The laptop and the lecture: The effects of multitasking in learning environments

The Principles of Psychology

James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876

Levels of processing: A framework for memory research

Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(72)80001-x · Cited by 9,566

Perception and Communication

Lane, S. D. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315506173-8 · Cited by 4,707

Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory.

Tulving, E., & Thomson, D. M. (1973) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0020071 · Cited by 4,540

The principles of psychology, Vol I.

James, W. (1890) · doi:10.1037/10538-000 · Cited by 4,514

Perception and communication.

Broadbent, D. E. (1958) · doi:10.1037/10037-000 · Cited by 4,337

The limited capacity model of mediated message processing

Lang, A. (2000) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02833.x · Cited by 2,153

Untitled work

(1971) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,687

Categories of Human Learning

Melton, A. W. (1964) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-12392-6 · Cited by 985

Organization and Memory

Mandler, G. (1967) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60516-2 · Cited by 912

Digital natives: Where is the evidence?

Helsper, E. J., & Eynon, R. (2010) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1080/01411920902989227 · Cited by 1,262

The Pen Is Mightier Than the Keyboard: Advantages of Longhand Over Laptop Note Taking

Mueller, P. A., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614524581 · Cited by 1,051

Laptop multitasking hinders classroom learning for both users and nearby peers

Sana, F., Weston, T., & Cepeda, N. J. (2013) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.10.003 · Cited by 707

Examining the impact of off-task multi-tasking with technology on real-time classroom learning

Wood, E., Zivcakova, L., Gentile, P., Archer, K., De Pasquale, D., & Nosko, A. (2012) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2011.08.029 · Cited by 565

The digital natives as learners: Technology use patterns and approaches to learning

Thompson, P. (2013) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.12.022 · Cited by 557

The impact of a flipped classroom design on learning performance in higher education: Looking for the best “blend” of lectures and guiding questions with feedback

Thai, N. T. T., Wever, B. D., & Valcke, M. (2017) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2017.01.003 · Cited by 603

Self-Control and Academic Achievement

Duckworth, A. L., Taxer, J. L., Eskreis-Winkler, L., Galla, B. M., & Gross, J. J. (2019) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103230 · Cited by 662

Untitled work

Misra (2016) · doi:10.1177/0013916514539755 · Cited by 430

Technology and Informal Education: What Is Taught, What Is Learned

Greenfield, P. M. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1167190 · Cited by 462

The consequences of media multitasking for youth: A review

van der Schuur, W. A., Baumgartner, S. E., Sumter, S. R., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.035 · Cited by 370

An exploration of social networking site use, multitasking, and academic performance among United States and European university students

Karpinski, A. C., Kirschner, P. A., Ozer, I., Mellott, J. A., & Ochwo, P. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.10.011 · Cited by 352

Online and face-to-face classroom multitasking and academic performance: Moderated mediation with self-efficacy for self-regulated learning and gender

Alghamdi, A., Karpinski, A. C., Lepp, A., & Barkley, J. E. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.08.018 · Cited by 365

Efficient, helpful, or distracting? A literature review of media multitasking in relation to academic performance

May, K. E., & Elder, A. D. (2018) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-018-0096-z · Cited by 287

Causes, effects, and practicalities of everyday multitasking

Carrier, L. M., Rosen, L. D., Cheever, N. A., & Lim, A. F. (2015) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2014.12.005 · Cited by 284

Use of audio podcast in K-12 and higher education: a review of research topics and methodologies

Hew, K. F. (2008) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-008-9108-3 · Cited by 318

Point-and-Shoot Memories: The Influence of Taking Photos on Memory for a Museum Tour

Henkel, L. A. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613504438 · Cited by 278

Drawn to distraction: A qualitative study of off-task use of educational technology

Aagaard, J. (2015) · Comput. Educ. · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2015.03.010 · Cited by 247

How Has the Internet Reshaped Human Cognition?

