The relationship between emotion regulation and well-being in patients with mental disorders: a meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The importance of both specific emotion regulation strategies and overall deficits in emotion regulation in the context of psychopathology is widely recognized. Besides alleviating psychological symptoms, improving mental well-being is increasingly considered important in treatment of people with mental disorders. However, no comprehensive meta-analysis on the relationship between emotion regulation and well-being in people with mental disorders has been conducted yet. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the current study was to synthesize and meta-analyze evidence regarding the relationship between emotion regulation and well-being in clinical samples across studies. METHOD: A systematic literature search was conducted in PsycINFO, PubMed and Scopus and 94 cross-sectional effect sizes from 35 studies were meta-analyzed to explore this relationship. To be eligible for the meta-analysis, studies had to include a clinical sample, assess at least one specific emotion regulation strategy or overall deficits in emotion regulation and include well-being as outcome. RESULTS: The findings showed significant small to moderate negative relationships with well-being for the strategies avoidance (r = -0.31) and rumination (r = -0.19) and positive relationships with reappraisal (r = 0.19) and acceptance (r = 0.42). Grouping together putative adaptive and maladaptive strategies revealed similar sized relationships with well-being in the expected direction. Overall deficits in emotion regulation showed a negative moderate correlation with well-being (r = -0.47). No substantial difference in relationships was found when clustering studies into hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that emotion regulation is not merely related with psychopathology, but also with well-being in general as well as hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Therefore, it might also be important to improve emotion regulation when aiming to improve well-being in people with mental disorders.
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Extensive research links difficulties in emotion regulation with greater occurrence of negative emotions and symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders.
“Extensive research links difficulties in emotion regulation with greater occurrence of negative emotions (53) and symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders (54–56).”
From Pilot outcomes and exploration of treatment mechanisms using a culturally adapted version of the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders to improve mental health symptoms, alcohol misuse, functional outcomes, and sleep quality in emergency responders (2025) · cites this paper as [54]
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic factor and names major depression and generalized anxiety disorder among conditions in which it is important. The included-studies table also lists patients with PTSD and substance use disorder, but the paper examines emotion regulation in relation to well-being, not whether regulation difficulties are linked to greater symptoms of each listed disorder. The separate claim about negative emotions is attached to citation 53, so it is not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEmotion regulation is associated with life satisfaction, positive affect, and other well-being indicators with a small to moderate effect size.
“and associated with life satisfaction, positive affect, and other well-being indicators with a small to moderate effect size [9].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
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“We did this because there has been recent criticism about whether the AAQ-II actually measures the process of avoidance or rather is a general measure of overall distress [69,70] andwewanted to examinewhether the correlation is differentwhen including the AAQ-II in the analysis.”
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BackgroundPredicting the duration of emotional experience: Two experience sampling studies.
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“However, since transdiagnostic factors are common among different mental disorders, samples included in this study may also share overlap in their processes and symptoms [5,89,92,93].”
BackgroundSelf-stigma in women with borderline personality disorder and women with social phobia
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The role of emotion regulation in auditory hallucinations
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MethodTraining in Emotion Regulation as a Treatment for Binge Eating: A Preliminary Study
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“Although both frameworks provide a conceptualization of emotion regulation, they measure different dimensions of emotion regulation [29].”
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Recovery from mood and anxiety disorders: The influence of positive mental health
Schotanus-Dijkstra, M., Keyes, C. L. M., de Graaf, R., & ten Have, M. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.051 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
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Marco, J., Pérez, S., García-Alandete, J., & Moliner, R. (2017) · Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1991 · Cited by 50 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Study 2: Marco, Pérez [118] Borderline personality disorder (80) 91.”
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Treating Social Anxiety Disorder with CBT: Impact on Emotion Regulation and Satisfaction with Life
Jazaieri, H., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9762-4 · Cited by 42 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Study 2: Jazaieri, Goldin [113] Social anxiety disorder (72) 52.”
