The future of mindfulness training is digital, and the future is now

Mrazek, Alissa J; Mrazek, Michael D; Cherolini, Casey M; Cloughesy, Jonathan N; Cynman, David J; Gougis, Lefeba J; Landry, Alex P; Reese, Jordan V; Schooler, Jonathan W

doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.11.012

Cited by 201Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsDigital Mental Health InterventionsMobile Health and mHealth Applications

The future of mindfulness training is digital, and the future is now

Mrazek, Alissa J, Mrazek, Michael D, Cherolini, Casey M, Cloughesy, Jonathan N, Cynman, David J, Gougis, Lefeba J, Landry, Alex P, Reese, Jordan V +1 more·2019·Current Opinion in Psychology

DOI 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.11.012

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Abstract

Digital mindfulness-based interventions (d-MBIs) present a promising path for the scalable dissemination of mindfulness instruction in the 21st century. Smartphone applications and web-based platforms can offer potential advantages over traditional face-to-face formats through enhanced accessibility, standardization, personalization, and efficacy of mindfulness training. A growing body of research has documented that a digital approach to teaching mindfulness can improve measures of attention, stress, depression, and anxiety. However, effective digital mindfulness instruction must overcome a variety of challenges, including the possibility of low engagement, shallow learning, and unaddressed obstacles or frustrations. Fortunately, best practices from multiple fields of research provide strategies to overcome these challenges.

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Limitations of online interventions are relatively high dropout rates and more difficulty engaging participants compared to in-person intervention.
“Limitations of online interventions are relatively high dropout rates and more difficulty engaging participants compared to an in‐person intervention (Mrazek et al., 2019).”
From Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for chronic noncancer pain and prescription opioid use disorder: A qualitative pilot study of its feasibility and the perceived process of change (2023) · cites this paper as Mrazek et al., 2019
Past research has suggested a range of factors that influence adherence to digital MBIs, including accessibility, tailoring, and difficulty.
“Past research has suggested that there is a range of factors that influence adherence to digital MBIs [5], including accessibility (eg, across devices and populations with different needs), tailoring (eg, of content to individual needs), and difficulty (eg, sustaining attention).”
From Experiences of Using Digital Mindfulness-Based Interventions: Rapid Scoping Review and Thematic Synthesis (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
There are numerous challenges in accessing and delivering MBIs, including geographical, logistical, and financial constraints and a lack of trained mindfulness teachers.
“Despite such efficacy, there are numerous challenges in accessing and delivering MBIs, including geographical, logistical, and financial constraints as well as a lack of trained mindfulness teachers [5,6].”
From Experiences of Using Digital Mindfulness-Based Interventions: Rapid Scoping Review and Thematic Synthesis (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
The study applied recommended practices in digital learning to overcome possible challenges of a digital MBI.
“In order to overcome the possible challenges of a digital MBI we applied some of the best recommended practices in digital learning suggested by Mrazek et al. (2019).”
From Feasibility of a Brief Online Mindfulness and Compassion-Based Intervention to Promote Mental Health Among University Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Mrazek et al., 2019
The challenges of digital mindfulness-based interventions can be overcome if they are applied through best practices in digital learning.
“While this modality of MBI faces numerous challenges, they can be overcome as long as it is applied through some of the best practices in digital learning (Mrazek et al., 2019), like those considered in the current study.”
From Feasibility of a Brief Online Mindfulness and Compassion-Based Intervention to Promote Mental Health Among University Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Mrazek et al., 2019

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Cawley, A., & Tejeiro, R. A. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02306-9 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“These digital interventions can increase accessibility, as the tracks can be played at any time, and allow the standardisation of the intervention with a highly skilled individual directing participants through the mindful prac-tises (Mrazek et al., 2019 ).”
