Bioreactor monitoring with spectroscopy and chemometrics: a review
Abstract
Biotechnological processes are crucial to the development of any economy striving to ensure a relevant position in future markets. The cultivation of microorganisms in bioreactors is one of the most important unit operations of biotechnological processes, and real-time monitoring of bioreactors is essential for effective bioprocess control. In this review, published material on the potential application of different spectroscopic techniques for bioreactor monitoring is critically discussed, with particular emphasis on optical fiber technology, reported for in situ bioprocess monitoring. Application examples are presented by spectroscopy type, specifically focusing on ultraviolet-visible, near-infrared, mid-infrared, Raman, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The spectra acquisition devices available and the major advantages and disadvantages of each spectroscopy are discussed. The type of information contained in the spectra and the available chemometric methods for extracting that information are also addressed, including wavelength selection, spectra pre-processing, principal component analysis, and partial least-squares. Sample handling techniques (flow and sequential injection analysis) that include transport to spectroscopic sensors for ex-situ on-line monitoring are not covered in this review.
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The monitoring of intracellular and extracellular macromolecules in bioprocesses shares many intrinsic similarities to yeast and bacteria bioprocesses.
“the monitoring of intracellular and extracellular macromolecules in bioprocesses share many intrinsic similarities to yeast and bacteria bioprocesses, which have been extensively reviewed together due to these similarities [20,21,29].”
From Microalgal process-monitoring based on high-selectivity spectroscopy tools: status and future perspectives (2018) · cites this paper as [21]
Currently, there are few reviews of vibrational spectroscopy as it pertains to the microalgae industry, and these reviews do not take into account the technological progress and development of on-line/in-line vibrational spectroscopy implemented in bioprocess, pharmaceutical, and liquid and solid food industries.
“Currently, there are few reviews of vibrational spectroscopy as it pertains to the microalgae industry [9,17-19]; however, these reviews do not take into account the technological progress and development of on-line/in-line vibrational spectroscopy implemented in bioprocess, pharmaceutical, and liquid and solid food industries [20-28]”
From Microalgal process-monitoring based on high-selectivity spectroscopy tools: status and future perspectives (2018) · cites this paper as [21]
There are numerous cases of in situ MIR applications, all of which use ATR-FTIR probes to acquire quantitative MIR spectra of a multitude of media components and bioproducts.
“There are numerous cases of in situ MIR applications, all of which use ATR-FTIR probes to acquire quantitative MIR spectra of a multitude of media components and bioproducts [20,21].”
From Microalgal process-monitoring based on high-selectivity spectroscopy tools: status and future perspectives (2018) · cites this paper as [21]
MIR spectra relevant to the microalgal industry obtained in situ in yeast and bacterial bioreaction suspensions in 5 L to 15 L reactors include optical density, ammonium, phosphates, acetate, glucose, fructose, organic acids as well as several bioproducts.
“MIR spectra relevant to the microalgal industry obtained in situ in yeast and bacterial bioreaction suspensions in 5 L to 15 L reactors include optical density, ammonium, phosphates, acetate, glucose, fructose, organic acids as well as several bioproducts [20,21].”
From Microalgal process-monitoring based on high-selectivity spectroscopy tools: status and future perspectives (2018) · cites this paper as [21]
A promising mode of MIR for wet applications is attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), which has had growing applications in pharmaceutical, agro-food, and environmental sectors and can be used on-line/in-line in liquid media.
“However, a promising mode of MIR for wet applications is attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTR), which has had growing applications in pharmaceutical, agro-food, and environmental sectors and can be used on-line/in-line in liquid media (see reviews by [20] and [21]).”
From Microalgal process-monitoring based on high-selectivity spectroscopy tools: status and future perspectives (2018) · cites this paper as [21]
NIR in vivo analysis of microalgae has only yet investigated biomass, lipids, and carotenoids, but the potential use of high-selectivity on-line/in-line NIR in microalgae bioreactions is evidenced by its prolific use in other bioprocesses.
“NIR in vivo analysis of microalgae has only yet investigated biomass, lipids, and carotenoids (Fig. 2) but the potential use of high-selectivity on-line/in-line NIR in microalgae bioreactions is evidenced by its prolific use in other bioprocesses [20,21].”
From Microalgal process-monitoring based on high-selectivity spectroscopy tools: status and future perspectives (2018) · cites this paper as [21]
Most applications of vibrational spectroscopy PAT require calibration and validation of chemometric models, with the exception of some analytes such as carotenoids measured through Raman.
“Most applications of vibrational spectroscopy PAT require calibration and validation of chemometric models [21, 48,102] with the exception of some analytes, for example carotenoids measured through Raman [94].”
From Microalgal process-monitoring based on high-selectivity spectroscopy tools: status and future perspectives (2018) · cites this paper as [21]
ATR-FTIR has the drawback that fiber optic materials with sufficient MIR transmission are limited and costly, require very short fiber optic cables, and may not be suitable for multiplexing to monitor inhomogeneities across large-scale photobioreactors.
“Another drawback of ATR-FTIR is that fiber optic materials with sufficient MIR transmission are limited and costly [80] and require very short fiber optic cables and may not be suitable for multiplexing [21] to monitor inhomogeneities across large scale photobioreactors.”
From Microalgal process-monitoring based on high-selectivity spectroscopy tools: status and future perspectives (2018) · cites this paper as [21]
Raman and NIR are more likely to be multiplexed with fiber optic conduits up to a few meters long.
“On the other hand, Raman and NIR are more likely to be multiplexed with fiber optic conduits, each which can be up to a few meters long [21].”
From Microalgal process-monitoring based on high-selectivity spectroscopy tools: status and future perspectives (2018) · cites this paper as [21]
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- Authors
- Lourenço, N. D., Lopes, J. A., Almeida, C. F., Sarraguça, M. C., & Pinheiro, H. M.
- Affiliations
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (PT)
- Universidade do Porto (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Lourenço, N. D.
- Venue
- Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- Published
- 2012-05-30
- Volume
- 404
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1211-1237
- ISSN
- 1618-2642 (ISSN-L)
- 1618-2650
- OpenAlex
- W2057328981
- Cited by
- 275
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 10
- FWCI
- 13.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis
- Keywords
- bioreactor monitoring, bioprocess monitoring, in situ monitoring, fiber optic sensors, UV-Vis spectroscopy, near-infrared spectroscopy, mid-infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, chemometrics, principal component analysis, partial least squares, wavelength selection, microbial cultivation, real-time process control
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Biotechnology, Spectrum Analysis, Bioreactors
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