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BackgroundPinto, R. A., Kienhuis, M., Slevison, M., Chester, A., Sloss, A., & Yap, K. (2017) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/cp.12057 · Cited by 23 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[121] Various: MDD (26), anxiety disorder”
Emotion regulation in adolescents with mental health problems
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The role of emotion regulation in the characterization, development and treatment of psychopathology
Lincoln, T. M., Schulze, L., & Renneberg, B. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00040-4 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Eisenstadt, M., Liverpool, S., Infanti, E., Ciuvat, R. M., & Carlsson, C. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/31170 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“Further, emotion regulation has been considered to be a focal point to address psychological disorders [26] and to enhance well-being [27].”
Kodati, D., & Ramakrishnudu, T. (2021) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2021.115265 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Acting as we feel: Which emotional responses to the climate crisis motivate climate action
Kovács, L. N., Jordan, G., Berglund, F., Holden, B., Niehoff, E., Pohl, F., Younssi, M., Zevallos, I., Ágoston, C., Varga, A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102327 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Tsujimoto, M., Saito, T., Matsuzaki, Y., & Kawashima, R. (2024) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-024-00714-1 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Emotion regulation and mental health across cultures: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Chen, S., Cai, Q., Omari, D. I., Sanghvi, D. E., Lyu, S., & Bonanno, G. A. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02168-8 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Kraiss, J. T., Kohlhoff, M., & ten Klooster, P. M. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02942-1 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“One example of potential factors that could be examined is this context are emotion regulation strategies (Gross, 1998; Kraiss et al., 2020).”
BackgroundCognitive emotion regulation strategies and psychological distress during lockdown due to COVID ‐19
Rodas, J. A., Jara-Rizzo, M. F., Greene, C. M., Moreta‐Herrera, R., & Oleas, D. (2021) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12818 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Inadequate regulation of emotions has been related to the presence of mood and anxiety disorders (Picó-Pérez et al., 2017), poor mental health (Hu et al., 2014) and reduced well-being (Kraiss et al., 2020).”
BackgroundStephens, J. M., Iasiello, M. P., Ali, K., van Agteren, J. E., & Fassnacht, D. B. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13050436 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“The findings that, overall, psychological distress and mental wellbeing were seen to operate on functionally independent dual continua support the notion that mental wellbeing can be independently enhanced, even in individuals experiencing a mental illness [27,47,48].”
BackgroundReview of Perioperative Music Medicine: Mechanisms of Pain and Stress Reduction Around Surgery
Ginsberg, J. P., Raghunathan, K., Bassi, G. S., & Ulloa, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.821022 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Meta-analysis of 94 published studies of measures of emotional regulation and well-being revealed relationships in the expected direction (198).”
BackgroundAkkuş, K., & Peker, M. (2021) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10262-0 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The impact of emotion regulation and mental health difficulties on health behaviours during COVID19
Cardi, V., Albano, G., Gentili, C., & Sudulich, L. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.10.001 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Pilkington, P. D., Karantzas, G. C., Faustino, B., & Pizarro‐Campagna, E. (2023) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2914 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Decoding emotions: Exploring the validity of sentiment analysis in psychotherapy
Eberhardt, S. T., Schaffrath, J., Danilo Moggia, N., Schwartz, B., Jaehde, M., Rubel, J. A., Baur, T., André, E., & Lutz, W. (2024) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2024.2322522 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Zsido, A. N., Arató, N., Inhóf, O., Matuz-Budai, T., Pakai-Stecina, D. T., & Lábadi, B. (2022) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103538 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Peleg, O., & Peleg, M. (2024) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10591-024-09707-x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Conversely, poor mental well-being has been linked to increased dissatisfaction, stress, depression, and loneliness (Kraiss et al., 2020).”
