CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 287Tryptophan and brain disordersStress Responses and CortisolVagus Nerve Stimulation Research

Acute inflammation and negative mood: mediation by cytokine activation

Wright, C.E., Strike, P.C., Brydon, L., Steptoe, A.·2005·Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
DOI 10.1016/j.bbi.2004.10.003
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Inflammatory diseases are commonly associated with depressed mood. This association may be influenced by the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Accordingly, we assessed whether cytokine levels and mood (measured with the profile of mood states) could be altered by a mild, non-sickness inducing, acute inflammatory stimulus. Using a randomised placebo-controlled, double-blind design, 30 healthy male volunteers were injected with Salmonella typhi vaccine or placebo. Assessments of mood, symptoms of illness and temperature were made at baseline and at 1.5, 3, and 6 h post-injection. Plasma concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were assessed at baseline and 3 h post-injection. No significant symptoms of illness were reported in either group. Mood was more negative following injection in the vaccine than the placebo group, and the vaccine group experienced a 106% increase in IL-6 concentration. Negative changes in mood following injection were significantly correlated with increases in IL-6 production. No changes in TNF-alpha or IL-1Ra concentration were recorded in either group. It is concluded that S. typhi vaccination may be a useful model of mild inflammatory challenge, producing a significant transient cytokine-induced decrease in mood in the absence of any febrile response. Implications for depressed mood in physical illness are discussed.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.bbi.2004.10.003

Cites

30 of 30 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Typhoid vaccination elicits significant increases in negative mood, confusion, and fatigue, and these effects are mediated by changes in IL-6.

    “typhoid vaccination, which is a relatively mild inflammatory challenge, elicits significant increases in negative mood, confusion, and fatigue, and these effects are mediated by changes in IL-6”

    From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as C. E. Wright, Strike, Brydon, & Steptoe, 2005

  • Typhoid vaccination can lead to depression-relevant symptoms including negative mood, fatigue, and confusion.

    “Results from such studies have shown that typhoid vaccination can lead to symptoms relevant to depression, including negative mood, fatigue, and confusion (Harrison et al., 2009; Wright et al., 2005).”

    From The role of inflammation in core features of depression: Insights from paradigms using exogenously-induced inflammation. (2018) · cites this paper as Wright et al., 2005

  • Typhoid vaccination leads to a modest, short-term inflammatory response, with an average IL-6 increase of 0.82 pg/mL (106% increase) at 3 hours and resolution within 24 hours.

    “Typhoid vaccination leads to a modest, short-term inflammatory response; for example, an average increase of 0.82 pg/mL (a 106% increase) in IL-6 at 3 hours post-vaccination (Wright et al., 2005) and increases in inflammation resolve within 24 hours following typhoid vaccination (Paine et al., 2013).”

    From The role of inflammation in core features of depression: Insights from paradigms using exogenously-induced inflammation. (2018) · cites this paper as Wright et al., 2005

  • Exogenous stimulation of proinflammatory cytokines leads to decreases in ratings of vigor.

    “Studies across the endotoxin, typhoid vaccination, and IFN-α paradigms have consistently shown that exogenous stimulation of proinflammatory cytokines leads to reports of increased fatigue (Brydon et al., 2008; Capuron et al., 2002; Dowell et al., 2016; Eisenberger et al., 2010a; Grigoleit et al., 2011; Harrison et al., 2009; Moieni et al., 2015) and decreases in ratings of vigor (Dowell et al., 2”

    From The role of inflammation in core features of depression: Insights from paradigms using exogenously-induced inflammation. (2018) · cites this paper as Wright et al., 2005

  • Associations between circulating IL-6 levels and negative mood have been reported previously.

    “Associations between circulating IL-6 levels and negative mood have been reported previously [28], [62] and IL-6 frequently has been discussed as a potential modulator of mood during sickness behavior and even depression and other neuropsychological diseases [2], [3], [9].”

    From Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans (2011) · cites this paper as [62]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 31 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Wright, C. E., Strike, P. C., Brydon, L., & Steptoe, A.
Affiliations
University College London (GB)
Corresponding author
  • Wright, C.E.
  • Steptoe, A.
ORCID
Venue
Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2005-07
Volume
19
Issue
4
Pages
345-350
ISSN
0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.bbi.2004.10.003
OpenAlex
W2024917272
Cited by
287
References
31
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 14
FWCI
2.17
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • British Heart Foundation
  • Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale
  • Medical Research Council
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
Keywords
acute inflammation, negative mood, depressive mood, inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, TNF-α, disease symptoms, body temperature, mediation
MeSH terms
Acute Disease, Adult, Affect, Affective Symptoms, Analysis of Variance, Depression, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Inflammation, Male, Reference Values, Salmonella typhi, Sialoglycoproteins, Sick Role, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines, Interleukin-6, Cytokines, Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review