Reduced BDNF mRNA Expression in the Parkinson's Disease Substantia Nigra
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has potent effects on survival and morphology of dopaminergic neurons and thus its loss could contribute to death of these cells in Parkinson's disease (PD). In situ hybridization revealed that BDNF mRNA is strongly expressed by dopaminergic neurons in control substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). In clinically and neuropathologically typical PD, SNpc BDNF mRNA expression is reduced by 70% (P = 0.001). This reduction is due, in part, to loss of dopaminergic neurons which express BDNF. However, surviving dopaminergic neurons in the PD SNpc also expressed less BDNF mRNA (20%, P = 0.02) than their normal counterparts. Moreover, while 15% of control neurons had BDNF mRNA expression >1 SD below the control mean, twice as many (28%) of the surviving PD SNpc dopaminergic neurons had BDNF mRNA expression below this value. This 13% difference in proportions (95% CI 8-17%, P < or = 0.000001) indicates the presence of a subset of neurons in PD with particularly low BDNF mRNA expression. Moreover, both control and PD neurons displayed a direct relationship between the density of BDNF mRNA expression per square micrometer of cell surface and neuronal size (r(2) = 0.93, P </= 0.00001) which was lost only in PD neurons expressing the lowest levels of BDNF mRNA. If BDNF is an autocrine/paracrine factor for SNpc dopaminergic neurons, loss of BDNF-expressing neurons may compromise the well-being of their surviving neighbors. Moreover, neurons expressing particularly low levels of BDNF mRNA may be those at greatest risk of injury in PD and possibly the trigger for the degeneration itself.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In both PD patients and animal PD models, decreased level of BDNF was found in the nigrostriatal pathway.
“Since, in both PD patients and animal PD models, decreased level of BDNF was found in the nigrostriatal pathway, it has been hypothesized that BDNF may serve as a therapeutic agent.”
From BDNF as a Promising Therapeutic Agent in Parkinson’s Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [62]
Parkinson's disease patients have lower concentrations of BDNF mRNA and protein in the substantia nigra pars compacta than healthy controls.
“PD patients have lower concentrations of BDNF mRNA and protein in the substantia nigra pars compacta than healthy controls [164, 165].”
From Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Brain Disorders: Focus on Neuroinflammation (2019) · cites this paper as [165]
Cites
Bernheimer, H., Birkmayer, W., Hornykiewicz, O., Jellinger, K. A., & SEITELBERGER, F. (1973) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(73)90175-5 · Cited by 2,650 · see citing works
BDNF is a neurotrophic factor for dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra
Hyman, C., Hofer, M., Barde, Y., Juhasz, M., Yancopoulos, G. D., Squinto, S. P., & Lindsay, R. M. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/350230a0 · Cited by 1,494 · see citing works
Hughes, A. J., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Daniel, S. E., & Lees, A. J. (1992) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.42.6.1142 · Cited by 1,313 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional recovery in parkinsonian monkeys treated with GDNF
Gash, D. M., Zhang, Z., Ovadia, A., Cass, W. A., Yi, A., Simmerman, L., Russell, D., Martin, D., Lapchak, P. A., Collins, F., et al. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/380252a0 · Cited by 955 · see citing works
Appel, S. H. (1981) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410100602 · Cited by 698 · see citing works
Merlio, J., Ernfors, P., Jaber, M., & Persson, H. (1992) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(92)90292-a · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Batchelor, P., Liberatore, G. T., Wong, J. Y. F., Porritt, M. J., Frerichs, F., Donnan, G. A., & Howells, D. W. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-05-01708.1999 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Self-citationRate of cell death in parkinsonism indicates active neuropathological process
McGeer, P. L., Itagaki, S., Akiyama, H., & McGeer, E. G. (1988) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410240415 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Zhong, H., & Simons, J. W. (1999) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.0815 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Spina, M. B., Squinto, S. P., Miller, J. M., Lindsay, R. M., & Hyman, C. (1992) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb08880.x · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Molecular cloning of a human gene that is a member of the nerve growth factor family.