Lereya, S. T., Patalay, P., & Deighton, J. (2022) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12074 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Sahib, A., Chen, J., Cárdenas, D., Calear, A. L., & Wilson, C. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.056 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
MacCann, C., Double, K. S., & Clarke, I. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.835819 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Resilience and health in American Indians and Alaska Natives: A scoping review of the literature
John-Henderson, N. A., White, E. J., & Crowder, T. L. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423000640 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“In other racial and ethnic groups, a relationship between emotion regulation strategy use and mental and physical health has been well-documented (Berking & Wupperman, 2012; Kraiss et al., 2020; Low et al., 2021).”
Strategies and goals in Emotion Regulation models: a systematic review
Priego, C. M., García-Noblejas, B. P., & Roca, P. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1425465 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Mancinelli, E., Sharka, O., Lai, T., Sgaravatti, E., & Salcuni, S. (2021) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/20551029211038811 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Results from a recent meta-analysis (Kraiss et al., 2020) indeed highlighted the importance of supporting proper emotion regulation in the context of mental health issues.”
BackgroundTan, M., Zhou, X., Shen, L., Li, Y., & Chen, X. (2024) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/2024/1790168 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Emotion regulation is an important tool for maintaining personal emotional health and happiness in life [1].”
Emotion Regulation, Effort and Fatigue: Complex Issues Worth Investigating
Lewczuk, K., Wizła, M., Oleksy, T., & Wyczesany, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.742557 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The field of research on ER has grown rapidly, which is not surprising, if one takes into account the multitude of beneficial effects of efficient self-regulation of emotion on wellbeing, quality of social bonds, as well as education, learning and academic achievement (Gross and John, 2003; Graziano et al., 2007; Krai…”
BackgroundReizer, A., Harel, T., & Ben‐Shalom, U. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13020150 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The MHI was developed and psychometrically tested in English-speaking countries but has since been translated into many languages [92,93], including Hebrew.”
BackgroundMikkelsen, M. B., O’Toole, M. S., Elkjær, E., & Mehlsen, M. Y. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12970 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Emotion regulation profiles and symptoms of depression and anxiety
Reichler, A. G., Preece, D. A., & Gross, J. J. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119548 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ng, Z., Willner, C. J., Mannweiler, M. D., Hoffmann, J. D., Bailey, C. S., & Cipriano, C. (2022) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-022-09691-4 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Adaptive ER plays a primary role in the development of resilience and the prevention of psychopathology during childhood and adolescence (Aldao et al., 2010; Beauchaine, 2015; Kraiss et al., 2020; Morrish et al., 2018).”
BackgroundHaver, A., Krampe, H., Danbolt, L. J., Stålsett, G., & Schnell, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1121986 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“, 2014), and that it is linked to resilience, positive affect, mental well-being, increased life satisfaction, better job performance, as well as favorable cognitive and social outcomes (Gross and John, 2003; John and Gross, 2004; Kashdan et al., 2006; Kraiss et al., 2020).”
BackgroundWard-Smith, C., Sorsdahl, K., & van der Westhuizen, C. (2024) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152476 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Wu, W.-F., Wu, H., Wu, X., Gu, J., & Qi, X. (2024) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-024-00753-8 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“…satisfaction, given that life satisfaction is an indicator of strong mental health and well-being, this echoes the conclusion of Hu et al. (2014), Kraiss et al. (2020), and Liu et al. (2020), that is, cognitive reappraisal is significantly associated with well-being and a positive indicator of…”
Scafuto, F., Quinto, R. M., Ghiroldi, S., Montecucco, N. F., Presaghi, F., Iani, L., & De Vincenzo, F. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06081-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“When considering well-being outcomes, some evidence suggests an opposite trend; for instance, reappraisal, but not suppression, was associated with eudai-monic and hedonic well-being (Kraiss et al., 2020).”
