Effects of milk proteins supplementation in older adults undergoing resistance training: A meta-analysis of randomized control trials
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Older adults experience age-related physiological changes that affect body weight and body composition. In general, nutrition and exercise have been identified as potent stimulators of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. Milk proteins are excellent sources of all the essential amino acids and may represent an ideal protein source to promote muscle anabolism in older adults undergoing resistance training. However, several randomized control trials (RCTs) have yielded mixed results on the effects of milk proteins supplementation in combination with resistance training on body weight and composition. METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane databases were searched for literature that evaluated the effects of milk proteins supplementation on body weight and composition among older adults (age ≥ 60 years) undergoing resistance training up to September 2016. A random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of effect sizes. RESULTS: The final analysis included 10 RCTs involving 574 participants (mean age range from 60 to 80.8 years). Overall, the combination of milk proteins supplementation and resistance training did not have significant effect on fat mass (0.30, 95% CI -0.25, 0.86 kg) or body weight (1.02, 95% CI: -0.01, 2.04 kg). However, a positive effect of milk proteins supplementation paired with resistance training on fat-free mass was observed (0.74, 95% CI 0.30, 1.17 kg). Greater fat-free mass gains were observed in studies that included more than 55 participants (0.73, 95% CI 0.30, 1.16 kg), and in studies that enrolled participants with aging-related medical conditions (1.60, 95% CI 0.92, 2.28 kg). There was no statistical evidence of publication bias among the studies. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide evidence that supplementation of milk protein, in combination with resistance training, is effective to elicit fat-free mass gain in older adults.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Protein supplementation in combination with resistance-type muscle strengthening exercise is an efficient intervention for lean mass and strength gain in elderly individuals.
“PS in combination with resistance-type MSE has been identified as an efficient intervention for LM and strength gain in elderly individuals [11,13,15,19,59,64].”
Individuals with sarcopenia or frailty may experience greater benefits in muscle mass gain in response to PS + MSE than their healthy peers.
“Different populations may explain the inconsistency between the results of previous reviews and the findings in the present meta-analysis, which further confirm the conclusion of previous authors indicating that individuals with sarcopenia or frailty may experience greater benefits in muscle mass gain and physical performance in response to PS + MSE than their healthy peers [15,70].”
Individuals with sarcopenia or frailty may experience greater benefits in physical performance in response to PS + MSE than their healthy peers.
“Different populations may explain the inconsistency between the results of previous reviews and the findings in the present meta-analysis, which further confirm the conclusion of previous authors indicating that individuals with sarcopenia or frailty may experience greater benefits in muscle mass gain and physical performance in response to PS + MSE than their healthy peers [15,70].”
Frail individuals may have greater benefits in body composition and physical performance in response to PS plus exercise training than their healthy peers.
“which further confirm the conclusion of previous authors that frail individuals may have greater benefits in body composition and physical performance in response to PS plus exercise training than their healthy peers [71,88]”
From Effects of Protein Supplementation Combined with Exercise Intervention on Frailty Indices, Body Composition, and Physical Function in Frail Older Adults (2018) · cites this paper as [71]
Previous systematic reviews have demonstrated nonsignificant effects on changes in body weight, muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical mobility in response to PS plus RET among older adults who mostly were healthy or nonfrail.
“Previous systematic reviews have demonstrated nonsignificant effects on changes in body weight [21,71,87], muscle mass [19,87], muscle strength [19], and physical mobility [20] in response to PS plus RET among older adults who mostly were healthy or nonfrail.”
From Effects of Protein Supplementation Combined with Exercise Intervention on Frailty Indices, Body Composition, and Physical Function in Frail Older Adults (2018) · cites this paper as [71]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823 · see citing works
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 · Cited by 64,042 · see citing works
Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722 · see citing works
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement.
(2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 44,859 · see citing works
Wang, G., Ma, R., Qiao, G., Wada, K., Aizawa, Y., & Satoh, T. (2015) · Integrative Medicine International · doi:10.1159/000368408 · Cited by 18,759 · see citing works
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x · Cited by 14,099 · see citing works
Deutz, N. E. P., Bauer, J. M., Barazzoni, R., Biolo, G., Boirie, Y., Bosy-Westphal, A., Cederholm, T., Cruz-Jentoft, A., Krznariç, Z., Nair, K. S., et al. (2014) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2014.04.007 · Cited by 1,738 · see citing works
Variance imputation for overviews of clinical trials with continuous response
Follmann, D. A., Elliott, P., Suh, I., & Cutler, J. A. (1992) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(92)90054-q · Cited by 1,391 · see citing works
Katsanos, C. S., Kobayashi, H., Sheffield-Moore, M., Aarsland, A., & Wolfe, R. R. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00488.2005 · Cited by 923 · see citing works
Cermak, N. M., Res, P. T., de Groot, L. C., Saris, W. H., & van Loon, L. J. (2012) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.037556 · Cited by 827 · see citing works
Postexercise net protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered amino acids
Tipton, K. D., Ferrando, A. A., Phillips, S. M., Doyle, D., & Wolfe, R. R. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1999.276.4.e628 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
Tieland, M., Dirks, M. L., van der Zwaluw, N., Verdijk, L. B., van de Rest, O., de Groot, L. C. P. G. M., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2012.05.020 · Cited by 556 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Four (13, 23, 26, 27) of the included studies were conducted in Netherlands, three (11, 22, 25) in the United States, one (24) in Australia, one (14) in Italy , and one (12) in Canada.”