Jones, K. R., & Reichardt, L. F. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.20.8060 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Mogi, M., Togari, A., Kondo, T., Mizuno, Y., Komure, O., Kuno, S., Ichinose, H., & Nagatsu, T. (1999) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00463-2 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Adrenal Medulla Grafts Enhance Recovery of Striatal Dopaminergic Fibers
Bohn, M. C., Cupit, L. D., Marciano, F. F., et al. (1987) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2887034 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Tissue pH as an indicator of mRNA preservation in human post-mortem brain
Kingsbury, A. E., Foster, O. J. F., Nisbet, A. P., Cairns, N. J., Bray, L., Eve, D. J., Lees, A. J., & MARSDEN, C. D. (1995) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0169-328x(94)00219-5 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Neurotrophin trafficking by anterograde transport
Altar, C. A., & DiStefano, P. S. (1998) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(98)01273-9 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Parain, K., Murer, M. G., Yan, Q., Faucheux, B. A., Agid, Y., Hirsch, É. C., & Raisman‐Vozari, R. (1999) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199902250-00021 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Seroogy, K. B., Lundgren, K. H., Tran, T. M., Guthrie, K. M., Isackson, P. J., & Gall, C. M. (1994) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903420302 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Levivier, M., Przedborski, S., Bencsics, C., & Kang, U. (1995) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-12-07810.1995 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Research diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease.
Ward, C. D., & Gibb, W. R. G. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Adrenal medullary autografts into the basal ganglia of Cebus monkeys: Injury-induced regeneration
Fiandaca, M. S., Kordower, J. H., Hansen, J. T., et al. (1988) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(88)90080-5 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Hou, J. G., Lin, L.-F. H., & Mytilineou, C. (1996) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.66010074.x · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Expression of members of the trk family in the developing postnatal rat brain
Ringstedt, T., Lagercrantz, H., & Persson, H. (1993) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0165-3806(93)90165-7 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Kordower, J. H., Cochran, E. J., Penn, R. D., et al. (1991) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410290411 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
BDNF Enhances the Functional Reinnervation of the Striatum by Grafted Fetal Dopamine Neurons
Yurek, D. M., Lu, W. Y.-R., Hipkens, S. B., & Wiegand, S. J. (1996) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.1996.0011 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Okazawa, H., Murata, M., Watanabe, M., Kamei, M., & Kanazawa, I. (1992) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(92)81430-t · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Tsukahara, T., Takeda, M., Shimohama, S., Ohara, O., & Hashimoto, N. (1995) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/00006123-199510000-00018 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Does adrenal graft enhance recovery of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease?
Hirsch, É. C., Duyckaerts, C. J., Javoy-Agid, F., et al. (1990) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410270615 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Long-term evaluation of hemiparkinsonian monkeys after adrenal autografting or cavitation alone
Plunkett, R. J., Bankiewicz, K. S., Cummins, A. C., et al. (1990) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1990.73.6.0918 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Nuclear Translocation of Glyceraldehyde‐3‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase Isoforms During Neuronal Apoptosis
Saunders, P. A., Chen, R., & Chuang, D. (1999) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0720925.x · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Gall, C. M., Gold, S. J., Isackson, P. J., & Seroogy, K. B. (1992) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/1044-7431(92)90009-q · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Hunot, S., Bernard, V., Faucheux, B. A., Boissi�re, F., Leguern, É., Brana, C., Gautris, P. P., rin, J. G., Bloch, B., Agid, Y., et al. (1996) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/bf01291789 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Micheva, K. D., Vallée, A., Beaulieu, C., et al. (1998) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00391.x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
BDNF attenuates the effects of intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine
Shults, C. W., Kimber, T. A., & Altar, A. C. (1995) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199505300-00009 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Galpern, W. R., Frim, D. M., Tatter, S. B., Altar, C. A., Beal, M. F., & Isacson, O. (1996) · Cell Transplantation · doi:10.1016/0963-6897(95)02030-6 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Neuropathology in movement disorders.