InfluentialSánchez-Sánchez, H., Schoeps, K., & Montoya‐Castilla, I. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15070929 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“The findings suggest that the use of adaptive emotion regulation strategies in response to challenging circumstances is associated with enhanced levels of well-being (Aldao et al., 2010; Kraiss et al., 2020; Mandal et al., 2022).”
Spinoni, M., Solorzano, C. S., & Grano, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1200819 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“It is associated with more negative feelings, lower levels of selfesteem, and worst relationships with others (Gross, 1998; McLean et al., 2007; Berking and Wupperman, 2012; Kraiss et al., 2020).”
BackgroundFasting diets: what are the impacts on eating behaviors, sleep, mood, and well-being?
Hosseini, E., Ammar, A., Josephson, J., Gibson, D. L., Askari, G., Bragazzi, N. L., Trabelsi, K., Schöllhorn, W., & Mokhtari, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1256101 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Gerhardt, S., Berhe, O., Moessnang, C., Horning, M., Kiefer, F., Tost, H., & Vollstädt-Klein, S. (2022) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13251 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Taccini, F., Rossi, A. A., & Mannarini, S. (2024) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12966 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Wabnegger, A., Potthoff, J., & Schienle, A. (2024) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.4198 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Seon, Q., Mady, N., Yang, M., Karia, M., Lashley, M., Sescu, C., Lalonde, M., Puskas, S., Outerbridge, J., Parent-Racine, E., et al. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/40236 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Moreover, emotion regulation is robustly and longitudinally associated with psychological resilience [8] and associated with life satisfaction, positive affect, and other well-being indicators with a small to moderate effect size [9].”
Korchia, T., Faugère, M., Achour, V., Maakaron, É., Andrieu-Haller, C., Fond, G. B., & Lançon, C. (2025) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/19585969.2025.2463443 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…not only affect mental health but also leads to physical health problems (schuch and Vancampfort 2021), social difficulties (høegh et al. 2022), overall well-being and emotional distresses (Kraiss et al. 2020). these disorders impose a substantial socioeconomic burden (Kotzeva et al. 2023).”
Self-Compassion in Psychotherapy: Clinical Integration, Evidence Base, and Mechanisms of Change
Germer, C. K. (2023) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22348-8_22 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Personality and Family Risk Factors for Poor Mental Well-Being
Peleg, M., & Peleg, O. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010839 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“There is evidence that poor mental well-being is associated with negative feelings, such as psychological stress, low self-esteem, loneliness, and depression [40].”
BackgroundEmotion regulation from a virtue perspective
Kim, J. H., Chun, J., Kim, J.-Y., Ju, H., Kim, B. J., Jeong, J., & Lee, D. H. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01490-y · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Numerous empirical studies have demonstrated that emotion regulation plays a significant role in fostering adaptive cognitive style, decision-making abilities, and behavioral intentions in response to social and situational demands, ultimately impacting an individual’s well-being [7].”
BackgroundBogaert, L., Hallford, D. J., Loyen, E., D’Argembeau, A., & Raes, F. (2024) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12524 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Embodied and embedded mindfulness: a mindful path to well-being
Khoury, B., & Vergara, R. C. (2024) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2024.2333375 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“In a meta-analysis of 35 studies conducted with patients with different psychological disorders, ER was not only related to lower psychopathology, but also to higher well-being (Kraiss et al., 2020).”
Hadi, S. A. A., & Gharaibeh, M. (2023) · Emerging Science Journal · doi:10.28991/esj-2023-07-04-017 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Several findings are associated with a lack of understanding of emotion and communication about emotion and emotion regulation and their impact on mental health and subjective well-being [7, 8].”