Loh, K. K., & Kanai, R. (2016) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858415595005 · Cited by 272

Embracing Digitalization: Student Learning and New Technologies

Crittenden, W. F., Biel, I. K., & Lovely, W. A. (2018) · Journal of Marketing Education · doi:10.1177/0273475318820895 · Cited by 261

Untitled work

(2010) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 256

Influence of Students’ Learning Style, Sense of Presence, and Cognitive Load on Learning Outcomes in an Immersive Virtual Reality Learning Environment

Huang, C. L., Luo, Y.-F., Yang, S. C., Lu, C., & Chen, A. (2019) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/0735633119867422 · Cited by 283

Non-academic internet use in the classroom is negatively related to classroom learning regardless of intellectual ability

Ravizza, S. M., Hambrick, D. Z., & Fenn, K. M. (2014) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.05.007 · Cited by 242

A Review of Evidence on the Role of Digital Technology in Shaping Attention and Cognitive Control in Children

Vedechkina, M., & Borgonovi, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.611155 · Cited by 263

Multitasking on a Single Device: Arousal and the Frequency, Anticipation, and Prediction of Switching Between Media Content on a Computer: Multitasking and Arousal

Yeykelis, L., Cummings, J. J., & Reeves, B. (2014) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/jcom.12070 · Cited by 216

Juggling on a high wire: Multitasking effects on performance

Adler, R. F., & Benbunan-Fich, R. (2012) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2011.10.003 · Cited by 203

What else do college students “do” while studying? An investigation of multitasking

Calderwood, C., Ackerman, P. L., & Conklin, E. M. (2014) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.02.004 · Cited by 201

Screenomics : A Framework to Capture and Analyze Personal Life Experiences and the Ways that Technology Shapes Them

Reeves, B. B., Ram, N., Robinson, T. N., Cummings, J. J., Giles, C. L., Pan, J., Chiatti, A., Cho, M., Roehrick, K., Yang, X., et al. (2019) · Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/07370024.2019.1578652 · Cited by 211

Ubiquitous laptop usage in higher education: Effects on student achievement, student satisfaction, and constructivist measures in honors and traditional classrooms

Wurst, C., Smarkola, C., & Gaffney, M. A. (2008) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2008.05.006 · Cited by 192

Cognitive failures in daily life: Exploring the link with Internet addiction and problematic mobile phone use

Hadlington, L. J. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.036 · Cited by 180

Does media multitasking always hurt? A positive correlation between multitasking and multisensory integration

Lui, K. F. H., & Wong, A. C.-N. (2012) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-012-0245-7 · Cited by 179

Pervasive, lifestyle‐integrated mobile learning for distance learners: an analysis and unexpected results from a podcasting study

Lee, M. J. W., & Chan, A. (2007) · Open Learning The Journal of Open Distance and e-Learning · doi:10.1080/02680510701619810 · Cited by 191

“Switching On” creativity: Task switching can increase creativity by reducing cognitive fixation

Lu, J. G., Akinola, M., & Mason, M. F. (2017) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2017.01.005 · Cited by 186

An investigation of the impact of demographics on cyberloafing from an educational setting angle

Baturay, M. H., & Toker, Ş. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.081 · Cited by 175

Large Scale Analysis of Multitasking Behavior During Remote Meetings

Cao, H., Lee, C.-J., Iqbal, S., Czerwinski, M., Wong, P. N. Y., Rintel, S., Hecht, B., Teevan, J. B., & Yang, L. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445243 · Cited by 186

The impact of computer usage on academic performance: Evidence from a randomized trial at the United States Military Academy

Carter, S. P., Greenberg, K., & Walker, M. S. (2016) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2016.12.005 · Cited by 175

Everyday attention: Mind wandering and computer use during lectures

Risko, E. F., Buchanan, D., Medimorec, S., & Kingstone, A. F. (2013) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2013.05.001 · Cited by 167

Media Multitasking Effects on Cognitive vs. Attitudinal Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis

Jeong, S.-H., & Hwang, Y. (2016) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/hcre.12089 · Cited by 154

On the Use of Cell Phones and Other Electronic Devices in the Classroom: Evidence From a Survey of Faculty and Students

Baker, W. M., Lusk, E. J., & Neuhauser, K. L. (2012) · Journal of Education for Business · doi:10.1080/08832323.2011.622814 · Cited by 153