Gibb, W. R. G. (1989) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.52.suppl.55 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Wong, J. Y. F., Liberatore, G. T., Donnan, G. A., & Howells, D. W. (1997) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.1997.6670 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationBenisty, S., Boissière‐Michot, F., Faucheux, B. A., Agid, Y., & Hirsch, É. C. (1998) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00126-2 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Studer, L., Spenger, C., Seiler, R. D., Othberg, A. I., Lindvall, O., & Odin, P. (1996) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00228106 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Liberatore, G. T., Wong, J. Y. F., Porritt, M. J., Donnan, G. A., & Howells, D. W. (1997) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199709290-00018 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationPrzedborski, S., Levivier, M., Kostić, V., Jackson-Lewis, V. R., Dollison, A. M., Gash, D. M., Fahn, S., & Cadet, J. L. (1991) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(91)91323-s · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Glycinergic transmission regulates dendrite size in organotypic culture
Sanes, D. H., & Hafidi, A. (1996) · Journal of Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4695(199612)31:4 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Potential of neurotrophic factors in therapy of Parkinson’s disease
Möller, J. C., Sautter, J., & Kupsch, A. R. (1996) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-7494-4_10 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Dopaminergic responses to striatal damage.
Howells, D. W., Liberatore, G. T., Wong, J. Y. F., & Donnan, G. A. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationSurgical damage stimulates proliferation of dopamine uptake sites in normal mouse brain
Howells, D. W., Donnan, G. A., Wong, J. Y. F., et al. (1993) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(93)90830-g · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationDopaminergic responses to striatal damage
Howells, D. W., Liberatore, G. T., Wong, J. Y. F., et al. (1996) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(96)00046-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its clinical Implications
Bathina, S., & Das, U. N. (2015) · Archives of Medical Science · doi:10.5114/aoms.2015.56342 · Cited by 1,381 · see citing works
GDNF, NGF and BDNF as Therapeutic Options for Neurodegeneration
Allen, S. J., Watson, J. J., Shoemark, D. K., Barua, N. U., & Patel, N. K. (2013) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.01.004 · Cited by 820 · see citing works
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Brain Disorders: Focus on Neuroinflammation
Lima Giacobbo, B., Doorduin, J., Klein, H. C., Dierckx, R. A. J. O., Bromberg, E., & de Vries, E. F. J. (2019) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-018-1283-6 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
Glutamate and Neurotrophic Factors in Neuronal Plasticity and Disease
Mattson, M. P. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1418.005 · Cited by 640 · see citing works
Bekinschtein, P., Cammarota, M., Igaz, L. M., Bevilaqua, L. R. M., Izquierdo, I., & Medina, J. H. (2007) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.11.025 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
BDNF as a Promising Therapeutic Agent in Parkinson’s Disease
Palasz, E., Wysocka, A., Gasiorowska, A., Chalimoniuk, M., Niewiadomski, W., & Niewiadomska, G. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21031170 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Vaynman, S., & Gomez-Pinilla, F. (2005) · Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair · doi:10.1177/1545968305280753 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Scalzo, P., Kümmer, A., Bretas, T. L., Cardoso, F., & Teixeira, A. L. (2010) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-009-5357-2 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Lau, Y.-S., Patki, G., Das-Panja, K., Le, W.-D., & Ahmad, S. O. (2011) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07626.x · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Zhou, Z.-L., Jia, X.-B., Sun, M.-F., Zhu, Y.-L., Qiao, C.-M., Zhang, B.-P., Zhao, L.-P., Yang, Q., Cui, C., Chen, X., et al. (2019) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-019-00719-2 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Diet in Parkinson’s Disease: Critical Role for the Microbiome
Jackson, A., Forsyth, C. B., Shaikh, M., Voigt, R. M., Engen, P. A., Ramirez, V., & Keshavarzian, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.01245 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Sharma, S., Taliyan, R., & Singh, S. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.052 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Cho, H.-S., Kim, S., Lee, S.-Y., Park, J. A., Kim, S.-J., & Chun, H. S. (2008) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2008.03.004 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Porritt, M. J., Batchelor, P. E., & Howells, D. W. (2005) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.11.030 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationTejeda, G., & Díaz-Guerra, M. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18020268 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Patricio, F., Morales-Andrade, A. A., Patricio-Martínez, A., & Limón, I. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.595635 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Molecular mechanisms of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neuro-protection: Recent developments
