Ecological momentary assessment of pain, fatigue, depressive, and cognitive symptoms reveals significant daily variability in multiple sclerosis
Open accessAbstract
Objective To describe the daily variability and patterns of pain, fatigue, depressed mood, and cognitive function in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Design Repeated-measures observational study of seven consecutive days of home monitoring, including ecological momentary assessment (EMA) of symptoms. Multilevel mixed models were used to analyze data. Setting General community. Participants Ambulatory adults (N=107) with MS recruited through [Masked] and surrounding community. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure(s) EMA measures of pain, fatigue, depressed mood, and cognitive function rated on a 0–10 scale, collected five times a day for seven days. Results Cognitive function and depressed mood exhibited more stable within-person patterns compared to pain and fatigue, which varied considerably within-person. All symptoms increased in intensity across the day (all p<0.02) with fatigue showing the most substantial increase. Notably, this diurnal increase varied by sex and age; women showed a continuous increase from wake to bedtime, whereas fatigue plateaued after 7PM for men (wake-bed B=1.04, p=0.004). For the oldest subgroup, diurnal increases were concentrated to the middle of the day compared to younger subgroups, which showed an earlier onset of fatigue increase and sustained increases until bed time (wake-3pm B=0.04, p=0.01; wake-7pm B=0.03, p=0.02). Diurnal patterns of cognitive function varied by education; those with advanced college degrees showed a more stable pattern across the day, with significant differences compared to those with bachelor-level degrees in the evening (wake-7pm B=−0.47, p=0.02; wake-bed B=−.45, p=0.04). Conclusions Findings suggest that chronic symptoms in MS are not static, even over a short time frame; rather, symptoms –fatigue and pain in particular - vary dynamically across and within days. Incorporation of EMA methods should be considered in the assessment of these chronic MS symptoms to enhance assessment and treatment strategies.
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Claims the paper makes
13 of 39 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 2 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Study design and conductnone given
The single-item measures used to assess momentary symptoms have not been validated.
“Use of single item measures that have not been validated to assess momentary symptoms is a limitation of this study.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 5 sources checked- cites [80] Kratz, 2016, Pain acceptance decouples the momentary associations between pain, pain interference, and physical activity in the daily lives of people with chronic pain and spinal cord injury, J Pain source
- cites [81] Murphy, 2008, The impact of momentary pain and fatigue on physical activity in women with osteoarthritis, Arthritis Rheum source
The ‘Subjective measures collected by the Actiwatch-S’ section describes momentary pain and fatigue ratings, supporting the use of single-item symptom measures. The Discussion identifies the 0–4 scale’s limited comparability with other studies, but does not say the symptom measures were unvalidated; it discusses Actiwatch-S validity separately. No page numbers were available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [82] Allen, 2007, The value of measuring variability in osteoarthritis pain, J Rheumatol
- cites [33] Kim, 2010, Novel method for measurement of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: Real-Time Digital Fatigue Score, J Rehabil Res Dev source
- cites [35] Powell, 2017, Tracking daily fatigue fluctuations in multiple sclerosis: ecological momentary assessment provides unique insights, J Behav Med source
In Method > Measures (page not available), the paper describes its single-item momentary fatigue measure and explicitly reports evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Its Discussion identifies a different limitation—combining physical and mental fatigue in one item—not a lack of validation. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Methodological studies of EMA of symptoms demonstrate that surveys relying on respondent recall, such as the baseline measures in this study, are biased toward peak (worst) and recent symptoms.
