Belief in karma: How cultural evolution, cognition, and motivations shape belief in supernatural justice
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Many people believe that the principle of karma causes good deeds to generate good outcomes, and bad deeds to generate bad outcomes, even across long time scales, across reincarnations and without the intervention of human agents of justice.
“Many people believe that the principle of karma causes good deeds to generate good outcomes, and bad deeds to generate bad outcomes, even across long time scales, across reincarnations and without the intervention of human agents of justice (White & Norenzayan, 2019).”
From Victim blaming and belief in karma (2024) · cites this paper as White & Norenzayan, 2019
Individual differences in belief in karma and belief in a just world are only moderately correlated.
“Beliefs about karma may partly reflect intuitions about fairness that arise from general belief in a just world (Baumard & Chevallier, 2012), but individual differences in belief in karma and belief in a just world are only moderately correlated (Chobthamkit et al., 2022;White, Norenzayan, et al., 2019), and explicit belief in karma is also shaped by particular religious cultures and cognitive”
From Victim blaming and belief in karma (2024) · cites this paper as White, Norenzayan, et al., 2019
Belief in karma may be most likely to encourage victim blaming in situations where a victim's past misdeeds or negative personality traits are highly salient, such as when observers are aware that a victim's current suffering resembles past suffering they have caused to others.
“Belief in karma may be most likely to encourage victim blaming in situations where a victim's past misdeeds or negative personality traits are highly salient, such as when observers are aware that a victim's current suffering resembles past suffering they have caused to others (e.g.Taylor et al., 2022;White et al., 2020;White, Norenzayan, et al., 2019).”
From Victim blaming and belief in karma (2024) · cites this paper as White, Norenzayan, et al., 2019
Cites
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124 · Cited by 28,810 · see citing works
Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1975) · Utility, Probability, and Human Decision Making · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1834-0_8 · Cited by 22,650 · see citing works
The weirdest people in the world?
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0999152x · Cited by 12,641 · see citing works
The Handbook of Social Psychology
Gravatt, A. E., Lindzey, G. E., & Aronson, F. (1969) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582242 · Cited by 12,518 · see citing works
Altruistic punishment in humans
Fehr, E., & Gächter, S. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/415137a · Cited by 5,616 · see citing works
Cognitive Reflection and Decision Making
Frederick, S. (2005) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/089533005775196732 · Cited by 5,256 · see citing works
Cooperation and Punishment in Public Goods Experiments
Fehr, E., & Gächter, S. (2000) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.90.4.980 · Cited by 4,416 · see citing works
WEIRD languages have misled us, too
Majid, A., & Levinson, S. C. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x1000018x · Cited by 4,169 · see citing works
Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution
Levinson, M. H. (2006) · ETC.: A Review of General Semantics · doi:10.66774/etc_6303_351 · Cited by 3,581 · see citing works
Not By Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution
Richerson, P. J., & Boyd, R. (2004) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226712130.001.0001 · Cited by 2,793 · see citing works
Graham, J., Nosek, B. A., Haidt, J., Iyer, R., Koleva, S., & Ditto, P. H. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021847 · Cited by 2,666 · see citing works
The Belief in a Just World: A Fundamental Delusion.
Hamilton, V. L., & Lerner, M. J. (1982) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2067083 · Cited by 2,544 · see citing works
The four elementary forms of sociality: Framework for a unified theory of social relations.
Fiske, A. P. (1992) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.99.4.689 · Cited by 2,510 · see citing works
Sacred and secular religion and politics worldwide
Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. (2004) · Cited by 2,244 · see citing works
Gilbert, D. T., & Malone, P. S. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.1.21 · Cited by 1,897 · see citing works
Engel, C. (2011) · Experimental Economics · doi:10.1007/s10683-011-9283-7 · Cited by 1,823 · see citing works
Graham, J., Haidt, J., Koleva, S. P., Motyl, M. S., Iyer, R., Wojcik, S. P., & Ditto, P. H. (2013) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407236-7.00002-4 · Cited by 1,815 · see citing works
Bargh, J. A. (1994) · Cited by 1,581 · see citing works
Social evaluation by preverbal infants
Hamlin, J. K., Wynn, K., & Bloom, P. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06288 · Cited by 1,566 · see citing works
Camerer, C. F., Dreber, A., Holzmeister, F., Ho, T.-H., Huber, J., Johannesson, M., Kirchler, M., Nave, G., Nosek, B. A., Pfeiffer, T., et al. (2018) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0399-z · Cited by 1,521 · see citing works
Markets, Religion, Community Size, and the Evolution of Fairness and Punishment
Henrich, J., Ensminger, J., McElreath, R. L., Barr, A. M., Barrett, C., Bolyanatz, A., Cárdenas, J.-C., Gurven, M., Gwako, E. L. M., Henrich, N. S., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1182238 · Cited by 1,370 · see citing works
Henrich, J. (2015) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.195747 · Cited by 1,237 · see citing works
Who Sees Human?: The Stability and Importance of Individual Differences in Anthropomorphism
Waytz, A., Cacioppo, J., & Epley, N. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610369336 · Cited by 1,228 · see citing works
Why would anyone believe in God?