InfluentialHoffman, J. R., & Falvo, M. J. (2004) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Breen, L., Burd, N. A., Hector, A. J., Churchward-Venne, T. A., Josse, A. R., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2012) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114511007422 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Amino acid ingestion improves muscle protein synthesis in the young and elderly
Paddon-Jones, D., Sheffield-Moore, M., Zhang, X.-J., Volpi, E., Wolf, S. E., Aarsland, A., Ferrando, A. A., & Wolfe, R. R. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00368.2003 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Dreyer, H. C., Drummond, M. J., Pennings, B., Fujita, S., Glynn, E. L., Chinkes, D. L., Dhanani, S., Volpi, E., & Rasmussen, B. B. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00582.2007 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Decreased Food Intake With Aging
Morley, J. E. (2001) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/56.suppl_2.81 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Rondanelli, M., Klersy, C., Terracol, G., Talluri, J., Maugeri, R., Guido, D., Faliva, M. A., Solerte, B. S., Fioravanti, M., Lukaski, H., et al. (2016) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.113357 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Insulin resistance of muscle protein metabolism in aging
Rasmussen, B. B., Fujita, S., Wolfe, R. R., Mittendorfer, B., Roy, M., Rowe, V. L., & Volpi, E. (2006) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.05-4607fje · Cited by 402 · see citing works
The Rate of Protein Digestion affects Protein Gain Differently during Aging in Humans
Dangin, M., Guillet, C., Garcia‐Rodenas, C., Gachon, P., Bouteloup‐Demange, C., Reiffers‐Magnani, K., Fauquant, J., Ballèvre, O., & Beaufrère, B. (2003) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.036897 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Anabolic Resistance of Muscle Protein Synthesis with Aging
Burd, N. A., Gorissen, S. H., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2013) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1097/jes.0b013e318292f3d5 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Volpi, E., Campbell, W., Dwyer, J., Johnson, M., Jensen, G., Morley, J., & Wolfe, R. (2013) · The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/gls229 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Splanchnic and whole-body leucine kinetics in young and elderly men
Boirie, Y., Gachon, P., & Beaufrère, B. (1997) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/65.2.489 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Aging impairs contraction-induced human skeletal muscle mtorc1 signaling and protein synthesis
Fry, C. S., Drummond, M. J., Glynn, E. L., Dickinson, J. M., Gundermann, D. M., Timmerman, K. L., Walker, D. K., Dhanani, S., Volpi, E., & Rasmussen, B. B. (2011) · Skeletal Muscle · doi:10.1186/2044-5040-1-11 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Influence of the Protein Digestion Rate on Protein Turnover in Young and Elderly Subjects
Dangin, M., Boirie, Y., Guillet, C., & Beaufrère, B. (2002) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/131.10.3228s · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Pennings, B., Koopman, R., Beelen, M., Senden, J. M., Saris, W. H., & van Loon, L. J. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.29649 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Effects of ageing on smell and taste
Boyce, J., & Shone, G. (2006) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pgmj.2005.039453 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Tieland, M., Borgonjen-Van den Berg, K. J., van Loon, L. J. C., & de Groot, L. C. P. G. M. (2012) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-011-0203-6 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
New functions for amino acids: effects on gene transcription and translation
Kimball, S. R., & Jefferson, L. S. (2006) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.2.500s · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Verdijk, L. B., Jonkers, R. A., Gleeson, B. G., Beelen, M., Meijer, K., Savelberg, H. H., Wodzig, W. K., Dendale, P., & van Loon, L. J. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26626 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Verreijen, A. M., Verlaan, S., Engberink, M. F., Swinkels, S., de Vogel-van den Bosch, J., & Weijs, P. J. (2015) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.090290 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Age-related impairments in the regulation of food intake
Rolls, B., Dimeo, K., & Shide, D. J. (1995) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/62.5.923 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Chalé, A., Cloutier, G. J., Hau, C., Phillips, E. M., Dallal, G. E., & Fielding, R. A. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/gls221 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Amino Acids and Muscle Loss with Aging
Fujita, S., & Volpi, E. (2006) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/136.1.277s · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Finger, D., Goltz, F. R., Umpierre, D., Meyer, E., Rosa, L. H. T., & Schneider, C. D. (2015) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0269-4 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Maximizing muscle protein anabolism: the role of protein quality
Tang, J. E., & Phillips, S. M. (2009) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e32831cef75 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Effects of resistance training and dietary protein intake on protein metabolism in older adults
Campbell, W. W., Crim, M. C., Young, V. R., Joseph, L. J., & Evans, W. J. (1995) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1995.268.6.e1143 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Protein supplementation before and after resistance training in older men