“Methodological studies of EMA of symptoms demonstrate surveys that rely on respondent recall, such as the baseline measures in this study, are biased toward peak (worst) and recent symptoms76–78; EMA ratings may provide a more valid estimate of true symptom intensity compared to standardized surveys.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [76] Stone, 2005, Variability of momentary pain predicts recall of weekly pain: a consequence of the peak (or salience) memory heuristic, Pers Soc Psychol B source
- cites [77] Stone, 2000, Does the peak-end phenomenon observed in laboratory pain studies apply to real-world pain in rheumatoid arthritics?, J Pain source
The Discussion states that peak and recent pain are overly represented in recalled ratings, supporting the claim for pain recall. The study examined patients with rheumatoid arthritis; it does not establish that recall-based surveys of symptoms generally have the same bias. Page numbers were not available in the supplied passages. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [78] Kratz, 2017, Pain, fatigue, and cognitive symptoms are temporally associated within but not across days in multiple sclerosis, Arch Phys Med Rehabil source
The Study Limitations section (page not available in our copy) reports higher symptom ratings on surveys than on EMA, but says the reason is unclear. It does not establish that recall surveys are biased toward peak or recent symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
There are no standard, validated ecological momentary assessment measures of the symptoms examined in this study.
“to our knowledge there are no standard, validated EMA measures of the symptoms examined in this study.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 5 sources checked- cites [80] Kratz, 2016, Pain acceptance decouples the momentary associations between pain, pain interference, and physical activity in the daily lives of people with chronic pain and spinal cord injury, J Pain source
- cites [81] Murphy, 2008, The impact of momentary pain and fatigue on physical activity in women with osteoarthritis, Arthritis Rheum source
The Subjective measures section describes the study’s 0–4 momentary pain and fatigue ratings, and the Discussion says this scale was chosen to reduce respondent burden rather than using the more common 0–10 scale. Neither passage says that standard, validated EMA measures of these symptoms do not exist; searches for validated EMA measures and symptom-scale validity found no such statement in our copy. Page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [82] Allen, 2007, The value of measuring variability in osteoarthritis pain, J Rheumatol
- cites [33] Kim, 2010, Novel method for measurement of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: Real-Time Digital Fatigue Score, J Rehabil Res Dev source
- cites [35] Powell, 2017, Tracking daily fatigue fluctuations in multiple sclerosis: ecological momentary assessment provides unique insights, J Behav Med source
The Method > Measures section describes an adapted momentary fatigue item and reports evidence of its validity, but does not say that standard, validated EMA measures are unavailable. Searches for that assertion and related wording found no passage addressing the availability of such measures for the symptoms in the citing study. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingown data
For the oldest subgroup, diurnal increases in fatigue were concentrated to the middle of the day compared to younger subgroups, which showed an earlier onset of fatigue increase and sustained increases until bed time (wake-3pm B=0.04, p=0.01; wake-7pm B=0.03, p=0.02).
“For the oldest subgroup, diurnal increases were concentrated to the middle of the day compared to younger subgroups, which showed an earlier onset of fatigue increase and sustained increases until bed time (wake-3pm B=0.04, p=0.01; wake-7pm B=0.03, p=0.02).”
- Also stated in: § Individual differences in diurnal symptom patterns · plain
“There was a significant difference by age in change in fatigue ratings from wake to 3PM (ageXtime B=0.04, SE=0.01, t=2.44, p=0.01) and from wake to 7PM (ageXtime B=0.03, SE=0.01, t=2.29, p=0.02).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § Individual differences in diurnal symptom patterns · plain
- Findingown data
Pain had 41% within-person variance and 59% between-person variance.
“In contrast, the between-person variance for pain accounted for a relatively larger proportion of the variance (59%), as compared to within-person variance (41%).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
All symptoms increased in intensity across the day (all p<0.02).
“All symptoms increased in intensity across the day (all p<0.02)”
- Also stated in: § Diurnal symptom patterns · plain
“As expected, all symptoms increased steadily and significantly from wake to bed time”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Diurnal symptom patterns · plain
- Findingown data
There was a significant difference by age in change in fatigue ratings from wake to 3PM (B=0.04, p=0.01) and from wake to 7PM (B=0.03, p=0.02).
“There was a significant difference by age in change in fatigue ratings from wake to 3PM (ageXtime B=0.04, SE=0.01, t=2.44, p=0.01) and from wake to 7PM (ageXtime B=0.03, SE=0.01, t=2.29, p=0.02).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Cognitive function had 36% within-person variance and 64% between-person variance.
“For cognitive function, within-person variance accounted for only 36% (64% between-person variance) of the total variance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Average EMA ratings were low, particularly when compared to scores on standardized symptom measures that suggest a higher symptom burden.
