting health and well-being and functional and somatic losses during development and over the lifespan.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 5 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD DURING GROWTH A N D DE V E L O P ME N T
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With these coping mechanisms available, wild females may be less likely to have higher allostatic load than males, while the lack of coping strategies may be promoting higher allostatic load in captive females.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 6 | ALLOSTATIC LOAD AMONG N O N HU M A N P RI M A T E S
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We propose such indices will aid in understanding and predicting morbid and mortal outcomes not only in humans but also in our nonhuman primate relatives.”
§ Allostatic load and biological anthropology > 7 | C O M M E N T A R Y
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper relies on this without support.
Multiple stressors affect developing and adult organisms and partly structure their phenotypes.
“Multiple stressors affect developing and adult organisms, thereby partly structuring their phenotypes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Allostatic load is a latent variable that cannot be measured directly.
“Allostatic load is a latent variable and, as such, it cannot be measured directly.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Biomarker composites representing multiple neurophysiological systems accurately reflect somatic dysregulation over time.
“ALIs are composites of biomarkers specific to different neurophysiological systems that tend to accurately reflect somatic dysregulation over time.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The intent of determining ALIs is to assess sub-clinical risk.
“Following along the same vein, theoretically the intent of determining ALIs is to assess sub-clinical risk, therefore using clinical cutpoints for constructing an ALI is potentially problematic.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Allostasis represents current somatic physiological functioning and overall allostatic load is proposed to assess subclinical risks for current and future health losses.
“Theoretically, allostasis represents current somatic physiological functioning and one's overall allostatic load is proposed to assess subclinical risks for current and future health losses.”
The paper relies on this without support.
With increasing age, most individuals likely experience more stressful events than those of younger ages.
“In addition, with increasing age, most individuals likely experience more stressful events than those of younger ages.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Allostasis is an aspect of life history, evolved to help maintain progress toward additional life history events while coping with external stressors.
“Allostasis is an aspect of life history, evolved to help maintain progress toward additional life history events while coping”
The paper relies on this without support.
Developmental changes in stress-mediating systems are not necessarily linear.
“Developmental changes in stress-mediating systems are not necessarily linear, so how allostatic load is applied may need to vary depending on whether participants are infants, children, or adolescents”
The paper relies on this without support.
Extreme stressors tend to leave physical, psychological, and physiological scars regardless of age of onset.
“Regardless of their age of onset, extreme stressors tend to leave physical, psychological, and physiological scars on our somas.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Humans are particularly sensitive to stressors occurring during periods of growth and development.
“Humans are particularly sensitive to stressors occurring during periods of growth and development.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The HPA axis of children exposed to severe stressors early in life may be significantly altered, showing quickly triggered or dampened responses to psychosocial interactions, affecting multiple biomarkers reflective of impaired allostasis.
“The HPA axis of children who are exposed to severe stressors early in their lives may be so significantly altered that they show either quickly triggered or dampened responses to psychosocial interactions, affecting multiple biomarkers reflective of impaired allostasis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Currently, across multiple research and zoo-settings, sufficient data on measures of primate physiology are available to construct ALIs.
“Currently, across multiple research and zoo-settings, sufficient data on measures of primate physiology are available to construct ALIs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Allostatic responses to stressors are influenced by exposures during both intrauterine and postuterine life.
“Allostatic responses to stressors are influenced by exposures during both intrauterine and postuterine life.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Consensus suggests composites used to assess allostatic load are most informative when they include biomarkers representing at least the neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune systems, but are not overweighted within any single physiological system.
“Currently, consensus suggests composites used to assess allostatic load are most informative when they include biomarkers representing at least the neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune systems, but are not overweighted within any single physiological system.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Stress responses are an integral component of group living, interacting with conspecifics, and life history.
“stress responses are an integral component of group living, interacting with conspecifics, and life history.”
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Allostatic load and its impact on health: A systematic review
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“According to Edes and Crews (2017), “Allostatic load results from altered physiology across multiple systems secondary to stressors and related responses and, therefore, may be estimated using multisystem biomarker composites representing, for example, the neuroendocrine, metabolic, cardiovascular,…”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Edes, A. N., & Crews, D. E.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Crews, Douglas E.
- Venue
- American Journal of Physical Anthropology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-01
- Volume
- 162
- Issue
- S63
- Pages
- 44-70
- ISSN
- 0002-9483 (ISSN-L)
- 1096-8644
- OpenAlex
- W2573267323
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 306
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 9
- FWCI
- 5.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Physical Anthropology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Keywords
- allostatic load index, allostasis, stressors, physiological dysregulation, biomarkers, non-human primates, health and well-being, morbidity and mortality, life history, health disparities, cognitive function, stress response
- MeSH terms
- Anthropology, Physical, Homeostasis, Humans, Stress, Physiological, Allostasis
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