The efficacy of online mindfulness‐based interventions in a university student sample: Videoconference‐ or podcast‐delivered intervention
Karing, C. (2022) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12408 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
A systematic review and meta-analysis exploring the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions on quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis
Simpson, R., Posa, S., Langer, L. K., Bruno, T. R., Simpson, S., Lawrence, M., Booth, J., Mercer, S. W., Feinstein, A., & Bayley, M. T. (2022) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-022-11451-x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are complex interventions [27], usually delivered in groups face-to-face, or, increasingly, online [28].”
Background
Examining How Headspace Impacts Mindfulness Mechanisms Over an 8-Week App-Based Mindfulness Intervention
Gavrilova, L., & Zawadzki, M. J. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02214-4 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Some potential advantages of app-based mindfulness interventions include wider availability, anonymity, accessibility at any time or place, standardization of intervention instruction, and personalization of content (Mrazek et al., 2019).”
Background
The Feasibility of Attention Training for Reducing Mind-Wandering and Digital Multitasking in High Schools
Mrazek, A. J., Mrazek, M. D., Carr, P. C., Delegard, A. M., Ding, M. G., Garcia, D. I., Greenstein, J. E., Kirk, A. C., Kodama, E. E., Krauss, M. J., et al. (2020) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci10080201 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Digital interventions in particular can circumvent many of the logistical and financial constraints involved in providing effective training to millions of high school students [19].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Search inside yourself: investigating the effects of a widely adopted mindfulness-at-work development program
Caporale-Berkowitz, N. A., Boyer, B. P., Lyddy, C. J., Good, D. J., Rochlen, A. B., & Parent, M. C. (2021) · International Journal of Workplace Health Management · doi:10.1108/ijwhm-08-2020-0139 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Process of Learning Mindfulness and Acceptance through the Use of a Mobile App Based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: A Grounded Theory Analysis
Reyes, A. T. (2022) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2021.1953652 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“This conclusion is consistent with previous findings showing that mindfulness mobile apps with integrated human support and feedback had higher rates of adherence and engagement than the apps without such support and feedback (Mar et al., 2014; Mrazek et al., 2019; Newman et al., 2011).”
Result
The Impact of Blended Mindfulness Intervention (BMI) on University Students’ Sustained Attention, Working Memory, Academic Achievement, and Electroencephalogram (EEG) Asymmetry
Bajestani, G. S., Ghanizadeh, A., Makhloughi, F., Kharrazi, F. H., Hosseini, A., & Toosi, M. B. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02317-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…and often free of charge smartphone applications and web-based platforms have recently been developed, putting forward drastic benefits over mainstream face-to-face interventions through upgraded availability, affordability, individualization, and effectiveness of outcomes (Mrazek et al., 2019).”
Influential
Evaluation of a Virtual Reality Platform to Train Stress Management Skills for a Defense Workforce: Multisite, Mixed Methods Feasibility Study
Kluge, M. G., Maltby, S., Kühne, C., Walker, N., Bennett, N., Aidman, E., Nalivaiko, E., & Walker, F. R. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/46368 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“However, transitioning from an expert-led to a digital-training format is often associated with low engagement, shallow learning, and potential frustration [51,58].”
Effectiveness of Web-Based Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Patients With Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses
Wang, T., Tang, C., Jiang, X., Guo, Y., Zhu, S., & Xu, Q. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/47704 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Mindfulness-Based Attention Training: Feasibility and Preliminary Outcomes of a Digital Course for High School Students
Mrazek, A. J., Mrazek, M. D., Reese, J. V., Kirk, A. C., Gougis, L. J., Delegard, A. M., Cynman, D. J., Cherolini, C. M., Carr, P. C., & Schooler, J. W. (2019) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci9030230 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“To be successful, d-MBIs must creatively apply best practices in digital learning, including: (i) tailoring instruction to a well-defined audience, (ii) applying best practices in educational psychology to ensure effective learning, (iii) addressing audience diversity through personalization of program content, (iv) d…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The Relative Contributions of Live and Recorded Online Mindfulness Training Programs to Lower Stress in the Workplace: Longitudinal Observational Study
Wolever, R. Q., Finn, M., & Shields, D. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/31935 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Effectiveness of behavioral activation and mindfulness in increasing reward sensitivity and reducing depressive symptoms - A randomized controlled trial
Potsch, L., & Rief, W. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104455 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
College student veterans' experience with a mindfulness- and acceptance-based mobile app intervention for PTSD: A qualitative study
Reyes, A. T., Serafica, R., & Sojobi, A. (2020) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2020.09.005 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Brief Mindfulness Intervention vs. Health Enhancement Program for Patients Undergoing Dialysis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Nassim, M., Park, H., Dikaios, E., Potes, A., Elbaz, S., McVeigh, C., Lipman, M. L., Novák, M., Trinh, E., Alam, A., et al. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9060659 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Future Directions Future studies may leverage hybrid designs of online audio-visual delivery of interventions to significantly reduce interventionist burden and improve scalability, accessibility, and cost [44].”
