Phasic Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine Encodes Risk-Based Decision-Making Behavior
Open accessAbstract
Background To optimize behavior, organisms evaluate the risks and benefits of available choices. The mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system encodes information about response costs and reward delays that bias choices. However, it remains unclear whether subjective value associated with risk-taking behavior is encoded by DA release.Methods Rats (n = 11) were trained on a risk-based decision-making task in which visual cues predicted the opportunity to respond for smaller certain (safer) or larger uncertain (riskier) rewards. Following training, DA release within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) was monitored on a rapid time scale using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry during the risk-based decision-making task.Results Individual differences in risk-taking behavior were observed as animals displayed a preference for either safe or risky rewards. When only one response option was available, reward predictive cues evoked increases in DA concentration in the NAc core that scaled with each animal's preferred reward contingency. However, when both options were presented simultaneously, cue-evoked DA release signaled the animals preferred reward contingency, regardless of the future choice. Furthermore, DA signaling in the NAc core also tracked unexpected presentations or omissions of rewards following prediction error theory.Conclusions These results suggest that the dopaminergic projections to the NAc core encode the subjective value of future rewards that may function to influence future decisions to take risks.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Risky cues induce differential voltammetric dopamine responses in the nucleus accumbens core but non-differential responses in the shell.
“risky cues induce differential voltammetric dopamine responses in the nucleus accumbens core but non-differential responses in the shell158.”
From Dopamine reward prediction-error signalling: A two-component response (2016) · cites this paper as [158]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates
Palkovits, M. (1983) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/0143-4179(83)90049-5 · Cited by 28,959 · see citing works
The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Paxinos, G., & Watson, C. (1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-63235-9 · Cited by 28,585 · see citing works
A neural substrate of prediction and reward
Schultz, W., Dayan, P., & Montague, P. R. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.275.5306.1593 · Cited by 9,388 · see citing works
Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons
Schultz, W. (1998) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1 · Cited by 4,564 · see citing works
What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?
Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (1998) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(98)00019-8 · Cited by 4,127 · see citing works
From motivation to action: Functional interface between the limbic system and the motor system
MOGENSON, G., JONES, D., & YIM, C. (1980) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(80)90018-0 · Cited by 2,331 · see citing works
A framework for studying the neurobiology of value-based decision making
Rangel, A., Camerer, C., & Montague, P. R. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2357 · Cited by 2,184 · see citing works
Discrete coding of reward probability and uncertainty by dopamine neurons
Fiorillo, C. D., Tobler, P. N., & Schultz, W. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1077349 · Cited by 2,085 · see citing works
The neural correlates of subjective value during intertemporal choice
Kable, J. W., & Glimcher, P. W. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn2007 · Cited by 1,916 · see citing works
A Discounting Framework for Choice With Delayed and Probabilistic Rewards.
Green, L., & Myerson, J. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.5.769 · Cited by 1,676 · see citing works
Jentsch, J. D., & Taylor, J. R. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/pl00005483 · Cited by 1,545 · see citing works
Adaptive Coding of Reward Value by Dopamine Neurons
Tobler, P. N., Fiorillo, C. D., & Schultz, W. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1105370 · Cited by 1,276 · see citing works
Nucleus accumbens D2/3 receptors predict trait impulsivity and cocaine reinforcement
Dalley, J. W., Fryer, T. D., Brichard, L., Robinson, E. S. J., Theobald, D. E. H., Lääne, K., Peña, Y., Murphy, E. R., Shah, Y., Probst, K., et al. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1137073 · Cited by 1,188 · see citing works
Dopamine responses comply with basic assumptions of formal learning theory
Waelti, P., Dickinson, A., & Schultz, W. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35083500 · Cited by 1,018 · see citing works
Kelley, A. E. (2004) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.11.015 · Cited by 942 · see citing works
Impulsive choice induced in rats by lesions of the nucleus accumbens core
Cardinal, R. N., Pennicott, D. R., Lakmali, C., Sugathapala, Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1060818 · Cited by 923 · see citing works
Neuronal activity in monkey ventral striatum related to the expectation of reward
Schultz, W., Apicella, P., Scarnati, E., & Ljungberg, T. (1992) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.12-12-04595.1992 · Cited by 744 · see citing works
Dopamine operates as a subsecond modulator of food seeking
Roitman, M. F., Stuber, G. D., Phillips, P. E. M., Wightman, R. M., & Carelli, R. M. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3823-03.2004 · Cited by 718 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociative learning mediates dynamic shifts in dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens
Day, J. J., Roitman, M. F., Wightman, R. M., & Carelli, R. M. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1923 · Cited by 710 · see citing works
Self-citationImpulsivity, frontal lobes and risk for addiction
Crews, F. T., & Boettiger, C. A. (2009) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2009.04.018 · Cited by 679 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Risky decision making is one type of value-based decision making that appears to be mediated by the mesolimbic DA system and is impaired in several psychiatric disorders including drug addiction (16).”