“Average EMA ratings were low, particularly when compared to scores on standardized symptom measures that suggest a higher symptom burden.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Depressed mood had the smallest proportion of within-person variability (31%) among the four symptoms.
“Depressed mood had the smallest proportion of within-person variance (31%), with 69% of the variance being between-person.”
- Also stated in: § Examination of between- and within-person variance components of symptoms · plain
“While all symptoms demonstrated notable levels of within-person variability, fatigue demonstrated the largest proportion and depressed mood the smallest proportion of within-person variability.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § Examination of between- and within-person variance components of symptoms · plain
- Findingown data
Among the youngest and middle-aged groups, fatigue largely plateaus from wake to 11AM, followed by a modest, steady increase toward bed time.
“A graph of fatigue ratings across the day (Figure 3) shows that among the youngest (23–38 years; 33% of sample) and middle-aged (39–52yrs; 33%) groups, fatigue largely plateaus from wake to 11AM, followed by a modest, steady increase toward bed time.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
There was a significant difference between men and women in the change from waking to bedtime fatigue (B=1.04, p=0.004).
“There was one significant finding for sex; there was a significant difference between men and women in terms of the change from waking to bedtime fatigue (sexXtime B=1.04, SE=0.36, t =2.92, p=0.004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Among the oldest group, fatigue ratings were relatively stable from wake to 3PM, but then steeply increased from 3PM to 7PM before stabilizing.
“In contrast, among the oldest group (53–67 years; 33%), fatigue ratings were relatively stable from wake to 3PM, but then steeply increased from 3PM to 7PM before stabilizing.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
All symptoms demonstrated notable levels of within-person variability.
“While all symptoms demonstrated notable levels of within-person variability, fatigue demonstrated the largest proportion and depressed mood the smallest proportion of within-person variability.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Fatigue had the largest proportion of within-person variability (50%) among the four symptoms.
“As shown in Table 3, the proportion of within-person and between-person variance in fatigue was equal (50%/50%).”
- Also stated in: § Examination of between- and within-person variance components of symptoms · boosted
“While all symptoms demonstrated notable levels of within-person variability, fatigue demonstrated the largest proportion and depressed mood the smallest proportion of within-person variability.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § Examination of between- and within-person variance components of symptoms · boosted
- Findingown data
Fatigue showed the most substantial increase across the day.
“with fatigue showing the most substantial increase.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Fatigue emerged as the most variable symptom, with a high ratio of within- to between-person variability, and the greatest change from wake to bed time.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
On average, diurnal increases in symptoms were modest.
“As anticipated, all symptoms showed a significant worsening across the day, although, on average, diurnal increases were modest.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Those with at least a college degree reported lower levels of cognitive problems across the day compared with those with less than a college education.
“Notably, those with at least a college degree reported lower levels of cognitive problems across the day compared with those with less than a college education.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Exclusion of the most disabled individuals from the study could limit the ability to generalize the findings to the broader multiple sclerosis population.
“exclusion of the most disabled individuals could limit our ability to generalize findings to the broader MS population.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The broader multiple sclerosis population includes more disabled individuals than the ambulatory sample studied.
- Interpretationcitation
EMA ratings may provide a more valid estimate of true symptom intensity compared to standardized surveys.
“EMA ratings may provide a more valid estimate of true symptom intensity compared to standardized surveys.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Chronic symptoms in multiple sclerosis are not static, but change daily within a person.
“Findings add to the growing body of evidence that chronic symptoms in MS are not static, but change daily within a person.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductnone given
Convergent validity of the ecological momentary assessment items, relative to more robust daily measures of each construct, was supported in this study.
“Convergent validity of the EMA items, relative to more robust daily measures of each construct, was supported in this study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The daily measures of each construct used as comparators are more robust than the ecological momentary assessment items.
- Study design and conductown data
The relatively small sample precluded the data modeling required to examine individual differences in symptom experience and total symptom burden.