Background
Daily Mindfulness Is Associated With Recovery Processes Among Coaches—A 4-Week Diary Study
Pawsey, F., Wong, J. H. K., Kenttä, G., & Näswall, K. (2021) · International Sport Coaching Journal · doi:10.1123/iscj.2020-0045 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Perceptions of mental health providers of the barriers and facilitators of using and engaging youth in digital mental-health-enabled measurement based care
Bassi, E. M., Bright, K. S., Norman, L., Pintson, K., Daniel, S., Sidhu, S., Gondziola, J., Bradley, J., Fersovitch, M., Stamp, L. K., et al. (2024) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076241253093 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“35 This potential outlined could help reduce the barriers associated with seeking mental health support among youth.”
Background
Digital mindfulness training and cognitive functions: A preregistered systematic review of neuropsychological findings
Liebherr, M., Brandtner, A., Brand, M., & Tang, Y. (2024) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.15095 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Science of Mindfulness-Based Interventions and Learning: A Review for EducatorsPreprint
Laukkonen, R., Leggett, J. M. I., Gallagher, R., Biddell, H., Mrazek, A. J., Slagter, H. A., & Mrazek, M. D. (2020) · doi:10.31231/osf.io/6g9uq · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citation
Psychological eHealth Interventions for Patients With Cardiovascular Diseases: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Su, J. J., Lin, R. S. Y., Baťalík, L., Wong, A. K. C., & Grace, S. L. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/57368 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Online and Mobile Psychotherapeutic Treatments for Female Sexual Difficulties: a Review of Recent Empirical Literature
Mahar, E. A., O'Kane, K. M. K., Brotto, L. A., & Stephenson, K. R. (2022) · Current Sexual Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s11930-022-00333-y · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Benefits of online interventions include that they can be accessed anywhere, anytime, and for a lower cost than in-person treatments [29].”
Background
Exercising body but not mind: A qualitative exploration of attitudes to combining physical activity and mindfulness practice for mental health promotion
Remskar, M., Western, M. J., Maynard, O., & Ainsworth, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.984232 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“, 2019)— highlighting the potential for scalability and accessibility enabled by mHealth interventions (Mrazek et al., 2019; Bond et al., 2022) as well as the need to ensure they are as engaging and effective as possible (Yardley et al.”
Background
A Relaxation App (HeartBot) for Stress and Emotional Well-Being Over a 21-Day Challenge: Randomized Survey Study
Iyer, L., Iyer, R., & Kumar, V. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/22041 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Combining technology and mindfulness techniques has been shown to elicit meaningful benefits by increasing the accessibility and efficacy of mindfulness training [23].”
Background
Effectiveness of mindfulness based interventions in reducing depressive symptoms across mental disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Alkan, E., Kumar, G., Ravichandran, S., Kaushal, S. R., de Pablo, G. S., Alerci, L., Michaud-Feinberg, J., Gutiérrez-Rojas, L., Zorzi, C., Klauser, P., et al. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116473 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Furthermore, extensive research has investigated methods to enhance the accessibility of mindfulness practices via digital applications (Mrazek et al., 2019; Osborne et al., 2023); this could expand the reach and cost-effectiveness of MBIs (Muller et al., 2020).”