BackgroundContrasting Roles of Basolateral Amygdala and Orbitofrontal Cortex in Impulsive Choice
Winstanley, C. A., Theobald, D. E. H., Cardinal, R. N., & Robbins, T. W. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5606-03.2004 · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Social dominance in monkeys: dopamine D2 receptors and cocaine self-administration
Morgan, D., Grant, K. A., Gage, H. D., Mach, R. H., Kaplan, J. R., Prioleau, O., Nader, S. H., Buchheimer, N., Ehrenkaufer, R. L., & Nader, M. A. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn798 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
Impulsivity and rapid discounting of delayed hypothetical rewards in cocaine-dependent individuals.
Coffey, S., Gudleski, G., Saladin, M., & Brady, K. (2003) · Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037//1064-1297.11.1.18 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Drug addiction: bad habits add up
Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/19208 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Roesch, M. R., Calu, D. J., & Schoenbaum, G. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn2013 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
Dopaminergic modulation of limbic and cortical drive of nucleus accumbens in goal-directed behavior
Goto, Y., & Grace, A. A. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1471 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Corbit, L. H., Muir, J. L., & Balleine, B. W. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-09-03251.2001 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Hariri, A. R., Brown, S. M., Williamson, D. E., Flory, J. D., de Wit, H., & Manuck, S. B. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3446-06.2006 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Addiction as a Computational Process Gone Awry
Redish, A. D. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1102384 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Separate Valuation Subsystems for Delay and Effort Decision Costs
Prévost, C., Pessiglione, M., Météreau, E., Cléry-Melin, M.-L., & Dreher, J.-C. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2752-10.2010 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Real-time measurement of dopamine fluctuations after cocaine in the brain of behaving rats
Heien, M. L. A. V., Khan, A. S., Ariansen, J. L., Cheer, J. F., Phillips, P. E. M., Wassum, K. M., & Wightman, R. M. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0504657102 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Self-citationReward Value Coding Distinct From Risk Attitude-Related Uncertainty Coding in Human Reward Systems
Tobler, P. N., O'Doherty, J. P., Dolan, R. J., & Schultz, W. (2007) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00745.2006 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Beyond the reward hypothesis: alternative functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine
Salamone, J. D., Correa, M., Mingote, S., & Weber, S. (2004) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2004.09.004 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Effects of Expectations for Different Reward Magnitudes on Neuronal Activity in Primate Striatum
Cromwell, H. C., & Schultz, W. (2003) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01014.2002 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Real-time chemical responses in the nucleus accumbens differentiate rewarding and aversive stimuli
Roitman, M. F., Wheeler, R. A., Wightman, R. M., & Carelli, R. M. (2008) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2219 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Self-citationBassareo, V., De Luca, M. A., & Di Chiara, G. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-11-04709.2002 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Dopaminergic Modulation of Risk-Based Decision Making
Onge, J. R. S., & Floresco, S. (2008) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2008.121 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Neural systems implicated in delayed and probabilistic reinforcement
Cardinal, R. N. (2006) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2006.03.004 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Stratford, T. R., & Kelley, A. E. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-24-11040.1999 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Carelli, R. M., Ijames, S. G., & Crumling, A. J. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-11-04255.2000 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Self-citationReward-Predictive Cues Enhance Excitatory Synaptic Strength onto Midbrain Dopamine Neurons
Stuber, G. D., Klanker, M., de Ridder, B., Bowers, M. S., Joosten, R. N. J. M. A., Feenstra, M. G. P., & Bonci, A. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1160873 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Fundamental contribution by the basolateral amygdala to different forms of decision making
Ghods-Sharifi, S., St. Onge, J. R., & Floresco, S. B. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0315-09.2009 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Calculating utility: preclinical evidence for cost–benefit analysis by mesolimbic dopamine
Phillips, P. E. M., Walton, M. E., & Jhou, T. C. (2007) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0626-6 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Dissociable cost and benefit encoding of future rewards by mesolimbic dopamine
Gan, J. O., Walton, M. E., & Phillips, P. E. M. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2460 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Rebec, G. V., Christensen, J. R. C., Guerra, C., & Bardo, M. T. (1997) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01004-4 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Sombers, L. A., Beyene, M., Carelli, R. M., & Wightman, R. M. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5562-08.2009 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Self-citationCardinal, R. N., & Howes, N. J. (2005) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/1471-2202-6-37 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Role of Striatum in Updating Values of Chosen Actions
Kim, H., Sul, J. H., Huh, N., Lee, D., & Jung, M. W. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2728-09.2009 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Potential Vulnerabilities of Neuronal Reward, Risk, and Decision Mechanisms to Addictive Drugs
Schultz, W. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.014 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Prefrontal Cortical Contribution to Risk-Based Decision Making
Onge, J. R. S., & Floresco, S. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp250 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Salamone, J. D., Wisniecki, A., Carlson, B. B., & Correa, M. (2001) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00249-4 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Nicola, S. M., Yun, I. A., Wakabayashi, K. T., & Fields, H. L. (2004) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00657.2003 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Roesch, M. R., Singh, T., Brown, P. L., Mullins, S. E., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2572-09.2009 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Pothuizen, H. H. J., Jongen‐Rêlo, A. L., Feldon, J., & Yee, B. K. (2005) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04388.x · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Carelli, R. M., & Deadwyler, S. (1994) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.14-12-07735.1994 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationStopper, C. M., & Floresco, S. (2010) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-010-0015-9 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Phasic Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine Release Encodes Effort- and Delay-Related Costs