The emotion regulation strategies of flourishing adults
Richard-Sephton, P. B., Crisp, D. A., & Burns, R. A. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05332-3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Although there is some research examining the association between emotion regulation and SWB (Eisner et al., 2009 ; Kraiss et al., 2020 ; Quoidbach et al., 2010) and PWB (Eisner et al., 2017; Haeyen et al., 2018 ; Kladnitski et al., 2018; Valiente et al., 2017), the strategies employed by…”
EMOTION RECOGNITION FOR MENTAL HEALTH PREDICTION USING AI TECHNIQUES: AN OVERVIEW
Singh, S. (2023) · International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science · doi:10.26483/ijarcs.v14i3.6975 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ericson, S. M., Gallagher, J. P., Federico, A. J., Fleming, J. J., Froggatt, D., Eleid, A., Finn, B. M., Johnston, K. L., & Cai, R. Y. (2023) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053231209668 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Moreover, emotion regulation abilities are related to higher life satisfaction and eudemonic well-being in various samples (Kraiss et al., 2020; Mitrofan and Ciuluvică, 2012; Saxena et al., 2011; Yakın et al., 2019).”
Arpaïa, P., Calabrese, L., Chiarella, S. G., D’Errico, G., Paolis, L. T. D., Grassini, S., Mastrati, G., Moccaldi, N., Raffone, A., & Vallefuoco, E. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Metrology for eXtended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE) · doi:10.1109/metroxraine54828.2022.9967633 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“[3]) and their study is well advanced in the literature with the aim of treating a wide range of mental disorders [4], [5], [6].”
BackgroundArmstrong, G. M., Greenberg, R. L., Smárason, O., Frederick, R. M., Guzick, A. G., Schneider, S. C., Spencer, S. D., Cervin, M., & Storch, E. A. (2023) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2023.100831 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…both misophonia (Guetta et al., 2022; Rinaldi et al., 2023) and other psychiatric presentations (e.g., anxiety, mood, and obsessive-compulsive disorders; Cervin, 2023; Kraiss et al., 2020; van den Boogert et al., 2022) include generalized sensory sensitivity and cognitive emotion regulation facets.”
Khoury, B. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02226-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Additionally, they can further investigate the mechanisms, such as reduction of stress and enhancement of emotion regulation, that may mediate the associations between mindfulness and well-being (Kraiss et al., 2020; Padhy et al., 2022; Tian-Tian et al., 2015).”
BackgroundBrillon, P., Dewar, M., Lapointe, V. A., Paradis, A., & Philippe, F. L. (2025) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000187 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and trait anger as predictors of depression severity
Crișan, Ș., & Nechita, D. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2702 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Pala, F., Gökdağ, C., Özsoy, D., & Hastaoğlu, Z. Ş. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03784-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Emotion regulation involves cognitive, behavioral, and social processes (Thompson, 1994) and has continuing effects on individuals’ lives, from well-being and mental health to interpersonal relationships (De France & Hollenstein, 2019; Gross & John, 2003; Kraiss et al., 2020; Scheibe et al., 2015).”
BackgroundZhao, X., Cai, Y., & Maes, J. H. R. (2023) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.628 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Tanaka, M., He, Z., Han, S., & Battaglia, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2025.1633936 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Parkinson, A., Mullan, B. A., Bebbington, K. R., Davis, E. A., Treadgold, C., & Finlay‐jones, A. L. (2023) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2023.2274539 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Previous meta-analyses of self-compassion (Zessin et al., 2015) and emotion regulation (Kraiss et al., 2020) have demonstrated moderate to large associations with wellbeing and negative a ff ect.”
MethodKlocek, A., & Řiháček, T. (2023) · Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome · doi:10.4081/ripppo.2023.659 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“, the opposite of negative rumination) and well-being was repeatedly shown in the previous literature (Hanley et al., 2017; Kraiss et al., 2020; Quoidbach et al., 2010).”