(2005) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-3375a · Cited by 951 · see citing works
The cultural evolution of prosocial religions
Norenzayan, A., Shariff, A. F., Gervais, W. M., Willard, A. K., McNamara, R. A., Slingerland, E., & Henrich, J. (2016) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x14001356 · Cited by 934 · see citing works
In Gods we Trust: The Evolutionary Landscape of Religion
Hinde, R. A. (2003) · Ars Disputandi · doi:10.1080/15665399.2003.10819760 · Cited by 930 · see citing works
Rai, T. S., & Fiske, A. P. (2011) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0021867 · Cited by 887 · see citing works
Moral character predominates in person perception and evaluation.
Goodwin, G. P., Piazza, J. R., & Rozin, P. N. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034726 · Cited by 858 · see citing works
Beyond beliefs: Religions bind individuals into moral communities
Graham, J., & Haidt, J. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868309353415 · Cited by 842 · see citing works
Big gods: how religion transformed cooperation and conflict
(2014) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.51-5544 · Cited by 817 · see citing works
God and the government: Testing a compensatory control mechanism for the support of external systems
Kay, A. C., Gaucher, D., Napier, J. L., Callan, M. J., & Laurin, K. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.18 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
Experimental Research on Just-World Theory: Problems, Developments, and Future Challenges.
Hafer, C. L., & Bègue, L. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.128 · Cited by 808 · see citing works
Descartes' baby: how the science of child development explains what makes us human
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-1874 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
(1993) · Cited by 775 · see citing works
Conceptualizing a Nonnatural Entity: Anthropomorphism in God Concepts
Barrett, J. L., & Keil, F. C. (1996) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1996.0017 · Cited by 769 · see citing works
Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide
Ikenberry, G. J., Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. (2004) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20034150 · Cited by 768 · see citing works
Religion's evolutionary landscape: Counterintuition, commitment, compassion, communion
Atran, S., & Norenzayan, A. (2004) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x04000172 · Cited by 759 · see citing works
(2002) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 745 · see citing works
Culture-gene coevolution, norm-psychology and the emergence of human prosociality
Chudek, M., & Henrich, J. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.03.003 · Cited by 739 · see citing works
Reward, punishment, and cooperation: A meta-analysis.
Balliet, D. P., Mulder, L. B., & Lange, P. A. M. V. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0023489 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
The evolution of costly displays, cooperation and religion
Henrich, J. (2009) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.03.005 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
A mutualistic approach to morality: The evolution of fairness by partner choice
Baumard, N., André, J., & Sperber, D. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x11002202 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
The future of world religions: population growth projections, 2010-2015
Stonawski, M. J., Skirbekk, V., & Potančoková, M. (2015) · IIASA PURE (International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis) · Cited by 597 · see citing works
Are Children “Intuitive Theists”?: Reasoning About Purpose and Design in Nature
Kelemen, D. (2004) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00672.x · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Analytic Thinking Promotes Religious Disbelief
Gervais, W. M., & Norenzayan, A. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1215647 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Making sense by making sentient: Effectance motivation increases anthropomorphism.
Waytz, A., Morewedge, C. K., Epley, N., Monteleone, G., Gao, J.-H., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020240 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Burnstein, E., Crandall, C. S., & Kitayama, S. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.5.773 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Lipkusa, I. M., Dalbert, C., & Siegler, I. C. (1996) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167296227002 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
How infants and toddlers react to antisocial others
Hamlin, J. K., Wynn, K., Bloom, P. A., & Mahajan, N. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1110306108 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Do you believe in atheists? Distrust is central to anti-atheist prejudice.
Gervais, W. M., Shariff, A. F., & Norenzayan, A. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025882 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Moralistic gods, supernatural punishment and the expansion of human sociality
Purzycki, B. G., Apicella, C., Atkinson, Q. D., Cohen, E., McNamara, R. A., Willard, A. K., Xygalatas, D., Norenzayan, A., & Henrich, J. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature16980 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Shariff, A., Willard, A. K., Andersen, T., & Ara Norenzayan, A. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868314568811 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
A Terror Management Analysis of the Psychological Functions of Religion
Vail, K. E., Rothschild, Z. K., Weise, D. R., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868309351165 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Atran, S., & Henrich, J. (2010) · Biological Theory · doi:10.1162/biot_a_00018 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Proscriptive versus prescriptive morality: Two faces of moral regulation.
