Cited by 143COVID-19 and Mental HealthMental Health Research TopicsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Psychological distress associated with the COVID-19 lockdown: A two-wave network analysis

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Di Blasi, Maria, Gullo, Salvatore, Mancinelli, Elisa, Freda, Maria Francesca, Esposito, Giovanna, Gelo, Omar Carlo Gioacchino, Lagetto, Gloria, Giordano, Cecilia, Mazzeschi, Claudia, Pazzagli, Chiara, Salcuni, Silvia, Lo Coco, Gianluca·2021·Journal of Affective Disorders

DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.016PMC PMC8771473

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Abstract

Background Although preliminary research has evidenced negative psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic among the general population, little research has been carried out examining the interplay among the broader dimensions and correlates of individual distress. Via network analysis, the current study investigated the pathways that underlie some components of psychological distress and their changes over time (during and post COVID-19-related lockdown).Methods 1,129 adult participants (79.1% women) completed a two-wave online survey during and after the lockdown, and reported on variables such as depression, anxiety, stress, fear of COVID, intolerance of uncertainty, emotion regulation and social support. The networks were estimated via Gaussian Graphical Models and their temporal changes were compared through the centrality measures.Results Depression, stress, anxiety and fear of COVID formed a spatially contiguous pattern, which remained unchanged in both the two waves. After the lockdown, the fear of COVID node reduced its strength in the network, whereas inhibitory intolerance of uncertainty and emotion suppression were associated with depression. Emotion regulation was connected to depression, but not to stress and anxiety during both waves. Perceived emotional support had few connections to the other nodes.Limitations Only 32.7% of participants provided complete responses for both waves.Conclusion The COVID-19 outbreak has had a significant psychosocial impact on adults. In the context of the network approach, depressive symptoms had the highest strength and their associations to other dimensions of individual distress may be key factors in understanding the influence of exposure to the COVID-19 outbreak on mental health.

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Authors: Di Blasi, M., Gullo, S., Mancinelli, E., Freda, M. F., Esposito, G., Gelo, O. C. G., Lagetto, G., Giordano, C., Mazzeschi, C., Pazzagli, C., Salcuni, S., & Lo Coco, G.
Affiliations: University of Palermo (IT)
University of Padua (IT)
University of Naples Federico II (IT)
Sigmund Freud Privatuniversität Wien (AT)
University of Salento (IT)
University of Perugia (IT)
ORCID: Di Blasi, Maria
Gullo, Salvatore
Mancinelli, Elisa
Freda, Maria Francesca
Esposito, Giovanna
Gelo, Omar Carlo Gioacchino
Lagetto, Gloria
Giordano, Cecilia
Mazzeschi, Claudia
Pazzagli, Chiara
Salcuni, Silvia
Venue: Journal of Affective Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2021-04
Volume: 284
Pages: 18-26
ISSN: 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.016
PMC: PMC8771473
OpenAlex: W3127594419
Cited by: 143
References: 84
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 23
FWCI: 20.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
Locations: Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Nova Science Publishers (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
AIRUS (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: COVID-19 lockdown, psychological distress, depression, anxiety, stress, fear of COVID-19, intolerance of uncertainty, emotion regulation, emotional suppression, social support, network centrality
MeSH terms: Psychological Distress, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Anxiety, Communicable Disease Control, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Stress, Psychological, Pandemics

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Psychological distress associated with the COVID-19 lockdown: A two-wave network analysis

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