The associations and effects of mindfulness on anger and aggression: A meta-analytic review
O’Dean, S., Summerell, E., Harmon‐Jones, E., Creswell, J. D., & Denson, T. F. (2025) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102584 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Enhancing psychological skills and well-being in sport through an app-based blended intervention: a randomized controlled pilot study
Bordo, S., Costanzo, G., & Villani, D. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02824-8 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Mobile phone apps are accessible at any time and in any place and allow for great user flexibility in frequency or amount of use [15].”
Developing Techniques to Support Technological Solutions to Disinformation by Analyzing Four Conspiracy Networks During COVID-19
Ahmed, W., Önkal, D., Das, R., Krishnan, S., Olan, F., Hardey, M., & Fenton, A. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2023.3273191 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…has emphasized digital mindfulness-based programs and interventions via gaming [38], as well as alternate online experiences, use of reasons, group sharing, reﬂections on learners’ discoveries, recognition for contradictions, and creating a safe and trusting environment [39], [40], [41].”
Background
The Application of Machine Learning to Online Mindfulness Intervention Data: a Primer and Empirical Example in Compliance Assessment
Lekkas, D., Price, G. D., McFadden, J. R., & Jacobson, N. C. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01723-4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The effectiveness of mHealth mindfulness interventions on perinatal psychological health: a systematic review
Godage, P., Giggins, O. M., Doyle, J., & Byrne, A. (2025) · Oxford Open Digital Health · doi:10.1093/oodh/oqaf006 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“In recent decades,the advent of digital health technologies has opened up new possibilities for delivering MBIs in a more accessible and flexible manner [18].”
Effects of a Mindfulness Intervention Comprising an App, Web-Based Workshops, and a Workbook on Perceived Stress Among Nurses and Nursing Trainees: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Schönfeld, S., Rathmer, I., Michaelsen, M. M., Hoetger, C., Onescheit, M., Lange, S., Werdecker, L., & Esch, T. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/37195 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Findings from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) focusing on nonclinical adult populations suggest that digitally supported mindfulness interventions could effectively improve perceived stress [18,19].”
Background
A multisite feasibility randomized clinical trial of mindfulness-based resilience training for aggression, stress, and health in law enforcement officers
Christopher, M., Bowen, S. W., Witkiewitz, K. A., Grupe, D. W., Goerling, R. J., Hunsinger, M., Oken, B., Korecki, J. R., & Rosenbaum, N. A. (2024) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-024-04452-y · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…indicate guided mindfulness training delivered online is effective in improving a variety of health outcomes [62, 63], can increase accessibility relative to in-person training [64, 65], and was an effective alternative to in-person training during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic [66, 67].”
Background
Getting active through mindfulness: Randomised controlled trial of a digital mindfulness-based intervention promoting physical activity engagement and enjoyment
Remskar, M., Ainsworth, B., Maynard, O., Malkowski, O. S., Birch, A., Burd, A., Caretu, T.-C., Assaad, L. E., Christodoulou-Tsiaoukkas, A., Menon, A., et al. (2025) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2025.100680 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Effects of mobile mindfulness training on mental health of employees: A CONSORT-compliant pilot randomized controlled trial
Yoon, S.-I., Lee, S.-I., Suh, H.-W., Chung, S.-Y., & Kim, J. W. (2022) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000030260 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Considering that smartphone-based interventions are not geographically constrained and can provide high-quality training at reduced economic costs,[15] MMT might provide a cost-effective solution for employee mental health.”