“our relatively small sample precludes the type of data modeling that would be required to examine these question.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Ecological momentary assessment has the potential to provide a reliable real-time assay of multiple sclerosis symptoms.
“Results highlight the potential of EMA to provide a reliable real-time assay of MS symptoms”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 14
- May combine two claims. 18
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDaily Pain was assessed with the PROMIS pain intensity 3-item short-form which has demonstrated validity across conditions.
“Daily Pain was assessed with the PROMIS pain intensity 3-item short-form 61,62 which has demonstrated validity across conditions63,64.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 4 sources checked- cites [61] Schneider, 2012, Psychometric characteristics of daily diaries for the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS(R)): a preliminary investigation, Qual Life Res source
The Methods > Measures passage says this study used a six-item daily PROMIS pain interference short-form, not a three-item pain intensity short-form. The paper also does not establish validity of the claimed instrument across conditions. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [62] Chen, 2012, Development and Analysis of PROMIS Pain Intensity Scale, Qual Life Res
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [63] Cook, 2015, Establishing a common metric for self-reported pain: linking BPI Pain Interference and SF-36 Bodily Pain Subscale scores to the PROMIS Pain Interference metric, Qual Life Res source
The Methods—Measures section describes validity evidence for the PROMIS Pain Interference item bank, not the PROMIS Pain Intensity 3-item short form. Searches for the 3-item intensity form and validity across conditions found no passage addressing that claim. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [64] Christodoulou, 2014, Measuring daily fatigue using a brief scale adapted from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS (R)), Qual Life Res source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premiseown dataThis finding is somewhat consistent with previous findings supporting the cognitive reserve hypothesis, that higher education mitigates cognitive problems associated with MS.
“This finding is somewhat consistent with previous findings supporting the cognitive reserve hypothesis, that higher education mitigates cognitive problems associated with MS73–75.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [73] Sumowski, 2009, Cognitive reserve moderates the negative effect of brain atrophy on cognitive efficiency in multiple sclerosis, J Int Neuropsychol Soc source
- cites [74] Sumowski, 2013, Cognitive reserve in multiple sclerosis, Mult Scler source
- cites [75] Schneider, 2011, Peak and end effects in patients' daily recall of pain and fatigue: a within-subjects analysis, J Pain source
The Discussion addresses peak-end effects in daily recall of pain and fatigue among patients with rheumatological conditions, not cognitive problems associated with MS. Searches for cognitive reserve, higher education, and MS found no passage addressing whether education mitigates those problems. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDaily Fatigue was assessed with the PROMIS fatigue 6-item short-form, which has demonstrated validity across conditions and ecological validity when administered in diary format, and has been linked to legacy fatigue measures in MS.
“Daily Fatigue was assessed with the PROMIS fatigue 6-item short-form, which has demonstrated validity across conditions63,65,66 and ecological validity when administered in diary format67, and has been linked to legacy fatigue measures in MS66.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 4 sources checked- cites [63] Cook, 2015, Establishing a common metric for self-reported pain: linking BPI Pain Interference and SF-36 Bodily Pain Subscale scores to the PROMIS Pain Interference metric, Qual Life Res source
The Methods (Measures) and Discussion describe the PROMIS Pain Interference measure and its links to legacy pain measures, not the PROMIS fatigue 6-item short form. Searches for diary-format validity and links to legacy fatigue measures in MS found no passage addressing those claims; the paper’s mention of MS concerns pain measures. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [65] Noonan, 2012, Measuring fatigue in persons with multiple sclerosis: creating a crosswalk between the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale and the PROMIS Fatigue Short Form, Qual Life Res source
- cites [66] Stone, 2016, PROMIS fatigue, pain intensity, pain interference, pain behavior, physical function, depression, anxiety, and anger scales demonstrate ecological validity, J Clin Epidemiol source
- cites [67] Singer, 2003 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationcitationDifferent fatigue patterns by age may be due to increased use of planning and activity pacing in older individuals, to account for greater fatigability.