Janoff‐Bulman, R., Sheikh, S., & Hepp, S. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013779 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Miller, J. G., Bersoff, D. M., & Harwood, R. L. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.1.33 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Does moral identity effectively predict moral behavior?: A meta-analysis
Hertz, S. G., & Krettenauer, T. (2016) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000062 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework
Hobson, N. M., Schroeder, J., Risen, J. L., Xygalatas, D., & Inzlicht, M. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868317734944 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Watts, J., Greenhill, S. J., Atkinson, Q. D., Currie, T. E., Bulbulia, J., & Gray, R. D. (2015) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.2556 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
God is watching you: how the fear of God makes us human
(2016) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.195324 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
A Person-Centered Approach to Moral Judgment
Uhlmann, E., Pizarro, D. A., & Diermeier, D. A. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614556679 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
The Coexistence of Natural and Supernatural Explanations Across Cultures and Development
Legare, C. H., Evans, E. M., Rosengren, K. S., & Harris, P. L. (2012) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01743.x · Cited by 332 · see citing works
The developmental foundations of human fairness
McAuliffe, K., Blake, P. R., Steinbeis, N., & Warneken, F. (2017) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-016-0042 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Mean Gods Make Good People: Different Views of God Predict Cheating Behavior
Shariff, A. F., & Norenzayan, A. (2011) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2011.556990 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Religion as Attachment: Normative Processes and Individual Differences
Granqvist, P., Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868309348618 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Psychological Aspects of Retributive Justice
Carlsmith, K. M., & Darley, J. M. (2008) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(07)00004-4 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Faces in the clouds: a new theory of religion
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-0378 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Cognitive biases explain religious belief, paranormal belief, and belief in life’s purpose
Willard, A. K., & Norenzayan, A. (2013) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.07.016 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Acts of God? Religiosity and Natural Disasters Across Subnational World Districts*
Sinding Bentzen, J. (2019) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1093/ej/uez008 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Mentalizing Deficits Constrain Belief in a Personal God
Norenzayan, A., Gervais, W. M., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036880 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Hand of God, Mind of Man: Punishment and Cognition in the Evolution of Cooperation
Johnson, D., & Bering, J. (2006) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470490600400119 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Global evidence of extreme intuitive moral prejudice against atheists
Gervais, W. M., Xygalatas, D., McKay, R. T., van Elk, M., Buchtel, E. E., Aveyard, M., Schiavone, S. R., Dar-Nimrod, I., Svedholm-Häkkinen, A. M., Riekki, T., et al. (2017) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0151 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Roes, F. (2003) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s1090-5138(02)00134-4 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Costly third-party punishment in young children
McAuliffe, K., Jordan, J., & Warneken, F. (2014) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2014.08.013 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Blaming God for our pain: Human suffering and the divine mind
Gray, K., & Wegner, D. M. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868309350299 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Stark, R. (1997) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Investment in Long-Term Goals and Commitment to Just Means Drive the Need to Believe in a Just World
Hafer, C. L. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672002611004 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
The Makings of the Magical Mind: The Nature and Function of Sympathetic Magical Thinking
Nemeroff, C. J., & Rozin, P. N. (2000) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511571381.002 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Pennycook, G., Ross, R. M., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153039 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Baumard, N., & Boyer, P. (2013) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.04.003 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Atkinson, Q. D., & Bourrat, P. (2011) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.07.008 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Increased Affluence Explains the Emergence of Ascetic Wisdoms and Moralizing Religions
Baumard, N., Hyafil, A., Morris, I., & Boyer, P. (2014) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.063 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Legare, C. H., & Gelman, S. A. (2008) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1080/03640210802066766 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Cultural evolution : society, technology, language, and religion
Richerson, P. J., & Christiansen, M. H. (2013) · ANU Open Research (Australian National University) · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Young Children Consider Merit when Sharing Resources with Others
Kanngießer, P., & Warneken, F. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043979 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
The belief instinct: the psychology of souls, destiny, and the meaning of life
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-7213 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
The ecology of religious beliefs
Botero, C. A., Gardner, B., Kirby, K. R., Bulbulia, J., Gavin, M. C., & Gray, R. D. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1408701111 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
APA Handbook of Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality
Izenstark, A. (2014) · Reference Reviews · doi:10.1108/rr-08-2013-0208 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Faces in the Clouds: A New Theory of Religion
McCutcheon, R. T., & Guthrie, S. E. (1994) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1386639 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Sibley, C. G., & Bulbulia, J. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049648 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
van Elk, M., Matzke, D., Gronau, Q. F., Guan, M., Vandekerckhove, J., & Wagenmakers, E. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01365 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Responses to Victimizations and Belief in a Just World
Montada, L., & Lerner, M. J. (1998) · Critical issues in social justice · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-6418-5 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Moralizing gods, impartiality and religious parochialism across 15 societies
Lang, M., Purzycki, B. G., Apicella, C. L., Atkinson, Q. D., Bolyanatz, A., Cohen, E. E. A., Handley, C., Klocová, E. K., LESOROGOL, C. K., Mathew, S., et al. (2019) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0202 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
The new metaphysicals: spirituality and the American religious imagination
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-2616 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
The cultural evolution of shamanism
Singh, M. (2017) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x17001893 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
"O Lord… You Perceive my Thoughts from Afar": Recursiveness and the Evolution of Supernatural Agency
Bering, J. M., & JOHNSON, D. D. P. (2005) · Journal of Cognition and Culture · doi:10.1163/1568537054068679 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Lanman, J., & Buhrmester, M. D. (2017) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2015.1117011 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