Digital Youth, Innovation, and the Unexpected

Xenos, M. A. (2009) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/13691180802552932 · Cited by 153

Exploring the Benefits and Challenges of Using Laptop Computers in Higher Education Classrooms: A Formative Analysis

Kay, R. H., & Lauricella, S. (2011) · Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology · doi:10.21432/t2s598 · Cited by 146

Age Differences in Media Multitasking: A Diary Study

Voorveld, H. A. M., & van der Goot, M. (2013) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2013.816709 · Cited by 144

The multi‐tasking paradox: perceptions, problems and strategies

Appelbaum, S. H., Marchionni, A., & Fernández, A. (2008) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/00251740810911966 · Cited by 143

Technology use and academic performance

Wentworth, D. K., & Middleton, J. H. (2014) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.06.012 · Cited by 154

Unregulated use of laptops over time in large lecture classes

Ragan, E. D., Jennings, S. R., Massey, J. D., & Doolittle, P. E. (2014) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.05.002 · Cited by 139

How Do Communication and Technology Researchers Study the Internet?

Walther, J. B., Gay, G. K., & Hancock, J. T. (2005) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02688.x · Cited by 139

“TV no longer commands our full attention”: Effects of second-screen viewing and task relevance on cognitive load and learning from news

Cauwenberge, A. V., Schaap, G., & van Roy, R. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.021 · Cited by 138

Theory and Practice in the Design and Conduct of Graduate Medical Education

Hodges, B. D., & Kuper, A. (2011) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e318238e069 · Cited by 136

Canadian university students in wireless classrooms: What do they do on their laptops and does it really matter?

Gaudreau, P., Miranda, D., & Gareau, A. (2014) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2013.08.019 · Cited by 126

Dividing attention in the classroom reduces exam performance

Glass, A. L., & Kang, M. (2019) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2018.1489046 · Cited by 125

Why do media users multitask?: Motives for general, medium-specific, and content-specific types of multitasking

Hwang, Y., Kim, H., & Jeong, S.-H. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.040 · Cited by 122

Understanding teachers’ reluctance to the pedagogical use of ICT in the 1:1 classroom

Tallvid, M. (2014) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-014-9335-7 · Cited by 122

Disengagement during lectures: Media multitasking and mind wandering in university classrooms

Wammes, J. D., Ralph, B. C. W., Mills, C., Bosch, N., Duncan, T. L., & Smilek, D. (2018) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.12.007 · Cited by 137

The impact of laptop-free zones on student performance and attitudes in large lectures

Aguilar-Roca, N. M., Williams, A. E., & O’Dowd, D. K. (2012) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.05.002 · Cited by 117

Managing mobile multitasking

Ames, M. G. (2013) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/2441776.2441945 · Cited by 123

Multitasking as distraction: A conceptual analysis of media multitasking research

Aagaard, J. (2018) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354318815766 · Cited by 120

Does multitasking in the classroom affect learning outcomes? A naturalistic study

Jamet, É., Gonthier, C., Cojean, S., Colliot, T., & Erhel, S. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106264 · Cited by 109

Social media as academic quicksand: A phenomenological study of student experiences in and out of the classroom

Flanigan, A. E., & Babchuk, W. A. (2015) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.11.003 · Cited by 107

The effect of social media multitasking on classroom performance

Demirbilek, M., & Talan, T. (2017) · Active Learning in Higher Education · doi:10.1177/1469787417721382 · Cited by 107

Information Management Versus Knowledge Building: Implications for Learning and Assessment in Higher Education

Alexander, P. A. (2018) · Methodology of educational measurement and assessment · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74338-7_3 · Cited by 104

Measurement and evidence of computer-based task switching and multitasking by ‘Net Generation’ students

Judd, T., & Kennedy, G. (2011) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2010.10.004 · Cited by 106

Dial D for Distraction: The Making and Breaking of Cell Phone Policies in the College Classroom

Berry, M. J., & Westfall, A. L. (2015) · College Teaching · doi:10.1080/87567555.2015.1005040 · Cited by 102

A pilot study examining the impact of collaborative mind mapping strategy in a flipped classroom: learning achievement, self-efficacy, motivation, and students’ acceptance

Zheng, X., Johnson, T. E., & Zhou, C. (2020) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-020-09868-0 · Cited by 102

A combined experimental and individual-differences investigation into mind wandering during a video lecture.