BackgroundInfluential
Brain-computer interfaces in digital mindfulness training for metacognitive, emotional and attention regulation skills: a literature review
Mitsea, E., Drigas, A. S., & Skianis, C. A. (2023) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v12i3.40247 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
App-based mindfulness meditation reduces stress in novice meditators: a randomized controlled trial of headspace using ecological momentary assessment
Zawadzki, M. J., Torok, Z. A., Peña, M., & Gavrilova, L. (2025) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaaf025 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mindfulness in the digital workplace: an explorative study of the compatibility of mindfulness and technology
Wrede, S. J. S., Esch, T., & Michaelsen, M. M. (2025) · BMC Digital Health · doi:10.1186/s44247-025-00186-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Technology can be a catalyst for mindfulness-based interventions [69].”
The Effectiveness of a Nonguided Mindfulness App on Perceived Stress in a Nonclinical Dutch Population: Randomized Controlled Trial
Kranenburg, L. W., Gillis, J., Mayer, B., & Hoogendijk, W. J. G. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/32123 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Mindfulness practice has become increasingly popular, both in the general public [1,2] and in health care [3].”
Digital mindfulness-based intervention for people with COPD – a multicentre pilot and feasibility RCT
Tschenett, H., Vafai-Tabrizi, F., Zwick, R. H., Valipour, A., Funk, G., & Nater, U. M. (2025) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-025-03243-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Not quickly, because I used to get up quickly and (…) I can’t do it anymore because of the air” (ID 41).”
The engagement of tertiary students with an online mental health intervention during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A feasibility study
Pascoe, M. C., Dash, S. R., Pogrmilović, B. K., Patten, R. K., & Parker, A. G. (2022) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076221117746 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Further, in the current study, we were unable to personalise the programme to individual students, which has previously been demonstrated to facilitate sustained engagement with digital interventions.(20) Therefore, future initiatives might consider embedding telehealth or digital mental health promotion strategies wi…”
Background
Cognitive, psychological, and physiological effects of a web-based mindfulness intervention in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: an open study
Galluzzi, S., Lanfredi, M., Moretti, D. V., Rossi, R., Meloni, S., Tomasoni, E., Frisoni, G. B., Chiesa, A., & Pievani, M. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-04766-z · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The value of internet-based delivery has been underscored, even in the context of MBIs [17], and their beneficial effects have been demonstrated during the COVID-19 crisis [18–20].”
Background
The uptake and outcomes of an online self-help mindfulness programme during COVID-19
Li, I., Chen, A. Z., Newby, J. M., Kladnitski, N., Haskelberg, H., Millard, M., & Mahoney, A. (2022) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2022.2045866 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
An Online Mindfulness Program for Teachers: A Feasibility Study of the DeStress Monday at School Program
Mendelson, T., Webb, L., Artola, A., Molinaro, M., & Sibinga, E. M. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02142-3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Online mindfulness programming holds promise for addressing these feasibility concerns and has been found in emerging research to provide benefits for various populations (Mrazek et al., 2019).”
Background
The effect of brief digital mindfulness-based interventions on increasing online charitable behavior in Chinese adolescents
Hong, M., Liang, D., Lu, T., & Liu, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1213089 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Evidence Review for Preventing Osteoarthritis After an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: An Osteoarthritis Action Alliance Consensus Statement
Osteoarthritis Action Alliance, S. P. T. G., Driban, J. B., Vincent, H. K., Trojian, T. H., Ambrose, K., Baez, S., Beresic, N. J., Berkoff, D. J., Callahan, L. F., Cohen, B. S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-0504.22 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mindfulness based stress reduction: A randomised trial of a virtual human, teletherapy, and a chatbot
Karhiy, M., Sagar, M. A., Antoni, M., Loveys, K., & Broadbent, E. (2023) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos (ACIIW) · doi:10.1109/aciiw59127.2023.10388195 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“These are becoming the predominant way people access mindfulness interventions, and there is emerging evidence for their benefits [7].”
Background
Mindful eating for overweight and obese women in Brazil: An exploratory mixed-methods pilot study.
Salvo, V., Sanudo, A., Kristeller, J., Schveitzer, M. C., Martins, P., Favarato, M. L., & Demarzo, M. (2022) · Nutrition and Health · doi:10.1177/02601060211052794 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“For the future, regardless of the pandemic, offering these interventions online, with all the methodological care and adaptations required for this modality, could benefit many people (Mrazek et al., 2019; Sansom et al., 2020).”