Zhao, H., Alam, A., San, C.-Y., Eguchi, S., Chen, Q., Lian, Q., & Ma, D. (2017) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2017.03.029 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Real, C. C., Ferreira, A. F. B., Chaves-Kirsten, G. P., Torrão, A. S., Pires, R. S., & Britto, L. R. G. (2013) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.060 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Ultrasound targeted CNS gene delivery for Parkinson's disease treatment
Fan, C.-H., Lin, C.-Y., Liu, H.-L., & Yeh, C.-K. (2017) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.07.004 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Neurotrophic Factors and Their Potential Applications in Tissue Regeneration
Xiao, N., & Le, Q.-T. (2016) · Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis · doi:10.1007/s00005-015-0376-4 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Razgado-Hernandez, L. F., Espadas-Alvarez, A. J., Reyna-Velazquez, P., Sierra-Sanchez, A., Anaya-Martinez, V., Jimenez-Estrada, I., Bannon, M. J., Martinez-Fong, D., & Aceves-Ruiz, J. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117391 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Cheon, M.-J., Lim, S.-M., Lee, N.-K., & Paik, H.-D. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21041227 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Progranulin Gene Delivery Protects Dopaminergic Neurons in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease
Van Kampen, J. M., Baranowski, D., & Kay, D. G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097032 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Nam, J. H., Leem, E., Jeon, M.-T., Jeong, K. H., Park, J.-W., Jung, U. J., Kholodilov, N., Burke, R. E., Jin, B. K., & Kim, S. R. (2015) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-014-8729-2 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Hernandez-Chan, N. G., Bannon, M. J., Orozco-Barrios, C. E., Escobedo, L., Zamudio, S., De la Cruz, F., Gongora-Alfaro, J. L., Armendáriz-Borunda, J., Reyes-Corona, D., Espadas-Alvarez, A. J., et al. (2015) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1186/s12929-015-0166-7 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Ziebell, M., Khalid, U., Klein, A. B., Aznar, S., Thomsen, G., Jensen, P., & Knudsen, G. M. (2012) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.11.010 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Shen, H., Marino, R. A. M., McDevitt, R. A., Bi, G.-H., Chen, K., Madeo, G., Lee, P.-T., Liang, Y., De Biase, L. M., Su, T.-P., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1800886115 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Probiotics and the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease: An Update
Mirzaei, H., Sedighi, S., Kouchaki, E., Barati, E., Dadgostar, E., Aschner, M., & Tamtaji, O. R. (2022) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-021-01128-w · Cited by 57 · see citing works
O’Callaghan, A., Harvey, M., Houghton, D., Gray, W. K., Weston, K. L., Oates, L. L., Romano, B., & Walker, R. W. (2020) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-019-01353-w · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Cardoso, H. D., Santos Junior, E. F. D., de Santana, D. F., Gonçalves-Pimentel, C., Angelim, M. K., Isaac, A. R., Lagranha, C. J., Guedes, R. C. A., Beltrão, E. I., Morya, E., et al. (2014) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.12.023 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Kaur, B., & Prakash, A. (2017) · Pathophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.02.001 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Palasz, E., Niewiadomski, W., Gasiorowska, A., Mietelska-Porowska, A., & Niewiadomska, G. (2019) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2019/8215017 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Li, X., Zhao, J., Li, Z., Zhang, L., & Huo, Z. (2020) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2020/8850653 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Lai, C.-L., Lu, C.-C., Lin, H.-C., Sung, Y.-F., Wu, Y.-P., Hong, J.-S., & Peng, G.-S. (2019) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2018.06.017 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Panagiotakopoulou, V., Botsakis, K., Delis, F., Mourtzi, T., Tzatzarakis, M. N., Dimopoulou, A., Poulia, N., Antoniou, K., Stathopoulos, G. T., Matsokis, N., et al. (2020) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107919 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Howells, D. W., Porritt, M. J., Wong, J. Y. F., Batchelor, P. E., Kalnins, R., Hughes, A. J., & Donnan, G. A.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Venue
- Experimental Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-11
- Volume
- 166
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 127-135
- ISSN
- 0014-4886 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2038730603
- Cited by
- 513
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 2.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Experimental Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nerve injury and regeneration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF mRNA expression, substantia nigra pars compacta, dopaminergic neurons, neuronal loss, autocrine and paracrine signaling, neuronal vulnerability, neuron size
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Dopamine, Humans, Middle Aged, Nerve Degeneration, Neurons, Parkinson Disease, RNA, Messenger, Substantia Nigra, In Situ Hybridization, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