Kane, M. J., Smeekens, B. A., von Bastian, C. C., Lurquin, J., Carruth, N. P., & Miyake, A. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000362 · Cited by 116

Media multitasking performance: Role of message relevance and formatting cues in online environments

Srivastava, J. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.023 · Cited by 96

Interruptions and Task Transitions: Understanding Their Characteristics, Processes, and Consequences

Leroy, S., Schmidt, A. M., & Madjar, N. Y. (2020) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2017.0146 · Cited by 104

College Students’ Multitasking Behavior in Online Versus Face-to-Face Courses

Lepp, A., Barkley, J. E., Karpinski, A. C., & Singh, S. (2019) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244018824505 · Cited by 91

Digital backchannels in shared physical spaces

McCarthy, J. F., & boyd, D. (2005) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/1056808.1056986 · Cited by 91

Behavioral performance and visual attention in communication multitasking: A comparison between instant messaging and online voice chat

Wang, Z., David, P., Srivastava, J., Powers, S. R., Brady, C. E., D’Angelo, J. D., & Moreland, J. J. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.12.018 · Cited by 90

Media usage diminishes memory for experiences

Tamir, D. I., Templeton, E. M., Ward, A. F., & Zaki, J. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.01.006 · Cited by 89

Adjusting the Volume: Technology and Multitasking in Discourse Control

Baron, N. S. (2008) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262113120.003.0014 · Cited by 93

Effect of multitasking, physical environment and electroencephalography use on cognitive load and retention

Örün, Ö., & Akbulut, Y. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.027 · Cited by 87

Students’ use of information and communication technologies in the classroom: Uses, restriction, and integration

Vahedi, Z., Zannella, L., & Want, S. C. (2019) · Active Learning in Higher Education · doi:10.1177/1469787419861926 · Cited by 109

Computers and productivity: Evidence from laptop use in the college classroom

Patterson, R. W., & PATTERSON, R. M. (2017) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2017.02.004 · Cited by 87

Learning from Paper, Learning from Screens: Impact of Screen Reading and Multitasking Conditions on Reading and Writing among College Students

Subrahmanyam, K., Michikyan, M., Clemmons, C., Carrillo, R., Uhls, Y. T., & Greenfield, P. M. (2013) · International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning · doi:10.4018/ijcbpl.2013100101 · Cited by 81

The Effects of Task Difficulty and Multitasking on Performance

Adler, R. F., & Benbunan‐Fich, R. (2014) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1093/iwc/iwu005 · Cited by 85

Media Multitasking: Good, Bad, or Ugly?

Lang, A., & Chrzan, J. (2015) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.2015.11679173 · Cited by 79

Twitter as a Learning Community in Higher Education

Lorenzo, M. D. C. R., & Murias, T. F. (2016) · Educational Technology & Society · Cited by 78

Mobile Media Use, Multitasking and Distractibility

Levine, L. E., Waite, B. M., & Bowman, L. L. (2012) · International Journal of Cyber Behavior Psychology and Learning · doi:10.4018/ijcbpl.2012070102 · Cited by 83

Measuring multitasking behavior with activity-based metrics

Benbunan‐Fich, R., Adler, R. F., & Mavlanova, T. (2011) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/1970378.1970381 · Cited by 81

Learning variables, in-class laptop multitasking and academic performance: A path analysis

Zhang, W. (2014) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.09.012 · Cited by 87

The potential effect of technology and distractions on undergraduate students’ concentration

Attia, N. A., Baig, L. A., Marzouk, Y. I., & Khan, A. (2017) · Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.12669/pjms.334.12560 · Cited by 86

From smartphones to iPad: Power users’ disposition toward mobile media devices

Zhong, B. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.016 · Cited by 75

Language and Communication Technology

Walther, J. B. (2004) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x04269584 · Cited by 73