ResultHormonal Underpinnings of Emotional Regulation: Bridging Endocrinology and Psychology
Yılmazer, E. (2024) · üha · doi:10.32739/uha.jnbs.11.1539123 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Du, X., Ding, C., Xiang, G., Duan, H., Chen, J., & Chen, H. (2024) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107942 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Monteiro, F., Pereira, M., Canavarro, M. C., & Fonseca, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.701107 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The psychophysiology of emotion regulation: Next generation approaches
MacNamara, A., Joyner, K. J., & Klawohn, J. (2023) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.03.003 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Difficulties in emotion regulation and well-being in breast cancer
Guimarães, I., Torres, S., Vieira, A. I., Jönsson, C., Guerra, M. P., & Lencastre, L. (2024) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2024.2329087 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…in ER and General Well-Being, r = − .40, p < .001, is similar in direction and intensity to the relationship presented in the meta-analysis by Kraiss et al. (2020) between global difficulties in ER and Well-being, r = − .48, p < .001, with a population of patients with mental disorders.”
ResultYan, H., Zhou, A., Li, Q.-H., & Wu, C. (2024) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104151 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Bond, C., Watson, A. L., & Jackson, D. W. (2025) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.16799 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Also, employing strategies such as emotional self-regulation techniques and setting clear boundaries with participants can help maintain professional distance, ensuring researchers can remain focused on ethical considerations while safeguarding their own well-being (Kraiss et al. 2020).”
Larionow, P., Ocalewski, J., Mudło‐Głagolska, K., Michalak, M., & Mazur, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1614234 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Nyaaba, E., Kudeto, P. W., Awine, T. A., Kwarteng, P., Aliu, G., Abass, K., & Gyasi, R. M. (2025) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-025-00932-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Individuals with heightened anxiety may experience physical symptoms such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, and somatic complaints [91], which influence how they perceive and evaluate their general health [92].”
Zehtner, R. I., Neudert, M. K., Schäfer, A., Fricke, S., Seinsche, R. J., Stark, R. M., & Hermann, A. (2023) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-023-01105-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“, 2017; Gross and John, 2003) as well as clinical populations (Berking et al., 2008; Kraiss et al., 2020; Sloan et al., 2017).”
BackgroundO’Rourke, N., & Egan, J. (2023) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2023.2181473 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…of our emotion regulation strategies on our wellbeing; however, there are various predictor variables, which may influence our ability to regulate our emotions that this study will examine such as an insecure attachment style and depersonalization (DP) (Daros & Williams, 2019; Kraiss et al., 2020).”
BackgroundEmotional control in selected somatic and psychiatric diseases
Orzechowska, A., Maruszewska, P., Gałecka, M., Hyland, P., Boduszek, D., Gałecki, P., & Bliźniewska-Kowalska, K. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05321-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The literature on this issue indicates that emotion regulation disorders are important in the development and course of many mental illnesses such as depressive disorders, bipolar affective disorder, borderline personality disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and eating disorders [30].”
BackgroundPaucsik, M., Baeyens, C., Tessier, D. P., & Shankland, R. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23748 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Move freely! – A theoretical overview of the mechanism of movement improvisation
Horváth, M., Zuber, F., Vécsey, B. K., Varga, F., Gáspár, M., & Nagy, B. M. (2025) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2025.102259 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Oğuz, S. N., & Pınar, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1611554 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Gorgol, J. (2025) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2025.2563609 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Conversely, difficulties in managing emotional responses may lead to psychological distress, anxiety, and depression, as well as diminished well-being (Kraiss et al. 2020).”
Bäcklund, C., Sörman, D. E., Gavelin, H. M., Király, O., Demetrovics, Z., & Ljungberg, J. K. (2025) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2025.100663 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Specific emotion regulation strategies, such as reappraisal and acceptance, are generally associated with psychological well-being (Kraiss et al., 2020), while maladaptive strategies, such as emotional avoidance or suppression, are related to ill-being, including depression and addictive behaviors…”
Association of Hypnotizability, Interoception, and Emotion
Zelič, Ž., Sebastiani, L., & Santarcangelo, E. L. (2023) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207144.2023.2226188 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…levels of empathy (Grynberg & Pollatos, 2015), which has implications for their social functioning, mental and physical health, and well-being (Berking & Wupperman, 2012; English et al., 2012; Kraiss et al., 2020; Song et al., 2015) despite some contrasting findings (see Parrinello et al., 2022).”