The cognitive and cultural foundations of moral behavior
Purzycki, B. G., Pisor, A. C., Apicella, C. L., Atkinson, Q. D., Cohen, E. E. A., Henrich, J., McElreath, R. L., McNamara, R. A., Ara Norenzayan, A., Willard, A. K., et al. (2018) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.04.004 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Gervais, W. M., Willard, A., Norenzayan, A., & Henrich, J. (2011) · Religion · doi:10.1080/0048721x.2011.604510 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Karma : An Anthropological Inquiry
Richman, P. S. (1983) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Divergent Effects of Beliefs in Heaven and Hell on National Crime Rates
Shariff, A. F., & Rhemtulla, M. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039048 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
The minds of gods: A comparative study of supernatural agency
Purzycki, B. G. (2013) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.06.010 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
The Belief in a Just World and Immanent Justice Reasoning in Adults
Callan, M. J., Ellard, J. H. T., & Nicol, J. E. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206292236 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Imagining the Impossible: Magical, Scientific, and Religious Thinking in Children.
Treadwell‐Deering, D., & THOMAS, C. R. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200112000-00024 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Testing theories of secularization and religious belief in the Czech Republic and Slovakia
Willard, A., & Cingl, L. (2017) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2017.01.002 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Do minds switch bodies? Dualist interpretations across ages and societies
Chudek, M., McNamara, R. A., Birch, S., Bloom, P., & Henrich, J. (2018) · Religion, Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2017.1377757 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Banerjee, K., & Bloom, P. (2014) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2014.06.017 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Our Gods: Variation in Supernatural Minds
Purzycki, B. G., & Sosis, R. H. (2010) · The frontiers collection · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-13968-0_5 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Krull, D. S., Loy, M. H.-M., Lin, J. S., Wang, C.-F., Chen, S., & Zhao, X. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167299258003 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
God images and god concepts: Definitions, development, and dynamics.
Davis, E. B., Moriarty, G. L., & Mauch, J. C. (2012) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/a0029289 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
It was meant to happen: Explaining cultural variations in fate attributions.
Ara Norenzayan, A., & Lee, A. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019141 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Gomes, C., & McCullough, M. E. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000027 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Purzycki, B. G., Henrich, J., Apicella, C. L., Atkinson, Q. D., Baimel, A., Cohen, E. E. A., McNamara, R. A., Willard, A. K., Xygalatas, D., & Ara Norenzayan, A. (2017) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2016.1267027 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Why religion? Meaning as motivation.
Park, C. L., Edmondson, D. E., & Hale, A. E. (2012) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14045-008 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Consumer Expectations and Culture: The Effect of Belief in Karma in India
Kopalle, P. K., Lehmann, D. R., & Farley, J. U. (2010) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/651939 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Witchcraft beliefs and the erosion of social capital: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa and beyond
Gershman, B. (2015) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.11.005 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Immanent Justice and Ultimate Justice
Maes, J. (1998) · Critical issues in social justice · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-6418-5_2 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Strong reciprocity, human cooperation, and the enforcement of social norms
Fehr, E., Fischbacher, U., & Gächter, S. (2002) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-002-1012-7 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Believers' estimates of God's beliefs are more egocentric than estimates of other people's beliefs
Nicholas Epley, A., Converse, B. A., Delbosc, A., Monteleone, G., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0908374106 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Rogers, T., Goldstein, N. J., & Fox, C. R. (2017) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033718 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Evolutionary accounts of belief in supernatural punishment: a critical review
Schloss, J. P., & Murray, M. J. (2011) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2011.558707 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
How Children and Adults Represent God's Mind
Heiphetz, L., Lane, J. D., Waytz, A. G., & Young, L. (2015) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12232 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Maij, D. L. R., van Harreveld, F., Gervais, W., Schrag, Y., Mohr, C., & van Elk, M. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182764 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
In Godlessness We Distrust: Using Social Psychology to Solve the Puzzle of Anti‐atheist Prejudice
Gervais, W. M. (2013) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12035 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Miller, J. G., & Luthar, S. (1989) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1989.7.3.237 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Aulino, F. (2016) · American Ethnologist · doi:10.1111/amet.12265 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
The New Metaphysicals: Spirituality and the American Religious Imagination
Ammerman, N. T. (2011) · Sociology of Religion · doi:10.1093/socrel/srr039 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Yeo, S. S., Meiser, B., Barlow-Stewart, K. K., Goldstein, D., Tucker, K., & Eisenbruch, M. (2004) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.831 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Sanchez, C., Sundermeier, B., Gray, K., & Calin-Jageman, R. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172636 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Imagining karma: ethical transformation of Amerindian, Buddhist, and Greek rebirth
Obeyesekere, G. (2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-5180 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“Spiritual but not religious”: Cognition, schizotypy, and conversion in alternative beliefs
Willard, A. K., & Norenzayan, A. (2017) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2017.05.018 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The Content and Correlates of Belief in Karma Across Cultures
White, C., Ara Norenzayan, A., & Schaller, M. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218808502 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationHeywood, B. T., & Bering, J. M. (2013) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2013.782888 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Religion and Helping: Impact of Target Thinking Styles and Just-World Beliefs
Pichon, I., & Saroglou, V. (2009) · Archive for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1163/157361209x424466 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Seeking the supernatural: the Interactive Religious Experience Model
Leeuwen, N. V., & van Elk, M. (2018) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2018.1453529 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Converse, B. A., Risen, J. L., & Carter, T. J. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612437248 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
In Pursuit of Good Karma: When Charitable Appeals to Do Right Go Wrong
Kulow, K., & Krämer, T. (2016) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucw018 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Infants Distinguish Antisocial Actions Directed towards Fair and Unfair Agents
Meristo, M., & Surian, L. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110553 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Analytic atheism: A cross-culturally weak and fickle phenomenon?