Background
Mindfulness, Emotions and Leadership
Ayoko, O. B. (2023) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2023.26 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A randomized controlled pilot trial of brief online mindfulness training in young drivers.
Albert, D. A., Ouimet, M., & Brown, T. G. (2023) · Accident Analysis and Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2023.107322 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Can Digital Mindfulness Stimulate the Effects of EFL Learners’ Cognitive Awareness on Cognitive Load in Computer Assisted Writing Classrooms?
Wang, S. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2353449 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“DMFN encompasses a set of practices and techniques aimed at fostering mindfulness in the digital age (Mrazek et al., 2019).”
Attention training improves the self-reported focus and emotional regulation of high school students.
Mrazek, A. J., Mrazek, M. D., Brown, C. S., Karimi, S. S., Ji, R. R., Ortega, J. R., Maul, A., Carr, P. C., Delegard, A. M., Kirk, A. C., et al. (2022) · Technology Mind and Behavior · doi:10.1037/tmb0000092 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effect of mindfulness-based meditation on blood pressure among adults with elevated blood pressure and hypertension: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Mir, I. A., John, A. T., Humayra, S., Khan, Q. I., Chong, T. F., & Manan, H. A. (2024) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2024.103084 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Art education and sensitive tolos innovation project in the training of early childhood education teachers
Manrique, I. L. (2021) · Linguistics and Culture Review · doi:10.21744/lingcure.v5ns3.1728 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Music Therapy and Mindfulness favouring moments of relaxation for the students (Mrazek et al., 2019; Baer, 2019).”
Background
Development of Therapeutic Alliance and Social Presence in a Digital Intervention for Pediatric Concussion: Qualitative Exploratory Study
O'Kane, K. M. K., Otamendi, T., Silverberg, N. D., Choi, E., Sicard, V., Zemek, R., Healey, K., Brown, O., Butterfield, L., Smith, A., et al. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/49133 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“However, numerous studies have noted particularly high attrition rates for self-guided digital interventions, which researchers have suggested are because of their limited human contact and lack of social support [12,17,18].”
Background
High-performance connections: Digital holism and communicative capitalism at HappyAppy
Islam, G., Pillet, J., Navazhylava, K., & Barros, M. P. F. D. (2021) · Organization · doi:10.1177/13505084211057260 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…initiatives such as Google’s “Search Inside Yourself” program (LoRusso, 2017), and similar physical and spiritual practices such as yoga (Peticca-Harris et al., 2020b) and mindfulness (Purser, 2019), which increasingly involved digitalized variants (cf., Mrazek et al., 2019; Przegalinska, 2019).”
Background
Validation of online mindfulness-enhanced course for stress reduction in teachers
Ye, Q., Huang, Y., Ge, X., & Song, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1086142 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“However, it should be noted that low engagement is one of the challenges of existing online mindfulness intervention products (21).”
Background
Enablers and Barriers of Online Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Informal Carers: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review
Mudiyanselage, C. A. K. R. A., Ewens, B. A., Smyth, A. M., Dickson, J. M., & Ang, S. G. M. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02365-y · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Asynchronous online applications, in particular, enable participants to access the course at their convenience (Mrazek et al., 2019), maintain their privacy (Price-Blackshear et al., 2020), and select activities based on individual preferences (Huberty et al., 2019).”
Taking charge: Characterizing the rapid development of self-regulation through intensive training
Mrazek, A. J., Mrazek, M. D., Maul, A., Mrazek, K. L., & Schooler, J. W. (2020) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105320909856 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Based on our prior work (Mrazek et al., 2019), we predicted that participants would continue to encounter temptations but would become more skilled in resisting them.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Do Brief Mindfulness Interventions (BMI) and Health Enhancement Programs (HEP) Improve Sleep in Patients in Hemodialysis with Depression and Anxiety?
