The taste of music
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Zarlino, one of the most important music theorists of the XVI century, described the minor consonances as 'sweet' (dolci) and 'soft' (soavi) (Zarlino 1558/1983, in On the Modes New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1983). Hector Berlioz, in his Treatise on Modern Instrumentation and Orchestration (London: Novello, 1855), speaks about the 'small acid-sweet voice' of the oboe. In line with this tradition of describing musical concepts in terms of taste words, recent empirical studies have found reliable associations between taste perception and low-level sound and musical parameters, like pitch and phonetic features. Here we investigated whether taste words elicited consistent musical representations by asking trained musicians to improvise on the basis of the four canonical taste words: sweet, sour, bitter, and salty. Our results showed that, even in free improvisation, taste words elicited very reliable and consistent musical patterns:'bitter' improvisations are low-pitched and legato (without interruption between notes), 'salty' improvisations are staccato (notes sharply detached from each other), 'sour' improvisations are high-pitched and dissonant, and 'sweet' improvisations are consonant, slow, and soft. Interestingly, projections of the improvisations of taste words to musical space (a vector space defined by relevant musical parameters) revealed that, in musical space, improvisations based on different taste words were nearly orthogonal or opposite. Decoding methods could classify binary choices of improvisations (i.e., identify the improvisation word from the melody) at performance of around 80%--well above chance. In a second experiment we investigated the mapping from perception of music to taste words. Fifty-seven non-musical experts listened to a fraction of the improvisations. We found that listeners classified with high performance the taste word which had elicited the improvisation. Our results, furthermore, show that associations of taste and music go beyond basic sensory attributes into the domain of semantics, and open a new venue of investigation to understand the origins of these consistent taste-musical patterns.
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Specific auditory attributes are associated with basic tastes, both when presented as taste words and in the form of tasting solutions.
“Previously, it has been shown that specific auditory attributes are associated with basic tastes, both when presented as taste words (for instance, 'sweet'), and in the form of tasting solutions [80-88]”
From The Role of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Sensory Factors in Sweetness Perception of Food and Beverages: A Review (2019) · cites this paper as [85]
Both sweet and sour tastes are mapped to high pitch, whereas bitterness is mapped to low pitch.
“For instance, both sweet and sour tastes are mapped to high pitch, whereas bitterness is mapped to low pitch [81,85-87].”
From The Role of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Sensory Factors in Sweetness Perception of Food and Beverages: A Review (2019) · cites this paper as [85]
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- Authors
- Mesz, B., Trevisan, M. A., & Sigman, M.
- Affiliations
- National University of Quilmes (AR)
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (AR)
- Corresponding author
- Mesz, Bruno
- Trevisan, Marcos A
- Sigman, Mariano
- Venue
- Perception
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-01-01
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 209-219
- ISSN
- 0301-0066 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-4233
- OpenAlex
- W1989067105
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Perception (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CONICET Digital (CONICET) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Funders
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (CONICET)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Music Technology and Sound Studies
- Keywords
- taste words, music perception, musical improvisation, musical space, music semantics, free improvisation, musical parameters
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Discrimination, Psychological, Female, Humans, Male, Music, Taste
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