Gervais, W. M., van Elk, M., Xygalatas, D., McKay, R. T., Aveyard, M., Buchtel, E. E., Dar-Nimrod, I., Klocová, E. K., Ramsay, J. E., Riekki, T., et al. (2018) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500007701 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The Why and How of Defending Belief in a Just World
Hafer, C. L., & Rubel, A. N. (2014) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2014.09.001 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Malinowski Goes to College: Factors Influencing Students' Use of Ritual and Superstition
Rudski, J. M., & Edwards, A. (2007) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.3200/genp.134.4.389-404 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Predictive coding in agency detection
Andersen, M. M. (2017) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2017.1387170 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Unethical and Inept? The Influence of Moral Information on Perceptions of Competence
Stellar, J., & Willer, R. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000097 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Supernatural norm enforcement: Thinking about karma and God reduces selfishness among believers
White, C., Kelly, J., Shariff, A., & Ara Norenzayan, A. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.03.008 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationMemory and Belief in the Transmission of Counterintuitive Content
Willard, A., Henrich, J., & Norenzayan, A. (2016) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-016-9259-6 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Does religion make people moral?
Ara Norenzayan, A. (2014) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/1568539x-00003139 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Cotterill, S., Sidanius, J., Bhardwaj, A., & Kumar, V. (2014) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.v2i1.171 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
The mind of the Lord: Measuring authoritarian and benevolent God representations.
Johnson, K. A., Okun, M. A., & Cohen, A. B. (2014) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/rel0000011 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Callan, M. J., Sutton, R. M., Harvey, A. J., & Dawtry, R. J. (2013) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800052-6.00002-0 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
McNamara, R. A., Norenzayan, A., & Henrich, J. (2016) · Religion, Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2014.921235 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
What Does God Know? Supernatural Agents’ Access to Socially Strategic and Non‐Strategic Information
Purzycki, B. G., Finkel, D. N., Shaver, J. H., Wales, N., Cohen, A. B., & Sosis, R. H. (2012) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2012.01242.x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Supernatural and secular monitors promote human cooperation only if they remind of punishment
Yılmaz, O., & Bahçekapılı, H. G. (2015) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.09.005 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Cultural Beliefs about Autism in Indonesia
Riany, Y. E., Cuskelly, M., & Meredith, P. J. (2016) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/1034912x.2016.1142069 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Cultural variation in communal versus exchange norms: Implications for social support.
Miller, J. G., Akiyama, H., & Kapadia, S. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000091 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Heartwood: the first generation of Theravada Buddhism in America
Kramer, L., & Rouse, C. (2005) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-2516 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Causal constraints on categories and categorical constraints on biological reasoning across cultures
Atran, S. (1996) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524021.003.0008 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Singh, M. (2021) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/713111 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The economic origins of the evil eye belief
Gershman, B. (2014) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2014.12.002 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Raman, L., & Winer, G. A. (2004) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151004323044609 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The Experience of Cancer Stigma in Taiwan: A Qualitative Study of Female Cancer Patients
Tang, P., Mayer, D. K., Chou, F., & Hsiao, K.-Y. (2015) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2015.08.015 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Religion, spirituality, globalization reflected in life beliefs among urban Asian Indian youth.