“Different fatigue patterns by age may be due to increased use of planning and activity pacing70 in older individuals, to account for greater fatigability71.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [70] Eldadah, 2010, Fatigue and fatigability in older adults, PM R source
- cites [71] Murphy, 2014, Activity pacing in daily life: a within-day analysis, Pain source
The Results (Primary Analyses; page not provided) associate older age with more pacing behavior in adults with osteoarthritis, although the age association was marginal in the fatigue model (p = .06). The paper does not establish increased use of planning or show that pacing explains age-related fatigue patterns. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDaily Depressed Mood was assessed with the PROMIS 8-item short-form, which has been validated in MS.
“Daily Depressed Mood was assessed with the PROMIS 8-item short-form, which has been validated in MS46.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [46] Amtmann, 2014, Comparing CESD-10, PHQ-9, and PROMIS depression instruments in individuals with multiple sclerosis, Rehabil Psychol source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe PHQ-9 has been validated in MS.
“The PHQ-9 has been validated in MS46,47 and provides clinical cut-points.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [46] Amtmann, 2014, Comparing CESD-10, PHQ-9, and PROMIS depression instruments in individuals with multiple sclerosis, Rehabil Psychol source
- cites [47] Sjonnesen, 2012, Evaluation of the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) as an assessment instrument for symptoms of depression in patients with multiple sclerosis, Postgrad Med source
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataDiurnal symptom patterns did not differ by MS subtype/duration or work status (all p>0.13).
“Diurnal symptom patterns did not differ by MS subtype/duration or work status (all p>0.13).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe diurnal increase in fatigue varied by sex: women showed a continuous increase from wake to bedtime, whereas fatigue plateaued after 7PM for men (wake-bed B=1.04, p=0.004).
“Notably, this diurnal increase varied by sex and age; women showed a continuous increase from wake to bedtime, whereas fatigue plateaued after 7PM for men (wake-bed B=1.04, p=0.004).”
- Also stated in: § Individual differences in diurnal symptom patterns · plain
“There was one significant finding for sex; there was a significant difference between men and women in terms of the change from waking to bedtime fatigue (sexXtime B=1.04, SE=0.36, t =2.92, p=0.004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Also stated in: § Individual differences in diurnal symptom patterns · plain
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThose with advanced degrees showed the most stable and those with a college education the most variable diurnal pattern of cognitive function.
“A graph of cognitive function ratings (Figure 5) shows that in the context of overall very modest diurnal effects for all levels of education, those with advanced degrees showed the most stable and those with a college education the most variable diurnal pattern.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThere was a significant difference in the diurnal pattern of cognitive function by education level; those with an advanced degree were significantly different from those with a college education in changes from wake to 7PM (B=−0.47, p=0.02) and from wake to bedtime (B=−0.45, p=0.04).
“There was a significant difference in the diurnal pattern of cognitive function by education level; those with an advanced degree were significantly different from those with a college education in terms of changes from wake to 7PM (educationXtime B=−0.47, SE=0.22, p=0.02) and from wake to bedtime (educationXtime B=−0.45, SE=0.22, p=0.04).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataDiurnal patterns of cognitive function varied by education; those with advanced college degrees showed a more stable pattern across the day, with significant differences compared to those with bachelor-level degrees in the evening (wake-7pm B=−0.47, p=0.02; wake-bed B=−.45, p=0.04).
“Diurnal patterns of cognitive function varied by education; those with advanced college degrees showed a more stable pattern across the day, with significant differences compared to those with bachelor-level degrees in the evening (wake-7pm B=−0.47, p=0.02; wake-bed B=−.45, p=0.04).”
- Also stated in: § Individual differences in diurnal symptom patterns · plain
“There was a significant difference in the diurnal pattern of cognitive function by education level; those with an advanced degree were significantly different from those with a college education in terms of changes from wake to 7PM (educationXtime B=−0.47, SE=0.22, p=0.02) and from wake to bedtime (educationXtime B=−0.45, SE=0.22, p=0.04).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Also stated in: § Individual differences in diurnal symptom patterns · plain
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataFatigue rises steadily across the day and peaks at bedtime for women, while fatigue ratings plateau at 7PM and decline toward bedtime for men.