Candow, D. G., Chilibeck, P. D., Facci, M., Abeysekara, S., & Zello, G. A. (2006) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0223-8 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Kukuljan, S., Nowson, C. A., Sanders, K., & Daly, R. M. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00392.2009 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Bortolotto, S. K., Stephenson, D. G., & Stephenson, G. M. M. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1999.276.3.c628 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Effects of birth cohort and age on body composition in a sample of community-based elderly
Ding, J., Kritchevsky, S. B., Newman, A. B., Taaffe, D. R., Nicklas, B. J., Visser, M., Lee, J. S., Nevitt, M. C., Tylavsky, F. A., Rubin, S. M., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.2.405 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Association between sarcopenia and mortality in healthy older people
Bunout, D. C., de la Maza, M. P., Barrera, G., Leiva, L., & Hirsch, S. (2011) · Australian Journal on Ageing · doi:10.1111/j.1741-6612.2010.00448.x · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Exercise and nutrition to target protein synthesis impairments in aging skeletal muscle
Dickinson, J. M., Volpi, E., & Rasmussen, B. B. (2013) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1097/jes.0b013e3182a4e699 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Protein Supplementation during Resistance-Type Exercise Training in the Elderly
Leenders, M., Verdijk, L. B., van der Hoeven, L., van Kranenburg, J. M. X., Nilwik, R., Wodzig, W. K. W. H., Senden, J. M., KEIZER, H. A., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2013) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318272fcdb · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Harber, M. P., Crane, J. D., Dickinson, J. M., Jemioło, B., Raue, U., Trappe, T. A., & Trappe, S. W. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.90906.2008 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
What is associated with low food intake in older people with dementia?
Lin, L., Watson, R. A., & Wu, S. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.02962.x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Dickinson, J. M., Drummond, M. J., Coben, J. R., Volpi, E., & Rasmussen, B. B. (2012) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.07.009 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Stark, M., Lukaszuk, J. M., Prawitz, A. D., & Salacinski, A. J. (2012) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-9-54 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Eliot, K. A., Knehans, A. W., Bemben, D. A., Witten, M. S., Carter, J., & Bemben, M. G. (2008) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1007/bf02982622 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Association between food intake and oral health in elderly: SEPAHAN systematic review no. 8.
Kazemi, S., Savabi, G., Khazaei, S., Savabi, O., Esmaillzadeh, A., Keshteli, A. H., & Adibi, P. (2011) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.4103/1735-3327.95898 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Guido, D., Perna, S., Carrai, M., Barale, R., Grassi, M., & Rondanelli, M. (2016) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-016-0703-4 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Liao, C.-D., Chen, H.-C., Huang, S.-W., & Liou, T.-H. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11081713 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
ten Haaf, D. S. M., Nuijten, M. A. H., Maessen, M. F. H., Horstman, A. M. H., Eijsvogels, T. M. H., & Hopman, M. T. (2018) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy192 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Liao, C.-D., Lee, P.-H., Hsiao, D.-J., Huang, S.-W., Tsauo, J.-Y., Chen, H.-C., & Liou, T.-H. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10121916 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Alternative dietary protein sources to support healthy and active skeletal muscle aging
van der Heijden, I., Monteyne, A. J., Stephens, F. B., & Wall, B. T. (2023) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuac049 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Liao, C.-D., Huang, S.-W., Chen, H.-C., Huang, M.-H., Liou, T.-H., & Lin, C.-L. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16070941 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Vieira, A. F., Santos, J. S., Costa, R. R., Cadore, E. L., & Macedo, R. C. O. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01704-0 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Gade, J., Pedersen, R. J., & Beck, A. M. (2018) · Rehabilitation Process and Outcome · doi:10.1177/1179572718765760 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hidayat, K., Chen, G.-C., Wang, Y., Zhang, Z., Dai, X., Szeto, I. M. Y., & Qin, L.-Q.
- Affiliations
- Soochow University (CN)
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group (China) (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Qin, Li-Qiang
- Venue
- The Journal of nutrition, health and aging
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-02
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 237-245
- ISSN
- 1279-7707 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC12876277
- OpenAlex
- W2591865095
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 0.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The journal of nutrition health & aging (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- resistance training, older adults, fat-free mass, fat mass, body composition, muscle anabolism, protein synthesis
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animals, Body Composition, Body Weight, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Milk Proteins, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Dietary Supplements, Resistance Training
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