Suchday, S., Santoro, A. F., Ramanayake, N., Lewin, H., & Almeida, M. (2018) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/rel0000161 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Infants reason about deserving agents: A test with distributive actions
Surian, L., & Franchin, L. (2017) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2017.08.009 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Perceiving the agency of harmful agents: A test of dehumanization versus moral typecasting accounts
Khamitov, M., Rotman, J., & Piazza, J. R. (2015) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2015.09.009 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Analytic atheism: A cross-culturally weak and fickle phenomenon?Preprint
Gervais, W. M., van Elk, M., Xygalatas, D., McKay, R., Aveyard, M. E., Buchtel, E. E., Dar‐Nimrod, I., Klocová, E. K., Ramsay, J. E., Riekki, T. J. J., et al. (2017) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/92r8x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
When deserving translates into causing: The effect of cognitive load on immanent justice reasoning
Callan, M. J., Sutton, R. M., & Dovale, C. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.05.024 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Anthropomorphic God Concepts Engender Moral Judgment
Morewedge, C. K., & Clear, M. E. (2008) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2008.26.2.182 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., & Ranasinghe, P. D. (2008) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-008-9162-5 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Norenzayan, A. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033426 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Developmental Changes in the Use of Supernatural Explanations for Unusual Events
Woolley, J. D., Cornelius, C. A., & Lacy, W. (2011) · Journal of Cognition and Culture · doi:10.1163/156853711x591279 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Young, M. J., Morris, M. W., Burrus, J. T., Krishnan, L., & Regmi, M. P. (2011) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022110381123 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Johnson, K. A., Cohen, A. B., & Okun, M. A. (2015) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/rel0000040 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Attributes of God: Conceptual Foundations of a Foundational Belief
Shtulman, A., & Lindeman, M. (2015) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12253 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Children's and adults' understanding of illness: evidence in support of a coexistence model.
Raman, L., & Winer, G. A. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Material security, life history, and moralistic religions: A cross-cultural examination
Purzycki, B. G., Ross, C. T., Apicella, C. L., Atkinson, Q. D., Cohen, E. E. A., McNamara, R. A., Willard, A. K., Xygalatas, D., Ara Norenzayan, A., & Henrich, J. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193856 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
What Goes Around Comes Around: The Evolutionary Roots of the Belief in Immanent Justice
Baumard, N., & Chevallier, C. (2012) · Journal of Cognition and Culture · doi:10.1163/156853712x633938 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Cultural conceptions of morality: Examining laypeople’s associations of moral character
Vauclair, C., Wilson, M., & Fischer, R. D. (2014) · Journal of Moral Education · doi:10.1080/03057240.2013.873365 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
When and why does belief in a controlling God strengthen goal commitment?
Landau, M. J., Khenfer, J., Keefer, L. A., Swanson, T., & Kay, A. C. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2017.11.012 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Raman, L., & Gelman, S. A. (2004) · Journal of Cognition and Culture · doi:10.1163/1568537041725088 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Weeks, M., & Lupfer, M. B. (2000) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.1111/0021-8294.00029 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Liamputtong, P., Haritavorn, N., & Kiatying‐Angsulee, N. (2011) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732311421680 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Moral and religious convictions: Are they the same or different things?
Skitka, L. J., Hanson, B. E., Washburn, A. N., & Mueller, A. B. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199311 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Learned faith: The influences of evolved cultural learning mechanisms on belief in Gods.
Gervais, W. M., & Najle, M. B. (2015) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/rel0000044 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Acts That Work: A Cognitive Approach to Ritual Agency
Sørensen, J. F. (2007) · Method & Theory in the Study of Religion · doi:10.1163/157006807794757502 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Nichols, S., Strohminger, N., Rai, A., & Garfield, J. L. (2018) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12590 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Debono, A. E., Shariff, A., Poole, S., & Muraven, M. (2016) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/rel0000105 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The Motivational Underpinnings of Belief in God
Laurin, K., & Kay, A. C. (2017) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2017.02.004 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Living with breast cancer: the experiences and meaning-making among women in Southern Thailand
Liamputtong, P., & Suwankhong, D. (2015) · European Journal of Cancer Care · doi:10.1111/ecc.12321 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Johnson, K. A., Sharp, C. A., Okun, M. A., Shariff, A., & Cohen, A. B. (2018) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2018.1445893 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
How Good Is the Samaritan, and Why?
