Sex differences in cortical thickness mapped in 176 healthy individuals between 7 and 87 years of age
Open accessAbstract
Findings from previous magnetic resonance imaging studies of sex differences in gray matter have been inconsistent, with some showing proportionally increased gray matter in women and some showing no differences between the sexes. Regional sex differences in gray matter thickness have not yet been mapped over the entire cortical surface in a large sample of subjects spanning the age range from early childhood to old age. We applied algorithms for cortical pattern matching and techniques for measuring cortical thickness to the structural magnetic resonance images of 176 healthy individuals between the ages of 7 and 87 years. We also mapped localized differences in brain size. Maps of sex differences in cortical thickness revealed thicker cortices in women in right inferior parietal and posterior temporal regions even without correcting for total brain volume. In these regions, the cortical mantle is up to 0.45 mm thicker, on average, in women than in men. Analysis of a subset of 18 female and 18 male subjects matched for age and brain volume confirmed the significance of thicker gray matter in temporal and parietal cortices in females, independent of brain size differences. Further analyses were conducted in the adult subjects where gender differences were evaluated using height as a covariate, and similar sex differences were observed even when body size differences between the sexes were controlled. Together, these results suggest that greater cortical thickness in posterior temporal inferior parietal regions in females relative to males are independent of differences in brain or body size. Age-by-sex interactions were not significant in the temporoparietal region, suggesting that sex differences in these regions are present from at least late childhood and then are maintained throughout life. Male brains were larger than female brains in all locations, though male enlargement was most prominent in the frontal and occipital poles, bilaterally. Given the large sample and the large range of ages studied, these results help to address controversies in the study of central nervous system sexual dimorphisms.
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Sex-related differences have been reported in structural brain maturation.
“Sex-related differences are noted in structural brain maturation (e.g. Lenroot et al., 2007; Pangelinan et al., 2011; Sowell et al., 2007).”
From A systematic review of fMRI reward paradigms used in studies of adolescents vs. adults: The impact of task design and implications for understanding neurodevelopment (2013) · cites this paper as Sowell et al., 2007
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- Authors
- Sowell, E. R., Peterson, B. S., Kan, E., Woods, R. P., Yoshii, J., Bansal, R., Xu, D., Zhu, H., Thompson, P. M., & Toga, A. W.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006-08-31
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1550-1560
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- PMC
- PMC2329809
- OpenAlex
- W2117102945
- Cited by
- 695
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 22.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k02mh074677-05)
- U.S. Public Health Service (MHK02-74677)
- National Institute on Aging (AG-016570, P50AG016570)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01 MH 01733, MH59139, R01MH059139, R01MH068318, MH 068318, K01MH001733, K02-MH-074677)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21DA015878, R01 017830DA, R01DA017830)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS3753)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (EB 01651)
- U.S. National Library of Medicine (LM 05639, R01LM005639)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41RR013642, R21RR019771, U54RR021813, RR019771)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- sex differences, cortical thickness, gray matter, sexual dimorphism, brain size, inferior parietal cortex, posterior temporal cortex, age differences, brain development, brain aging, body size
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Female, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Organ Size, Sex Factors, Imaging, Three-Dimensional
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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