The detrimental effects of a suggestion of sexism in an instruction situation

A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance

Steele, C. M. (1997) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.52.6.613 · Cited by 6,770

Stereotype Threat and Women's Math Performance

Spencer, S. J., Steele, C. M., & Quinn, D. M. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1998.1373 · Cited by 3,435

Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma.

Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.96.4.608 · Cited by 3,426

The person and the situation: perspectives of social psychology

(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-3604 · Cited by 2,205

Contending with group image: The psychology of stereotype and social identity threat

Steele, C. M., Spencer, S. J., & Aronson, J. (2002) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(02)80009-0 · Cited by 2,201

Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem.

Heatherton, T. F., & Polivy, J. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.895 · Cited by 2,007 · cited 3×

Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of negative social information.

Pratto, F., & John, O. P. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.380 · Cited by 1,592

Stigma consciousness: The psychological legacy of social stereotypes.

Pinel, E. C. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.114 · Cited by 1,243

Test anxiety and direction of attention

Wine, J. (1971) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0031332 · Cited by 1,055

A threatening intellectual environment: why females are susceptible to experiencing problem-solving deficits in the presence of males

Inzlicht, M., & Ben-Zeev, T. (2000) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00272 · Cited by 835

Gender role stereotypes, expectancy effects, and parents' socialization of gender differences

Eccles, J. S., Jacobs, J. E., & Harold, R. D. (1990) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1990.tb01929.x · Cited by 815

Social stigma: The affective consequences of attributional ambiguity.

Crocker, J., Voelkl, K. E., Testa, M., & Major, B. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.2.218 · Cited by 800

Prejudice: The Target's Perspective

McKinney, K. D., Swim, J. K., & Stangor, C. (1999) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2655298 · Cited by 750

Antecedents and consequences of attributions to discrimination: Theoretical and empirical advances

Major, B., Quinton, W. J., & McCoy, S. K. (2002) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(02)80007-7 · Cited by 706

The Meaning and Consequences of Perceived Discrimination in Disadvantaged and Privileged Social Groups

Schmitt, M. T., & Branscombe, N. R. (2002) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/14792772143000058 · Cited by 532

Perceiving Discrimination Against One’s Gender Group has Different Implications for Well-Being in Women and Men

Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., Kobrynowicz, D., & Owen, S. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167202282006 · Cited by 482

Coping with Negative Stereotypes about Intellectual Performance: The Role of Psychological Disengagement

Major, B., Spencer, S. J., Schmader, T., Wolfe, C., & Crocker, J. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167298241003 · Cited by 474

Stereotype Threat and Arousal: Effects on Women's Math Performance

O’Brien, L. T., & Crandall, C. S. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203029006010 · Cited by 445

Stereotype Lift

Walton, G. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00019-2 · Cited by 412

Attributions to discrimination and self-esteem: Impact of group identification and situational ambiguity

Major, B., Quinton, W. J., & Schmader, T. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(02)00547-4 · Cited by 347

Whitewashing race: the myth of a color-blind society

(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-4987 · Cited by 339

Coping With Ethnic Stereotypes in the Academic Domain: Perceived Injustice and Psychological Disengagement

Schmader, T., Major, B., & Gramzow, R. H. (2001) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00203 · Cited by 336

Coping with Stigma through Psychological Disengagement

Major, B., & Schmader, T. (1998) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012679130-3/50045-4 · Cited by 285

It's Not My Fault: When and Why Attributions to Prejudice Protect Self-Esteem

Major, B., Kaiser, C. R., & McCoy, S. K. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203029006009 · Cited by 262

Marginal and mindful: Deviants in social interactions.

Frable, D. E. S., Blackstone, T., & Scherbaum, C. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.59.1.140 · Cited by 262

Thinking about one's gender group's privileges or disadvantages: Consequences for well‐being in women and men

Branscombe, N. R. (1998) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1998.tb01163.x · Cited by 219

Intentionally favored, unintentionally harmed? Impact of sex-based preferential selection on self-perceptions and self-evaluations.