Everett, J. A. C., Haque, O. S., & Rand, D. G. (2016) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550616632577 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Lucke, J. C., & Hall, W. (2005) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400339 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Causal Reasoning about Illness: A Comparison between European- and Vietnamese-American Children
Nguyen, S. P., & Rosengren, K. S. (2004) · Journal of Cognition and Culture · doi:10.1163/156853704323074750 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The role of religiosity in ultimate and immanent justice reasoning
Harvey, A. J., & Callan, M. J. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.023 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Yen, C. (2012) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207594.2012.678363 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Belief in a Just World, Religiosity and Victim Blaming
Kaplan, H. (2012) · Archive for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1163/15736121-12341246 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Through the looking glass: Focusing on long‐term goals increases immanent justice reasoning
Callan, M. J., Harvey, A. J., Dawtry, R. J., & Sutton, R. M. (2013) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12022 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Implicit and explicit influences of religious cognition on Dictator Game transfers
Billingsley, J., Gomes, C., & McCullough, M. E. (2018) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.170238 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Jogdand, Y., Khan, S. S., & Mishra, A. K. (2016) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.v4i2.603 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
At the interface of ‘Dharma’ and ‘Karma’: Interpreting moral discourse in India
Bhangaokar, R., & Kapadia, S. (2009) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-009-0018-1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Willard, A. K., Cingl, L., & Norenzayan, A. (2019) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550619841629 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Finding Peace (Kwam Sa-ngob Jai)
Ross, R., Sawatphanit, W., & Suwansujarid, T. (2007) · Journal of Holistic Nursing · doi:10.1177/0898010106297711 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
6 of the 238 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Willard, A. K., Baimel, A., Turpin, H., Jong, J., & Whitehouse, H. (2020) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.07.001 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Mwangi, R. W., Mustafa, M., Charles, K., Wagara, I., & Kappel, N. (2023) · Journal of Agriculture and Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100827 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
A phylogenetic analysis of revolution and afterlife beliefs
Basava, K., Zhang, H., & Mace, R. H. (2021) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-01013-4 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Cultural similarity among coreligionists within and between countries
White, C., Muthukrishna, M., & Ara Norenzayan, A. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2109650118 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationExline, J. J., & Wilt, J. A. (2022) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-080921-081114 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Cognitive Pathways to Belief in Karma and Belief in God
White, C., Willard, A. K., Baimel, A., & Ara Norenzayan, A. (2021) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12935 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationHow cultural learning and cognitive biases shape religious beliefs
White, C., Baimel, A., & Ara Norenzayan, A. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.07.033 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationProsocial religions as folk-technologies of mutual policing.
Fitouchi, L., Singh, M., André, J., & Baumard, N. (2025) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000531 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Duong, C. D. (2023) · Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity · doi:10.1016/j.joitmc.2023.100022 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Is Difficulty Mostly About Impossibility? What Difficulty Implies May Be Culturally Variant
O’Donnell, S. C., Yan, V. X., Bi, C., & Oyserman, D. (2021) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672211065595 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Karma and God: Convergent and divergent mental representations of supernatural norm enforcement.
White, C., & Ara Norenzayan, A. (2021) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/rel0000436 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationChobthamkit, P., Sutton, R. M., Uskul, A. K., & Chaleeraktrakoon, T. (2022) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-022-00393-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Duong, C. D., Nguyễn, B. N., Doan, X. H., Nguyen, V. H., & Vu, A. T. (2023) · Management of Environmental Quality An International Journal · doi:10.1108/meq-05-2023-0158 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Between Karma and Buddha: Prosocial Behavior among Mongolians in an Anonymous Economic Game
Berniûnas, R., Dranseika, V., & Tserendamba, D. (2019) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2019.1696497 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Social Psychology and Fabrication
Abbas, A., Saud, M., Ekowati, D., & Suhariadi, F. (2021) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-6960-3.ch005 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Difficulty-as-Improvement: The Courage to Keep Going in the Face of Life’s Difficulties
Yan, V. X., Oyserman, D., Kiper, G., & Atari, M. (2023) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672231153680 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Belief in karma is associated with perceived (but not actual) trustworthiness
Ong, H. H., Evans, A. M., Nelissen, R. M. A., & van Beest, I. (2022) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500009141 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Watanabe, S., Weiner, D. S., & Laurent, S. M. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104336 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Larson, H. J., & Toledo, A. H. (2023) · Global Discourse · doi:10.1332/204378921x16884790609187 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Duong, C. D. (2023) · International Journal of Ethics and Systems · doi:10.1108/ijoes-02-2023-0033 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Duong, C. D., Vu, T. N., Ngo, T. V. N., Tran, N. M., & Xuan, V. N. (2024) · Journal of Social Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1080/19420676.2024.2342728 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
White, C. J. M., Norenzayan, A., & Schaller, M. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244144 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationDuong, C. D., Doan, X. H., Nguyễn, T. H., Dao, V. T., & Nguyen, T. P. T. (2024) · Journal of Asia Business Studies · doi:10.1108/jabs-09-2023-0373 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cultural Evolution of Religion, Spirituality and Ritual: Impacts On Human Cooperation
McNamara, R. A. (2024) · KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie · doi:10.1007/s11577-024-00937-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…these dynamics are most evident in Abrahamic traditions, they can be seen to apply in some aspects of other world religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism, especially in the concept of karma (White and Norenzayan 2019; Berni¯unas et al. 2019; Willard et al. 2020; Purzycki and Kulundary 2018).”
Consumer altruism and risk taking: why do altruistic consumers take more risks?
