Cited by 2,832Autophagy in Disease and TherapyCalcium signaling and nucleotide metabolismGenetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms

Biological Functions of Autophagy Genes: A Disease Perspective

Open access
Levine, Beth, Kroemer, Guido·2019·Cell

Abstract

The lysosomal degradation pathway of autophagy plays a fundamental role in cellular, tissue, and organismal homeostasis and is mediated by evolutionarily conserved autophagy-related (ATG) genes. Definitive etiological links exist between mutations in genes that control autophagy and human disease, especially neurodegenerative, inflammatory disorders and cancer. Autophagy selectively targets dysfunctional organelles, intracellular microbes, and pathogenic proteins, and deficiencies in these processes may lead to disease. Moreover, ATG genes have diverse physiologically important roles in other membrane-trafficking and signaling pathways. This Review discusses the biological functions of autophagy genes from the perspective of understanding-and potentially reversing-the pathophysiology of human disease and aging.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.048

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  • There is consistency in the literature about the beneficial role of green tea on senescence-related mechanisms, due to its scavenging properties against ROS and RNS and its ability to stimulate autophagy.

    “There is consistency in the literature about the beneficial role of green tea on senescence-related mechanisms, thanks to its scavenging properties against ROS and RNS and its ability to stimulate autophagy [279,280,281,282].”
  • Baseline autophagy is required for maintenance of cellular and organismal fitness.

    “For this reason, baseline autophagy is required for the maintenance of cellular and organismal fitness”

    From Meta-hallmarks of aging and cancer (2023) · cites this paper as [146]

  • Fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes requires microtubule-based transport, tethering factors, and SNARE proteins.

    “Fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes requires microtubule-based transport, tethering factors, and SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein [SNAP] receptor) proteins (Leidal et al., 2018; Levine and Kroemer, 2019).”

    From The cell biology of the retinal pigment epithelium (2020) · cites this paper as Levine and Kroemer, 2019

  • In autophagy, damaged organelles and cellular material are enclosed in a double-membraned autophagosome and delivered to lysosomes for degradation.

    “In autophagy, damaged organelles (e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes) and cellular material (e.g., proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) are enclosed in a double-membraned autophagosome and delivered to lysosomes for degradation (Leidal et al., 2018; Levine and Kroemer, 2019).”

    From The cell biology of the retinal pigment epithelium (2020) · cites this paper as Levine and Kroemer, 2019

  • Prolonged stress downregulates autophagy, which could send the cell into a spiral of increased debris, mitochondrial injury, and eventual metabolic reprogramming.

    “However, prolonged stress downregulates autophagy, which could send the cell into a spiral of increased debris, mitochondrial injury, and eventual metabolic reprogramming (Leidal et al., 2018; Levine and Kroemer, 2019).”

    From The cell biology of the retinal pigment epithelium (2020) · cites this paper as Levine and Kroemer, 2019

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Authors
Levine, B., & Kroemer, G.
Affiliations
  • Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
  • Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
Corresponding author
  • Levine, Beth
  • Kroemer, Guido
Venue
Cell
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2019-01
Volume
176
Issue
1-2
Pages
11-42
ISSN
0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2909477364
Cited by
2,832
References
311
Citations by year
2026: 254 · 2025: 399 · 2024: 477 · 2023: 456 · 2022: 403 · 2021: 414 · 2020: 292 · 2019: 135 · 2018: 1 · 2012: 1
FWCI
46.11
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Cell (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • NIH (RO1 CA109618, U19 AI109725)
  • Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas (RP120718)
  • Fondation Leducq (15CBD04)
  • Ligue contre le Cancer
  • Agence National de la Recherche
  • Association pour la recherche sur le cancer
  • Cancéropôle Ile-de-France
  • Chancelerie des universités de Paris
  • Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale
  • European Research Area Network on Cardiovascular Diseases
  • European Research Council
  • Fondation Carrefour
  • Institut National du Cancer
  • Inserm
  • Institut Universitaire de France
  • LabEx Immuno-Oncology
  • RHU Torino Lumière
  • Seerave Foundation
  • SIRIC Stratified Oncology Cell DNA Repair and Tumor Immune Elimination
  • SIRIC Cancer Research and Personalized Medicine
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Calcium signaling and nucleotide metabolism
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
Keywords
autophagy, autophagy-related genes, lysosomal degradation, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory diseases, cancer, aging, membrane trafficking, selective autophagy, organelle degradation, disease pathophysiology
MeSH terms
Autophagy-Related Proteins, Animals, Autophagy, Homeostasis, Humans, Lysosomes, Proteins, Signal Transduction, Neurodegenerative Diseases

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