Cited by 547Advanced MRI Techniques and ApplicationsAdvanced Neuroimaging Techniques and ApplicationsFunctional Brain Connectivity Studies

Biophysical and Physiological Origins of Blood Oxygenation Level-Dependent fMRI Signals

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Kim, Seong-Gi, Ogawa, Seiji·2012·Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism

Abstract

After its discovery in 1990, blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been widely used to map brain activation in humans and animals. Since fMRI relies on signal changes induced by neural activity, its signal source can be complex and is also dependent on imaging parameters and techniques. In this review, we identify and describe the origins of BOLD fMRI signals, including the topics of (1) effects of spin density, volume fraction, inflow, perfusion, and susceptibility as potential contributors to BOLD fMRI, (2) intravascular and extravascular contributions to conventional gradient-echo and spin-echo BOLD fMRI, (3) spatial specificity of hemodynamic-based fMRI related to vascular architecture and intrinsic hemodynamic responses, (4) BOLD signal contributions from functional changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV), and cerebral metabolic rate of O 2 utilization (CMRO 2 ), (5) dynamic responses of BOLD, CBF, CMRO 2 , and arterial and venous CBV, (6) potential sources of initial BOLD dips, poststimulus BOLD undershoots, and prolonged negative BOLD fMRI signals, (7) dependence of stimulus-evoked BOLD signals on baseline physiology, and (8) basis of resting-state BOLD fluctuations. These discussions are highly relevant to interpreting BOLD fMRI signals as physiological means.

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Crossref · 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.23

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Authors
Kim, S.-G., & Ogawa, S.
Affiliations
  • University of Pittsburgh (US)
  • Tohoku Fukushi University (JP)
Corresponding author
Kim, Seong-Gi
Venue
Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism
Published
2012-03-07
Volume
32
Issue
7
Pages
1188-1206
ISSN
  • 0271-678X (ISSN-L)
  • 1559-7016
OpenAlex
W2102673550
Cited by
547
References
150
Citations by year
2026: 41 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 3
FWCI
5.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS 44589, R01NS044589)
  • National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (EB-003375, EB 003324, R01EB003324, R01EB003375)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
Keywords
BOLD signal, spin density, blood volume fraction, inflow effects, perfusion, susceptibility, hemodynamic response, cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume, cerebral oxygen consumption, vascular architecture
MeSH terms
Animals, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Hemodynamics, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Oxygen Consumption

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