Models, Mechanisms and Moderators Dissociating Empathy and Theory of Mind
Abstract
Most instances of social interaction provide a wealth of information about the states of other people, be it sensations, feelings, thoughts, or convictions. How we represent these states has been a major question in social neuroscience, leading to the identification of two routes to understanding others: an affective route for the direct sharing of others' emotions (empathy) that involves, among others, anterior insula and middle anterior cingulate cortex and a cognitive route for representing and reasoning about others' states (Theory of Mind) that entails, among others, ventral temporoparietal junction and anterior and posterior midline regions. Additionally, research has revealed a number of situational and personal factors that shape the functioning of empathy and Theory of Mind. Concerning situational modulators, it has been shown, for instance, that ingroup membership enhances empathic responding and that Theory of Mind performance seems to be susceptible to stress. Personal modulators include psychopathological conditions, for which alterations in empathy and mentalizing have consistently been demonstrated; people on the autism spectrum, for instance, are impaired specifically in mentalizing, while spontaneous empathic responding seems selectively reduced in psychopathy. Given the multifaceted evidence for separability of the two routes, current research endeavors aiming at fostering interpersonal cooperation explore the differential malleability of affective and cognitive understanding of others.
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The empathy network, including the ACC and anterior insula, encodes for both one's own, as well as others' bodily, mental, and emotional states.
“This network, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the anterior insula, encodes for both one’s own, as well as others’ bodily, mental, and emotional states11.”
From Randomized clinical trial shows no substantial modulation of empathy-related neural activation by intranasal oxytocin in autism (2021) · cites this paper as [11]
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- Authors
- Kanske, P., Böckler, A., & Singer, T.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences (DE)
- University of Würzburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Kanske, Philipp
- Böckler, Anne
- Venue
- Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 30
- Pages
- 193-206
- ISSN
- 1866-3370 (ISSN-L)
- 1866-3389
- OpenAlex
- W1884670578
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 12.49
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current topics in behavioral neurosciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Keywords
- empathy, theory of mind, mentalization, affective empathy, cognitive empathy, anterior insula, stress, autism spectrum disorder, psychopathy, interpersonal cooperation, social cognition
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Empathy, Humans, Social Perception, Theory of Mind
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