ResultTkalcec, A., Bierlein, M., Seeger‐Schneider, G., Walitza, S., Jenny, B., Menks, W. M., Felhbaum, L. V., Borbás, R., Cole, D. M., Raschle, N. M., et al. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2993 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The presence of CU traits might therefore play an important role in a range of emotion-related processes such as empathy, with deficits displayed not only in patients with CD but also in other psychiatric disorders (Kraiss et al., 2020; Kret & Ploeger, 2015; McTeague et al., 2020).”
BackgroundDuration of mood effects following a Japanese version of the mood induction task
Monno, Y., Nawa, N. E., & Yamagishi, N. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0293871 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Tee, E. Y. J. (2024) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/17540739241259564 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Healthy, adaptative emotion regulation approaches promote well-being while also alleviating ill-being (Kraiss et al., 2020).”
Strakosch, A.-M., Schulze, K., Miano, A., Pruessner, L., & Barnow, S. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06114-1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…and rumination from suppression as well as lower levels of acceptance are asso - ciated with more depressive symptoms (Aldao et al., 2010; de France et al., 2019; Ehring et al., 2008 ; Hijne et al., 2020 ; Kraiss et al., 2020 ; Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000 ; Schäfer et al., 2017 ; Visted et al., 2018).”
Taccini, F., Rossi, A. A., & Mannarini, S. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14090799 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“A substantial body of literature has demonstrated the critical role of emotion regulation in individuals’ well-being and psychopathology [38–40].”
BackgroundLarionow, P., Mudło‐Głagolska, K., & Preece, D. A. (2024) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2024.97 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…the ERQ-S subscales and the examined correlates (i.e., psychopathology symptoms and well-being) were small to moderate, supporting the results of previous meta-analytic studies where other emotion regulation measures, including the full ERQ, were used (Aldao et al., 2010; Kraiss et al., 2020).”
ResultBapolisi, A. M., Maurage, P., Cishugi, M.-T., Musilimu, C. S., Namugusha, A. K., Budema, P. M., Cikomola, F. G., Mudekereza, P. S., Mubenga, L., Petit, G., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2022.2109930 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Emotional regulation strategies can be adaptive or maladaptive (Marroquín et al., 2017), the latter being frequently associated with psychiatric and somatic disorders (Kraiss et al., 2020), andmost notably PTSD (McLean & Foa, 2017).”
BackgroundKim, G., Yim, M., Bae, H., & Hur, J. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02261-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Costache, M. E., Gioia, F., Vanello, N., Greco, A., Capobianco, A., Weibel, S., & Weiner, L. (2025) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-025-00288-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Interestingly, enhanced emotion regulation may allow individuals to experience negative and conflicting emotions without increased distress, emphasizing the importance of emotion con-trol in psychological well-being [92].”
Camp, J., Blundell, E., Smith, P. A., & Rimes, K. A. (2025) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-025-03276-2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“This aligns with existing evidence implicating emotion dysregulation in the development and maintenance of mental health difficulties (e.g., Kraiss et al., 2020) and its mediating role on the relationship between GSM stressors and mental health outcomes (e.g., Hatzen-buehler, 2009).”
Bapolisi, A. M., Maurage, P., Rubambura, R. B., Tumaini, H. M., Baguma, M., Cikomola, C., Maheshe, G. B., Bisimwa, G. B., Petit, G., & de Timary, P. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2022.2101346 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Many studies have shown that emotion regulation is associated with psychiatric outcomes in both directions: emotion regulation impacts mental health, but psychiatric outcomes also influence emotion regulation (Kraiss et al., 2020; Nelis et al., 2016; Quoidbach et al., 2010).”