Heilman, M. E., Simon, M. C., & Repper, D. P. (1987) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.72.1.62 · Cited by 198

Memory deficits and memory surfeits: Differential cognitive consequences of tokenism for tokens and observers.

Lord, C. G., & Saenz, D. S. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.49.4.918 · Cited by 188

Women, Motivation, and Achievement

Hyde, J. S., & Kling, K. C. (2001) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1471-6402.00035 · Cited by 179

Women's emotional responses to the pervasiveness of gender discrimination

Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., & Postmes, T. (2002) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.147 · Cited by 170

Social Motivation

Geen, R. G. (1991) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.42.020191.002113 · Cited by 149

Memory deficits and memory surfeits: Differential cognitive consequences of tokenism for tokens and observers.

Lord, C. G., & Saenz, D. S. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.4.918 · Cited by 137

Stigma: An Insider's View

Oyserman, D., & Swim, J. K. (2001) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00198 · Cited by 128

Not all self‐affirmations were created equal: The cognitive and social benefits of affirming the intrinsic (vs. extrinsic) self

Schimel, J., Arndt, J., Banko, K. M., & Cook, A. (2004) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.22.1.75.30984 · Cited by 127

Self-derogating consequences of sex-based preferential selection: The moderating role of initial self-confidence

Heilman, M. E., Lucas, J. A., & Kaplow, S. R. (1990) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(90)90029-9 · Cited by 118

The Chilly Climate: Fact or Artifact?

Cornelius, R. R., Constantinople, A., & Gray, J. D. (1988) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/00221546.1988.11780211 · Cited by 94

Attributional Ambiguity of Affirmative Action

Major, B., Feinstein, J., & Crocker, J. (1994) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.1994.9646075 · Cited by 83

The Chilly Climate: Fact or Artifact?

Constantinople, A., Cornelius, R. R., & Gray, J. (1988) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.2307/1981702 · Cited by 75

Students' of Color and European American Students' Stigma‐Relevant Perceptions of University Instructors

Brown, L. M., & Dobbins, H. (2004) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.0022-4537.2004.00104.x · Cited by 38

The consequences of perceived discrimination for psychological well-being: A meta-analytic review.

Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., Postmes, T., & Garcia, A. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0035754 · Cited by 1,804

Ambient belonging: how stereotypical cues impact gender participation in computer science

Cheryan, S., Plaut, V. C., Davies, P. G., & Steele, C. M. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016239 · Cited by 1,372

Stereotype Threat

Spencer, S. J., Logel, C., & Davies, P. G. (2016) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-073115-103235 · Cited by 920

Social identity contingencies: how diversity cues signal threat or safety for African Americans in mainstream institutions

Purdie-Vaughns, V., Steele, C. M., Davies, P. G., Ditlmann, R., & Crosby, J. R. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.615 · Cited by 786

Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership

Hoyt, C. L., & Murphy, S. E. (2016) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.11.002 · Cited by 454

Interacting with sexist men triggers social identity threat among female engineers

Logel, C., Walton, G. M., Spencer, S. J., Iserman, E. C., von Hippel, W., & Bell, A. E. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015703 · Cited by 336

Stereotypes in Interactions: The Interpersonal Consequences of Threatened Belonging

Dennehy, T. C. (2021) · Scholarworks (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · doi:10.7275/20955428

Gender identification moderates stereotype threat effects on women's math performance

Schmader, T. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.2001.1500 · Cited by 711

The costs of caring: Gender identification increases threat following exposure to sexism

Eliezer, D., Major, B., & Mendes, W. B. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.09.015 · Cited by 61

Communicating Gender-Equality Progress, Reduces Social Identity Threats for Women Considering a Research Career

Tellhed, U., & Jansson, A. (2018) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci7020018 · Cited by 7