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Cited by 304

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 148 of the 148 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Diel predator activity drives a dynamic landscape of fear

Open access
Kohl, Michel T., Stahler, Daniel R., Metz, Matthew C., Forester, James D., Kauffman, Matthew J., Varley, Nathan, White, P. J., Smith, Douglas W., MacNulty, Daniel R.·2018·Ecological Monographs
DOI 10.1002/ecm.1313

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Abstract

A “landscape of fear” (LOF) is a map that describes continuous spatial variation in an animal's perception of predation risk. The relief on this map reflects, for example, places that an animal avoids to minimize risk. Although the LOF concept is a potentially unifying theme in ecology that is often invoked to explain the ecological and conservation significance of fear, little is known about the daily dynamics of an LOF. Despite theory and data to the contrary, investigators often assume, implicitly or explicitly, that an LOF is a static consequence of a predator's mere presence within an ecosystem. We tested the prediction that an LOF in a large‐scale, free‐living system is a highly dynamic map with “peaks” and “valleys” that alternate across the diel (24‐h) cycle in response to daily lulls in predator activity. We did so with extensive data from the case study of Yellowstone elk ( Cervus elaphus ) and wolves ( Canis lupus ) that was the original basis for the LOF concept. We quantified the elk LOF, defined here as spatial allocation of time away from risky places and times, across nearly 1,000‐km 2 of northern Yellowstone National Park and found that it fluctuated with the crepuscular activity pattern of wolves, enabling elk to use risky places during wolf downtimes. This may help explain evidence that wolf predation risk has no effect on elk stress levels, body condition, pregnancy, or herbivory. The ability of free‐living animals to adaptively allocate habitat use across periods of high and low predator activity within the diel cycle is an underappreciated aspect of animal behavior that helps explain why strong antipredator responses may trigger weak ecological effects, and why an LOF may have less conceptual and practical importance than direct killing.

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Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 10

  1. 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01757.x · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01757.x
  2. Bangs E. E., 1996, Reintroducing the gray wolf to central Idaho and Yellowstone National Park, Wildlife Society Bulletin, 24, 402
  3. 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.01963.x · doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.01963.x
  4. 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.11.018 · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.11.018
  5. Gibson R., 2009, Zooplankton diel vertical migration—a review of proximate control, Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 47, 77
  6. Hamlin K. L., 2009, The ecology of large mammals in central Yellowstone: sixteen years of integrated field studies, 541
  7. Lima S., 2005, Ecology of predator‐prey interactions, 166, 10.1093/oso/9780195171204.003.0008 · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195171204.003.0008
  8. 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1977.tb04154.x · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1977.tb04154.x
  9. White P. J., 2009, The ecology of large mammals in central Yellowstone: sixteen years of integrated field studies, 451
  10. White P. J., 2009, The ecology of large mammals in central Yellowstone: sixteen years of integrated field studies, 477

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Metadata

Authors
Kohl, M. T., Stahler, D. R., Metz, M. C., Forester, J. D., Kauffman, M. J., Varley, N., White, P. J., Smith, D. W., & MacNulty, D. R.
Venue
Ecological Monographs
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2018-06-22
Volume
88
Issue
4
Pages
638-652
ISSN
  • 0012-9615 (ISSN-L)
  • 1557-7015
DOI
10.1002/ecm.1313
OpenAlex
W2775674806
Cited by
304
References
148
FWCI
20.10
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
hybrid
Licence
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (DEB–1245373, DEB–0078130)
  • U.S. Geological Survey
  • National Geographic Society
  • Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
  • Alberta Conservation Association
  • National Park Service
  • Utah State University

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