BackgroundAffect regulating art therapy for children and adolescents experiencing psychosocial problems
Bosgraaf, L., Spreen, M., Pattiselanno, K., & van Hooren, S. (2023) · International Journal of Art Therapy · doi:10.1080/17454832.2023.2208198 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Thereby, deficits in emotion regulation in the management of psychosocial problems are widely recognised (Kraiss et al., 2020).”
Liu, S., Arterberry, B. J., Wei, M., Tittler, M. V., Wang, C., Klesel, B., & Tsai, P.-C. (2024) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-024-10077-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“A person’s capacity for emotion regulation is related to the development of mental health concerns (Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Kraiss et al., 2020) such as poor well-being (Tani et al., 2018 ), depression (Tull & Gratz, 2008), as well as alcohol and drug misuse (Tull et al., 2015) among college students.”
Love, S., Rowland, B., & Armstrong, K. A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310958 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Park, Y., Lee, C. W., Jang, Y., Kwon, S. S., Yu, H., Yoon, J., Park, Y. S., Ryoo, H. A., Jang, J., Lee, H., et al. (2024) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2024.41 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Previous studies have suggested that emotional regulation skills are strongly related to mental health status and psychological well-being (Kraiss et al ., 2020).”
Adolph, D., & Margraf, J. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-76425-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cruciani, G., Buglio, G. L., Tanzilli, A., Liotti, M., Scalzeri, M., Tanzilli, G., Galli, F., & Lingiardi, V. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15040528 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Emotion regulation difficulties have long been associated with higher depressive and anxiety symptoms in several populations (Kraiss et al., 2020; Schäfer et al., 2017), including patients with CVDs (Chauvet-Gelinier & Bonin, 2017; Cheng et al., 2022; Cruciani et al., 2023; Javadi et al., 2017;…”
Franken, K., ten Klooster, P. M., Bohlmeijer, E. T., Westerhof, G. J., & Kraiss, J. T. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1236551 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Construct validity of the German version of the Emotion Reactivity Scale
Lüönd, A. M., Thoma, M., Spiller, T. R., Weilenmann, S., Jansson, B., & Pfaltz, M. C. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01458-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Nock and colleagues [1] proposed that difficulties in emotional reactivity might predispose individuals to having emotion regulation difficulties, which are a transdiagnostic characteristic of many psychiatric disorders [2–4] and important for the wellbeing of those affected by psycho-pathology [5].”
BackgroundMobile contents for daily mood management: application of regulation focus theory
Lee, H., & An, S. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05545-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“These feelings, if not appropriately addressed or managed, can be detrimental to mental health (Berardelli et al., 2020; Kim et al., 2011; Kraiss et al., 2020).”
KİYE, S., LAÇİN, B. G. D., & Coşkun, F. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06904-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Emotion regulation has a crucial impact on challenging life events (Işıklı & Keser, 2020), and it is stated that it is important to develop emotion regulation while improving the well-being of individuals (Kraiss et al., 2020).”
Chronotype Predicts Body Mass Index via Emotion Regulation Strategy Use and Emotional Eating
Keenan, G., Hosseni, S., & Bendall, R. C. A. (2025) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70542 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sabzehparvar, M., & Amiri, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1553687 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kraiss, J. T., ten Klooster, P. M., Moskowitz, J. T., & Bohlmeijer, E. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Twente (NL)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kraiss, Jannis T.
- Venue
- Comprehensive Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-10
- Volume
- 102
- Pages
- 152189
- ISSN
- 0010-440X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3035771434
- Cited by
- 252
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 3.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Comprehensive Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- ZonMw
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, well-being, mental illness, psychopathology, emotion regulation strategies, avoidance, rumination, cognitive reappraisal, acceptance, hedonic well-being, eudaimonic well-being
- MeSH terms
- Emotional Regulation, Mental Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Emotions, Humans, Psychopathology
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