Lavín, P., Nazar, R., Nassim, M., Noble, H. R., Solomonova, E., Dikaios, E., Novák, M., Mucsi, I., Trinh, E., Potes, A., et al. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9111410 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Recent findings [29,30] have suggested that awareness and acceptance could be the mechanisms of mindfulness interventions in improving sleep quality, partly via reducing psychological stress.”
Background
Shift in Valence Bias Associated with Decrease in Trait Anxiety and Depression Symptoms
Harp, N. R., Blair, J., & Neta, M. (2023) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-023-10437-x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“As such, it could be a useful and easy-to-implement clinical tool, and might easily pair with affordable and acces - sible web-based mindfulness interventions (Mrazek et al., 2019).”
Background
Mining the Gems of a Web-Based Mindfulness Intervention: Qualitative Analysis of Factors Aiding Completion and Implementation
Yadav, M., Neate, S. L., Hassed, C. S., Chambers, R., Connaughton, S., & Nag, N. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/37406 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Web-based educational interventions have the potential to be implemented for disease prevention, positive behavior change, and self-managed well-being; they are scalable and can be disseminated widely [1-4].”
Background
Can mask mandates boost nature-based tourism? The role of escapism and travel anxiety
Paredes, M. R., Apaolaza, V., Hartmann, P., Marcos, A., & Merino, J. D. G. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280489 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mindful Metacognition: Attention, Beliefs, and Skills in the Acceptance of Experiences
Wunder, Z. I., & Jones, L. L. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02254-w · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“It is essential that digital mindfulness-based self-help interventions integrate these findings as well, considering their rise in popularity (Mrazek et al., 2019).”
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for chronic noncancer pain and prescription opioid use disorder: A qualitative pilot study of its feasibility and the perceived process of change
Ellerbroek, H., Hanssen, I., Lathouwers, K., Cillessen, L., Dekkers, S., Veldman, S. E., van den Heuvel, S. A. S., Speckens, A. E. M., & Schellekens, A. F. A. (2023) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3005 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Limitations of online interventions are relatively high dropout rates and more difficulty engaging participants compared to an in-person intervention (Mrazek et al., 2019).”
Background
Receiving self-compassion in the virtual world: Testing the potential value of biofeedback
Greig, L., Coundouris, S. P., Randhir, S., Henry, J. D., & Baghaei, N. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104596 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Effects of online mindfulness-based interventions on mental and physical health outcomes in cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Xu, L., Guan, A., & Huang, Y. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000041870 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“[18] Particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, segregation, closure, and social alienation limited face-to-face intervention.”
Nonjudgment Mediates the Effect of a Brief Smartphone-Delivered Mindfulness Intervention on Rumination in a Randomized Controlled Trial with Adolescents
Hilt, L. M., Swords, C. M., Austria, N., Webb, C. A., Wahl, J., & Eklund, L. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02363-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Background
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Background
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Background

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Self-citation
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Authors: Mrazek, A. J., Mrazek, M. D., Cherolini, C. M., Cloughesy, J. N., Cynman, D. J., Gougis, L. J., Landry, A. P., Reese, J. V., & Schooler, J. W.
Affiliations: University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
Corresponding author: Mrazek, Alissa J
Mrazek, Michael D
ORCID: Mrazek, Alissa J
Mrazek, Michael D
Cloughesy, Jonathan N
Cynman, David J
Schooler, Jonathan W
Venue: Current Opinion in Psychology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2019-08
Volume: 28
Pages: 81-86
ISSN: 2352-250X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.11.012
OpenAlex: W2914263353
Cited by: 201
References: 54
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 3
FWCI: 1.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Current Opinion in Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Education’s Institute of Education Sciences (R305A170445)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
Keywords: mindfulness training, mobile application, web platform, user engagement, personalization, attention, stress, depression, anxiety
MeSH terms: Forecasting, Humans, Learning, Social Behavior, Telemedicine, Mindfulness

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