The Effects of Chronic Multitasking on Analytical Writing

Lottridge, D. M., Rosakranse, C., Oh, C. S., Westwood, S. J., Baldoni, K. A., Mann, A. S., & Nass, C. (2015) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2702123.2702367 · Cited by 70

Generating Content Increases Enjoyment by Immersing Consumers and Accelerating Perceived Time

Tonietto, G., & Barasch, A. (2020) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/0022242920944388 · Cited by 70

The Effects of Task Interruption on Human Performance: A Study of the Systematic Classification of Human Behavior and Interruption Frequency

Lee, B. C., & Duffy, V. G. (2014) · Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries · doi:10.1002/hfm.20603 · Cited by 68

Cyberloafing behaviors among university students: Their relationships with positive and negative affect

Metin-Orta, I., & Demirtepe-Saygılı, D. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02374-3 · Cited by 73

College Students’ Distractions from Learning Caused by Multitasking in Online vs. Face-to-Face Classes: A Case Study at a Public University in Romania

Aivaz, K.-A., & Teodorescu, D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191811188 · Cited by 65

Mobile manifestations of alertness

Murnane, E. L., Abdullah, S., Matthews, M. L., Kay, M., Kientz, J. A., Choudhury, T., Gay, G. K., & Cosley, D. (2016) · International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI) · doi:10.1145/2935334.2935383 · Cited by 66

Unstructured vs. Structured Use of Laptops in Higher Education

Kay, R. H., & Lauricella, S. (2011) · Journal of Information Technology Education Innovations in Practice · doi:10.28945/1363 · Cited by 64

Information technology in education: Risks and side effects

Spitzer, M. (2014) · Trends in Neuroscience and Education · doi:10.1016/j.tine.2014.09.002 · Cited by 62

Cyberloafing among Gen Z students: the role of norms, moral disengagement, multitasking self-efficacy, and psychological outcomes

Mihelič, K. K., Lim, V. K. G., & Culiberg, B. (2022) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-022-00617-w · Cited by 72

Management learning at the speed of life: Designing reflective, creative, and collaborative spaces for millenials

Karakaş, F., Manisalıgil, A., & Sarigöllü, E. (2015) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2015.07.001 · Cited by 73

Media multitasking predicts video-recorded lecture learning performance through mind wandering tendencies

Loh, K. K., Tan, B. Z. H., & Lim, S. W. H. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.06.030 · Cited by 60

Reading Performances Between Novices and Experts in Different Media Multitasking Environments

Lin, L., Robertson, T., & Lee, J. (2009) · Computers in the Schools · doi:10.1080/07380560903095162 · Cited by 59

Student use of mobile devices in university lectures

Roberts, N., & Rees, M. J. (2014) · Australasian Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.14742/ajet.589 · Cited by 59

Media multitasking, attention, and distraction: a critical discussion

Aagaard, J. (2014) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-014-9375-x · Cited by 59

Media Multitasking: A Bibliometric Approach and Literature Review

Beuckels, E., Ye, G., Hudders, L., & Cauberghe, V. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.623643 · Cited by 56

The association between excessive social media use and distraction: an eye movement tracking study

Xie, J.-Q., Rost, D. H., Wang, F.-X., Wang, J.-L., & Monk, R. L. (2021) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2020.103415 · Cited by 56

Effects of multitasking on retention and topic interest

Dindar, M., & Akbulut, Y. (2016) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2015.10.005 · Cited by 55

Laptop multitasking hinders classroom learning for both users and nearby peers

Sana, F., Weston, T., & Cepeda, N. J. (2013) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.10.003 · Cited by 707

Does multitasking in the classroom affect learning outcomes? A naturalistic study

Jamet, É., Gonthier, C., Cojean, S., Colliot, T., & Erhel, S. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106264 · Cited by 109

Untitled work

(2010) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 256

Disengagement during lectures: Media multitasking and mind wandering in university classrooms

Wammes, J. D., Ralph, B. C. W., Mills, C., Bosch, N., Duncan, T. L., & Smilek, D. (2018) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.12.007 · Cited by 137

THE EFFECT OF MULTITASKING ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

Rybolt, W. (2010)