“A graph of fatigue ratings across the day (Figure 4) shows that while fatigue rises steadily across the day and peaks at bedtime for women, fatigue ratings plateau at 7PM and decline toward bedtime for men.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataCognitive function and depressed mood exhibited more stable within-person patterns compared to pain and fatigue, which varied considerably within-person.
“Cognitive function and depressed mood exhibited more stable within-person patterns compared to pain and fatigue, which varied considerably within-person.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataLevels of other symptoms were also modest and yet demonstrated higher within-person variability.
“However, levels of other symptoms were also modest and yet demonstrated higher within-person variability.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataChronic symptoms in MS are not static, even over a short time frame; rather, symptoms - fatigue and pain in particular - vary dynamically across and within days.
“Findings suggest that chronic symptoms in MS are not static, even over a short time frame; rather, symptoms –fatigue and pain in particular - vary dynamically across and within days.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Consistent with previous research32,34,35, these data show that in ambulatory people with MS, symptoms are not static, but are experienced dynamically.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Study design and conductnone givenData were adequately normally-distributed for parametric statistical analyses.
“Data were adequately normally-distributed for parametric statistical analyses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataOne hundred and eight participants enrolled and completed baseline surveys; one participant withdrew before starting home monitoring, and data from the remaining 107 were analyzed.
“One hundred and eight participants enrolled and completed the baseline surveys. One participant withdrew before starting home monitoring; data from the remaining 107 were analyzed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThis study is the first to use EMA to examine daily variability and temporal patterns of pain, fatigue, depressed mood, and perceived cognitive function in MS.
“This study is the first to use EMA to examine daily variability and temporal patterns of pain, fatigue, depressed mood, and perceived cognitive function in MS.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataAll EMA measures showed high levels of shared variance with EOD diary measures of the same constructs, supporting convergent validity of the EMA items.
“All EMA measures showed high levels of shared variance with EOD diary measures of the same constructs, supporting convergent validity of the EMA items (Table 2.).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataEMA data were 83.4% complete.
“For EMA measures, 83.4% (3,145/3,745[35*107]) of the data were complete; 17 participants had no missing data and 55 had ≤3 missing data points.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoningValidated self-report measures were used to characterize the sample.
“Validated self-report measures were used to characterize the sample.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPeople with MS often experience considerable disease course-variability and illness uncertainty, which are associated with emotional distress.
“People with MS often experience considerable disease course-variability and illness uncertainty, which are associated with emotional distress29–31,69.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [29] Randolph, 2005, Depression and fatigue in relapsing-remitting MS: the role of symptomatic variability, Mult Scler J source
- cites [30] Kroencke, 2001, Depression during exacerbations in multiple sclerosis: the importance of uncertainty, Mult Scler source
- cites [31] Kroencke, 1999, Stress and coping in multiple sclerosis: exacerbation, remission and chronic subgroups, Mult Scler source
- cites [69] Dilorenzo, 2008, A qualitative investigation of adaptation in older individuals with multiple sclerosis, Disabil Rehabil source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenMedical Institutional Review Board approval was granted prior to study initiation.
“Medical Institutional Review Board approval was granted prior to study initiation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenPhysician diagnosis and MS subtype were confirmed through medical record review.
“Physician diagnosis and MS subtype were confirmed through medical record review.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe FSS is a validated 9-item measure; average scores of ≥4 are suggestive of fatigue.
“Fatigue severity was assessed with the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS)40, a validated 9-item measure; average scores of ≥4 are suggestive of fatigue40–44.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked- cites [40] Krupp, 1989, The Fatigue Severity Scale. Application to patients with multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus, Arch Neurol source
- cites [41] Learmonth, 2013, Psychometric properties of the Fatigue Severity Scale and the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, J Neurol Sci source
- cites [42] Lerdal, 2010, Psychometric properties of the Fatigue Severity Scale: Rasch analyses of responses in a Norwegian and a Swedish MS cohort, Mult Scler J source
- cites [43] Mills, 2009, Rasch analysis of the Fatigue Severity Scale in multiple sclerosis, Mult Scler source
- cites [44] Mills, 2007, Rasch analysis of the fatigue severity scale in multiple sclerosis, Eur J Neurol
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationImproved knowledge of symptom patterns in multiple sclerosis could help refine interventions to target the most severe or impactful symptoms, minimize treatments when they are not needed, develop new interventions and prevention strategies, and guide timing of medications and selection of self-management strategies.