Day, J. J., Jones, J. L., Wightman, R. M., & Carelli, R. M. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.03.026 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationHollander, J. A., & Carelli, R. M. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3667-06.2007 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationSalamone, J. D., Arizzi, M. N., Sandoval, M., Cervone, K., & Aberman, J. (2002) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-001-0994-x · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Ghods-Sharifi, S., & Floresco, S. (2010) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0018932 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Nicola, S. M., Taha, S. A., Kim, S. W., & Fields, H. L. (2005) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.088 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Nucleus accumbens neurons encode Pavlovian approach behaviors: evidence from an autoshaping paradigm
Day, J. J., Wheeler, R. A., Roitman, M. F., & Carelli, R. M. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04654.x · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationNicola, S. M., Yun, I. A., Wakabayashi, K. T., & Fields, H. L. (2004) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00658.2003 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Differential effects of dopaminergic manipulations on risky choice
Onge, J. R. S., Chiu, Y. C., & Floresco, S. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1883-y · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Phillips, P. E. M., Robinson, D. L., Stuber, G. D., Carelli, R. M., & Wightman, R. M. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1385/1-59259-358-5:443 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationNucleus accumbens cell firing and rapid dopamine signaling during goal-directed behaviors in rats
Carelli, R. M. (2004) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.07.017 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationNucleus accumbens neurons encode predicted and ongoing reward costs in rats
Day, J. J., Jones, J. L., & Carelli, R. M. (2010) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07531.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationAdriani, W., Boyer, F., Gioiosa, L., Macrì, S., Dreyer, J.-L., & Laviola, G. (2009) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.11.042 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Floresco, S., & Whelan, J. M. (2009) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1529-0 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Risk‐preference differentiates orbitofrontal cortex responses to freely chosen reward outcomes
Roitman, J. D., & Roitman, M. F. (2010) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07169.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Jones, J. L., Day, J. J., Wheeler, R. A., & Carelli, R. M. (2010) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.05.073 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationZellner, M. R., Kest, K., & Ranaldi, R. (2008) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.10.013 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Ding, Y., Volkow, N. D., Logan, J., Garza, V., Pappas, N. R., King, P. T., & Fowler, J. S. (2000) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2396(20000301)35:3 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Understanding adolescence as a period of social–affective engagement and goal flexibility
Crone, E. A., & Dahl, R. E. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3313 · Cited by 2,507 · see citing works
Neuronal Reward and Decision Signals: From Theories to Data
Schultz, W. (2015) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00023.2014 · Cited by 1,126 · see citing works
Dopamine reward prediction-error signalling: A two-component response
Schultz, W. (2016) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2015.26 · Cited by 1,036 · see citing works
The Nucleus Accumbens: An Interface Between Cognition, Emotion, and Action
Floresco, S. B. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115159 · Cited by 938 · see citing works
Orsini, C. A., Moorman, D. E., Young, J. W., Setlow, B., & Floresco, S. B. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.009 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Overriding Phasic Dopamine Signals Redirects Action Selection during Risk/Reward Decision Making
Stopper, C. M., Tse, M. T. L., Montes, D. R., Wiedman, C. R., & Floresco, S. B. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.033 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Cameron, C. M., Wightman, R. M., & Carelli, R. M. (2014) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.08.006 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationHunger and Satiety Gauge Reward Sensitivity
Cassidy, R. M., & Tong, Q. (2017) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2017.00104 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Phasic dopamine signals: from subjective reward value to formal economic utility
Schultz, W., Carelli, R. M., & Wightman, R. M. (2015) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.09.006 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Dopamine Circuit Mechanisms of Addiction-Like Behaviors
Poisson, C. L., Engel, L., & Saunders, B. T. (2021) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2021.752420 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Dopaminergic Circuitry and Risk/Reward Decision Making: Implications for Schizophrenia
Stopper, C. M., & Floresco, S. B. (2015) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu165 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Oswald, L. M., Wand, G. S., Wong, D. F., Brown, C. H., Kuwabara, H., & Brašić, J. R. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.03.022 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Klanker, M., Sandberg, T., Joosten, R., Willuhn, I., Feenstra, M., & Denys, D. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.08.011 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sugam, J. A., Day, J. J., Wightman, R. M., & Carelli, R. M.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carelli, Regina M.
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-02
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 199-205
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3253943
- OpenAlex
- W2093267579
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 4.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA10900, DA 017318, R01DA017318, R01DA010900, T32DA007244)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- nucleus accumbens core, dopamine release, risk-based decision making, risk-taking, subjective value, reward prediction error, mesolimbic dopamine system, reward contingency
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Conditioning, Operant, Cues, Decision Making, Dopamine, Individuality, Male, Nucleus Accumbens, Reward, Risk-Taking, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
