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The glymphatic system: a beginner's guide
Open accessAbstract
The glymphatic system is a recently discovered macroscopic waste clearance system that utilizes a unique system of perivascular tunnels, formed by astroglial cells, to promote efficient elimination of soluble proteins and metabolites from the central nervous system. Besides waste elimination, the glymphatic system also facilitates brain-wide distribution of several compounds, including glucose, lipids, amino acids, growth factors, and neuromodulators. Intriguingly, the glymphatic system function mainly during sleep and is largely disengaged during wakefulness. The biological need for sleep across all species may therefore reflect that the brain must enter a state of activity that enables elimination of potentially neurotoxic waste products, including β-amyloid. Since the concept of the glymphatic system is relatively new, we will here review its basic structural elements, organization, regulation, and functions. We will also discuss recent studies indicating that glymphatic function is suppressed in various diseases and that failure of glymphatic function in turn might contribute to pathology in neurodegenerative disorders, traumatic brain injury and stroke.
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“as well as physical removal of metabolic wastes via the brain's glymphatic system (Jessen et al., 2015).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Jessen et al., 2015
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“For example, studies using injection of fluorescent tracers into cisterna magna of mice have suggested that paravascular circulation occurs via CSF convective flow through the ECS from the para-arterial to the paravenous spaces, which is regulated by AQP4 water channels on astrocytes, and therefore the system was renamed as the 'glymphatic' system (276, 293).”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [293]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Jessen, N. A., Munk, A. S. F., Lundgaard, I., & Nedergaard, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- Venue
- Neurochemical Research
- Published
- 2015-05-07
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2583-2599
- ISSN
- 0364-3190 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6903
- PMC
- PMC4636982
- OpenAlex
- W211905087
- Cited by
- 2,075
- References
- 141
- Citations by year
- 2026: 230 · 2025: 300 · 2024: 266 · 2023: 235 · 2022: 217 · 2021: 223 · 2020: 168 · 2019: 137 · 2018: 127 · 2017: 102 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 17
- FWCI
- 45.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Neurochemical Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Israel Science Foundation
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF13OC0004258)
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG048769)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS078304, R01NS078167, R01NS075177, NS075177, NS078304))
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R21HD080573)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Keywords
- glymphatic system, perivascular spaces, astrocytes, brain waste clearance, amyloid-beta, neurodegenerative diseases, traumatic brain injury, stroke, glymphatic dysfunction
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Astrocytes, Brain Injuries, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Humans, Lymphatic System
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