“Improved knowledge of symptom patterns in MS could help refine interventions to target the most severe or impactful symptoms, minimize treatments when they are not needed, develop new interventions and prevention strategies, and guide timing of medications and selection of self-management strategies83.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [83]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningEcological momentary assessment could increase understanding of multiple sclerosis symptoms and gauge effectiveness of symptomatic therapies for some of the most common and consequential multiple sclerosis symptoms.
“which could increase our understanding of MS symptoms, and gauge effectiveness of symptomatic therapies for some of the most common and consequential MS symptoms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Pain, fatigue, depressive, and cognitive symptoms are among the most common and consequential multiple sclerosis symptoms.
The paper relies on this without support.
Pain, fatigue, depressive, and cognitive symptoms are common targets of behavioral self-management interventions in multiple sclerosis.
“Because this study focused on symptoms that are common targets of behavioral self-management interventions”
The paper relies on this without support.
Pain, fatigue, depressive, and cognitive symptoms are among the most common and consequential multiple sclerosis symptoms.
“some of the most common and consequential MS symptoms”
The paper relies on this without support.
The broader multiple sclerosis population includes more disabled individuals than the ambulatory sample studied.
“exclusion of the most disabled individuals could limit our ability to generalize findings to the broader MS population.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The daily measures of each construct used as comparators are more robust than the ecological momentary assessment items.
“relative to more robust daily measures of each construct”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Pain-related variables such as pain intensity, mood, and fatigue can vary across and within days in patients with chronic pain.
“This is problematic because pain-related variables, such as pain intensity, mood, and fatigue can vary across and within days [22,23], even in patients with chronic pain such as osteoarthritis [24], rheumatic diseases [25], multiple sclerosis [23] and fibromyalgia [26].”
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The Effect of Everyday-Life Social Contact on Pain
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Self-citationThe gender difference in the comorbidity of chronic pain and depression, a longitudinal study
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Circadian Clock: A Regulator of Immunity in Autoimmune Diseases
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Self-citationBehavior Modeling Approach for Forecasting Physical Functioning of People with Multiple Sclerosis
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Fatigue as an Understudied Barrier to Participation in Life Roles
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Technological Interventions for Pain Management
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Predictors of performance and perceived fatigability in people with multiple sclerosis
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Perceived cognitive functioning difficulties in individuals living with endometriosis
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Self-citationEcological Momentary Assessment in Acquired Brain Injury: A Scoping Review
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Information from ecological momentary assessments leads to over-medicalization: No
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Feasibility and Utility of Pain Monitor: A Smartphone Application for Daily Monitoring Chronic Pain
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Information from ecological momentary assessments lead to over-medicalization: Yes
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Information from ecological momentary assessments lead to over-medicalization: Commentary
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Multimodal Sensing and Modeling of Endocrine Therapy Adherence in Breast Cancer Survivors
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Steps to Health: Backward Walking Predicts Physical Activity Levels in Multiple Sclerosis
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Kratz, A. L., Murphy, S. L., & Braley, T. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kratz, Anna L.
- Venue
- Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-11
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2142-2150
- ISSN
- 0003-9993 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5660933
- OpenAlex
- W2738913041
- Semantic Scholar
- 8a9f4487cc1f4ac206d4de6a1acec064b25eb302
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 4.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Nursing Research (R03NR014515)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (K01AR064275)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Keywords
- multiple sclerosis, pain, fatigue, depressive mood, cognitive function, diurnal variation, within-person variability, sex differences, age differences, educational attainment, symptom dynamics
- MeSH terms
- Ecological Momentary Assessment, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Circadian Rhythm, Cognition, Fatigue, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Multiple Sclerosis, Pain, Pain Measurement, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Time Factors
About these checks
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