Mukherjee, S. (2021) · International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing · doi:10.1007/s12208-021-00323-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
White, C., Johnson, K. A., Mirbozorgi, B., & Martelli, G. F. (2024) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000398 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Case for Heterogeneity in Metacognitive Appraisals of Biased Beliefs
Cusimano, C. (2024) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683241251520 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Caroti, D., Adam-Troian, J., Theraud, M., & Bagneux, V. (2025) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2025.102413 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Victim blaming and belief in karma
White, C. J. M., & Willard, A. K. (2024) · Asian Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12654 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationWhite, C., & de Vondervoort, J. W. V. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104761 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationDifficulty-as-improvement: The courage to keep going in the face of life’s difficultiesPreprint
Yan, V. X., Oyserman, D., Kiper, G., & Atari, M. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/f7epj · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cognitive pathways to belief in karma and belief in GodPreprint
White, C., Willard, A. K., Baimel, A., & Ara Norenzayan, A. (2020) · Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.31234/osf.io/39egn · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationComparing energy conservation behavior from the perspective of the karma effect
Obuobi, B., Liu, C., Awuah, F., Adu‐Gyamfi, G., & Nketiah, E. (2025) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2025.115753 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Nguyen, M. H., Nguyen, M. T. T., & Do, T. D. (2025) · Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics · doi:10.1108/apjml-02-2025-0334 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Schuurmans-Stekhoven, J. B. (2020) · Journal of Religion Spirituality & Aging · doi:10.1080/15528030.2020.1779902 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
How Karma Harms and Helps Generosity Toward Those in Need
White, C., & Willard, A. K. (2025) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672251313829 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationCultural conceptualisations of karma in American, Indian, and Hong Kong varieties of English
Zhang, Y., & Cui, R. (2025) · Lingua · doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104010 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
White, C., Marin, M., & Fessler, D. M. T. (2022) · Journal of Cognition and Culture · doi:10.1163/15685373-12340135 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationOutsourcing punishment to karma: Thinking about karma reduces the punishment of transgressorsPreprint
Zhou, K. W., Baimel, A., & White, C. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/w5x23 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationSpiritual space: Hearing and experiencing the voice of God
Firth, W. B. (2025) · Verbum et Ecclesia · doi:10.4102/ve.v46i1.3342 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
What goes around comes around: Foreign language use increases immanent justice thinking
Geipel, J., Hadjichristidis, C., & Surian, L. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104747 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Duong, C. D., Phan, T. T. H., Bui, T. V., Tran, T. D., & Tran, N. M. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105031 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Christianity, ‘supernatural’ beliefs and COVID-19
Shoko, E. (2023) · Acta Theologica · doi:10.38140/at.v43i1.6314 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Environmentalism and the Minds of Gods
Baimel, A. (2023) · Bloomsbury Academic eBooks · doi:10.5040/9781350265738.ch-0014 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Belief in karma: how beliefs about moral causality shape social behavior
White, C. (2025) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2025.09.013 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationOffloading punishment to karma: Thinking about karma reduces the punishment of transgressors
Zhou, K. W., Baimel, A., & White, C. (2025) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106785 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationImpact of Karma Belief on Psychological Well-being of Hemodialysis Patients
Glenn, L. (2024) · International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) · doi:10.21275/sr24517214938 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Vo, K., & Choe, Y. (2024) · Journal of the Association for Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/733043 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jiao, L., Guo, Z., Zhao, J., & Xu, Y. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15040400 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Inheritance and Changes of Historical Folk Beliefs in Macao Based on Statistical Analysis
Zhong, J., & Wang, X. (2023) · Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences · doi:10.2478/amns.2023.2.01087
Karma belief and SDG-focused impact investing: a knowledge management perspective
Wasan, P., Singh, N., Sithipolvanichgul, J., & Cillo, V. (2025) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/jkm-12-2024-1547
Dao, T. T., Vu, T. N., Tran, Q. Y., Duong, C. D., & Dang, N. S. (2026) · Journal of the International Council for Small Business · doi:10.1080/26437015.2026.2656910
Hoang, D. V., Trinh, A. T., & Duong, T. T.-T. (2026) · Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ) · doi:10.1177/14413582261447950
Wang, L., & Li, S. (2026) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2026.105493
‘You reap what you sow’: Infants expect that negative events happen to antisocial agents
Geraci, A., Borzì, E., & Surian, L. (2026) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2026.106949
- Authors
- White, C. J. M., & Norenzayan, A.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- White, Cindel J.M.
- ORCID
- White, Cindel J.M.
- Venue
- Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2019
- Pages
- 1-63
- ISSN
- 0065-2601 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2936501418
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 238
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 12.39
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advances in experimental social psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Study and Philosophy of Religion
- Keywords
- karma, religious cognition, cultural evolution, magical thinking, sensemaking, meaning maintenance, psychological control, cross-cultural variability, causal judgment, rule compliance, prosocial behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review