A disinhibitory circuit motif and flexible information routing in the brain
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In the mammalian neocortex, an area typically receives inputs from, and projects to, dozens of other areas. Mechanisms are needed to flexibly route information to the right place at the right time, which we term 'pathway gating'. For instance, a region in your brain that receives signals from both visual and auditory pathways may want to 'gate in' the visual pathway while 'gating out' the auditory pathway when you try to read a book surrounded by people in a noisy café. In this review, we marshall experimental and computational evidence in support of a circuit mechanism for flexible pathway gating realized by a disinhibitory motif. Moreover, recent work shows an increasing preponderance of this disinhibitory motif from sensory areas to association areas of the mammalian cortex. Pathway input gating is briefly compared with alternative or complementary gating mechanisms. Predictions and open questions for future research on this puzzle about the complex brain system will be discussed.
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Animal studies using proxies for consciousness have highlighted certain neuron classes, layer-spanning elements, and cortical circuits.
“work in animal models using methods that can serve as proxies for consciousness (e.g. anesthesia, perceptual detection) has emphasized the importance of certain classes of neurons [7–9], layer-spanning neuronal elements [10], and cortical circuits [11].”
From Testing circuit-level theories of consciousness in humans (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
The section ‘A disinhibitory motif’ (page unavailable) reviews evidence from behaving mice for a cortical circuit involving distinct interneuron types, supporting the part attributed to [11] about cortical circuits. It does not characterize those experiments as using proxies for consciousness, such as anesthesia or perceptual detection. The neuron-class and layer-spanning claims are attached to other citations, not this one. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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Untangling stability and gain modulation in cortical circuits with multiple interneuron classesPreprint
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Top–down modulation in canonical cortical circuits with short-term plasticity
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Rate and oscillatory switching dynamics of a multilayer visual microcircuit model
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Distinct burst properties contribute to the functional diversity of thalamic nuclei
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Cellular psychology: relating cognition to context-sensitive pyramidal cells
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The spatial scale of somatostatin subnetworks increases from sensory to association cortex
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A Drosophila Circuit for Habituation Override
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Antagonistic inhibitory subnetworks control cooperation and competition across cortical spacePreprint
Mossing, D. P., Veit, J., Palmigiano, A., Miller, K. D., & Adesnik, H. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.437953 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Cooperative Neuron: Cellular Foundations of Mental Life
Phillips, W. A. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198876984.001.0001 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Cellular mechanisms of cooperative context-sensitive predictive inference
Marvan, T., & Phillips, W. A. (2024) · Current Research in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.crneur.2024.100129 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Wang, X., Pereira, U., Rosa, M. G. P., & Kennedy, H. (2020) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2020.11.002 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationArousal and Locomotion Differently Modulate Activity of Somatostatin Neurons across Cortex
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Flexible control of representational dynamics in a disinhibition-based model of decision-making
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AIM: A network model of attention in auditory cortex
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Dysfunctions of cellular context-sensitivity in neurodevelopmental learning disabilities
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Neuronal identity and cognitive control dynamics in the PFC
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Key role of neuronal diversity in structured reservoir computing
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Dual counterstream architecture may support separation between vision and predictions
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Layer 3 Dynamically Coordinates Columnar Activity According to Spatial Context
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Untangling stability and gain modulation in cortical circuits with multiple interneuron classes
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Circumstantial evidence and explanatory models for synapses in large-scale spike recordings
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Untangling stability and gain modulation in cortical circuits with multiple interneuron classesPreprint
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Disinhibition of a recurrent attractor gates a persistent goal signal for navigationPreprint
Lanz, A. J., Kathman, N. D., Hao, E., Ermentrout, B., & Nagel, K. I. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.07.681003 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
High-frequency bursts facilitate fast communication for human spatial attention
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Switching Operation Modes in the Neocortex via Cholinergic Neuromodulation
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Dendritic Kernel Convolutional Neural Network for Breast Ultrasound Images Segmentation
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Neocortical inhibitory imbalance predicts successful sensory detection
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Compartmentalized pooling generates orientation selectivity in wide-field amacrine cells
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Testing circuit-level theories of consciousness in humans
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Biological detail and graph structure in network neuroscience
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Epigenetics of neural networks in neurocognitive conditions: A review
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A genetic algorithm for self-supervised models of oscillatory neurodynamics
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Communication subspaces align with training in ANNsPreprint
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Untangling stability and gain modulation in cortical circuits with multiple interneuron classesPreprint
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Introduction to The Cooperative Neuron
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A synthetic resilience framework for stabilizing dynamical neural networks in neurodegeneration
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Disinhibition as a canonical neural mechanism for flexible behavior
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Brain Connectomes Come of AgePreprint
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Larkum, M. E. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198876984.002.0005
Evolution and Development of Cooperative Neurons
Phillips, W. A. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198876984.003.0007
An Information-theoretic View of Context-sensitive Computation
Phillips, W. A. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198876984.003.0009
Phillips, W. A. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198876984.003.0002
What Cooperative Neurons Do for Mental Life
Phillips, W. A. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198876984.003.0006
Pathologies of Cooperative Neuronal Processing
Phillips, W. A. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198876984.003.0008
Phillips, W. A. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198876984.002.0004
Cooperative Neurons in Various States of Mind and Brain
Phillips, W. A. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198876984.003.0005
Phillips, W. A. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198876984.003.0003
Phillips, W. A. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198876984.002.0003
Phillips, B. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198876984.002.0006
Phillips, W. A. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198876984.002.0008
Phillips, W. A. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198876984.003.0011
Difficulties and Unresolved Issues
Phillips, W. A. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198876984.003.0010
Advance praise for The Cooperative Neuron
Phillips, W. A. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198876984.002.0019
- Authors
- Wang, X.-J., & Yang, G. R.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Xiao-Jing
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Neurobiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-04
- Volume
- 49
- Pages
- 75-83
- ISSN
- 0959-4388 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6599531
- OpenAlex
- W2793090406
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 1.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Neurobiology (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (MH062349)
- ONR (N00014-17-1-2041)
- STCSM (14JC1404900, 15JC1400104)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- information routing, neocortex, cortical circuits, sensory areas, association cortex, multisensory integration, computational modeling of neural circuits
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Dendrites, Humans, Interneurons, Models, Neurological, Neural Inhibition, Neural Pathways
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