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Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Changes to the microbial community in the human gut have been proposed to promote metabolic disturbances that also occur after short periods of sleep loss (including insulin resistance). However, whether sleep loss affects the gut microbiota remains unknown. METHODS: In a randomized within-subject crossover study utilizing a standardized in-lab protocol (with fixed meal times and exercise schedules), we studied nine normal-weight men at two occasions: after two nights of partial sleep deprivation (PSD; sleep opportunity 02:45-07:00 h), and after two nights of normal sleep (NS; sleep opportunity 22:30-07:00 h). Fecal samples were collected within 24 h before, and after two in-lab nights, of either NS or PSD. In addition, participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test following each sleep intervention. RESULTS: Microbiota composition analysis (V4 16S rRNA gene sequencing) revealed that after two days of PSD vs. after two days of NS, individuals exhibited an increased Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio, higher abundances of the families Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae, and lower abundance of Tenericutes (all P < 0.05) - previously all associated with metabolic perturbations in animal or human models. However, no PSD vs. NS effect on beta diversity or on fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations was found. Fasting and postprandial insulin sensitivity decreased after PSD vs. NS (all P < 0.05). DISCUSSION: Our findings demonstrate that short-term sleep loss induces subtle effects on human microbiota. To what extent the observed changes to the microbial community contribute to metabolic consequences of sleep loss warrants further investigations in larger and more prolonged sleep studies, to also assess how sleep loss impacts the microbiota in individuals who already are metabolically compromised.
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TL;DR
In a randomized within-subject crossover study of nine normal-weight young men, two nights of partial sleep deprivation altered several gut microbial taxa and increased the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio, while also reducing fasting and postprandial insulin sensitivity. However, sleep loss did not change beta diversity or fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations, and microbial changes were not significantly associated with the insulin-sensitivity reductions.
Key findings
- After two nights of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) vs normal sleep (NS), the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio was almost doubled on day 2 (17.5 ± 13.7 vs 9.1 ± 4.6, P = 0.04, one-sided), with no significant baseline difference.
- PSD increased abundances of Coriobacteriaceae (9.61 ± 5.59% vs 7.26 ± 3.30%) and Erysipelotrichaceae (3.37 ± 3.98% vs 2.55 ± 2.97%; both P = 0.049, one-sided) and decreased Tenericutes (0.129 ± 0.241% vs 0.284 ± 0.347%; P = 0.030, one-sided).
- No PSD vs NS effect was found on beta diversity or fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations; only trends for time effects on acetate, propionate, and total SCFAs were observed (all P < 0.10, two-sided).
- Fasting insulin resistance increased after PSD vs NS (HOMA-IR 1.01 ± 0.12 vs 0.72 ± 0.08, P = 0.014, one-sided), fasting insulin was 34% higher (4.26 ± 0.48 vs 3.17 ± 0.35 μU/mL, P = 0.006, one-sided), and postprandial insulin sensitivity decreased by ∼22% (Matsuda index 8.0 ± 0.90 vs 10.2 ± 0.78, P = 0.017, one-sided).
Methods
- Randomized within-subject crossover study with a standardized in-lab protocol; nine normal-weight men completed two conditions: two nights of PSD (sleep opportunity 02:45–07:00 h) and two nights of NS (22:30–07:00 h).
- Fecal samples were collected within 24 h before and after two in-lab nights for each condition, yielding 36 samples; microbiota composition was assessed by V4 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and fecal SCFAs were measured by gas chromatography.
- Participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test after each sleep intervention; analyses included PERMANOVA, DESeq, Wilcoxon signed rank tests, Student’s t-tests, repeated measures ANOVA, and Pearson correlations.
Limitations
- The paper states that only a subsample of participants provided fecal samples, the sample was small and limited to healthy young men, and the lack of counterbalancing in condition order among these nine participants may have influenced results.
- The paper states that the intervention lasted only two days and nights, did not include recovery sleep, and restricted sleep in the first part of the night, so longer-term, circadian-timing, and recovery effects remain unknown.
- The text makes evident that the study cannot establish causality between the observed microbial shifts and metabolic changes, and the authors note that larger, longer, and more diverse studies are needed.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“without any significant difference on baseline (13.1 ± 11.7 vs. 9.6 ± 7.2, P = 0.18, two-sided).”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Results > Effects of partial sleep deprivation on microbial composition at the phylum, family, and species level
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In the paper
“Testing for within and across-subject variation for both condition (NS vs. PSD) and time point (baseline vs. day 2), with alpha and beta diversity using Observed and Shannon methods, did not reveal any significant differences (Figure 2; all P > 0.05, two-sided; also Supplementary Table 2).”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Results > Effects of partial sleep deprivation on microbial beta diversity
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In the paper
“neither sleep condition nor fecal collection day (time effect) were found to be significant drivers for beta diversity using weighted abundances or hierarchical clustering (baseline vs. day 2, P = 0.988; or day 2 samples for PSD vs. NS, P = 0.574, both two-sided; Supplementary Fig. 1A)”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Results > Effects of partial sleep deprivation on microbial beta diversity
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In the paper
“Following two nights of PSD vs. sleep, no significant changes were noted at the OTU level”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Results > Effects of partial sleep deprivation on microbial composition at the phylum, family, and species level
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In the paper
“we observed a decrease in the Tenericutes phylum after PSD vs. NS (0.129 ± 0.241% vs. 0.284 ± 0.347%; P = 0.030, one-sided; Supplementary Fig. 2A; Table 3A)”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Results > Effects of partial sleep deprivation on microbial composition at the phylum, family, and species level
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In the paper
“Subsequent paired Student's t-tests indicated that the trend for the sleep effect was driven by an almost doubled F:B ratio after PSD vs. NS on day 2 (17.5 ± 13.7 vs. 9.1 ± 4.6, P = 0.04, one-sided)”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Results > Effects of partial sleep deprivation on microbial composition at the phylum, family, and species level
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“coupled with increased abundances of the families Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae (9.61 ± 5.59% vs. 7.26 ± 3.30% and 3.37 ± 3.98% vs. 2.55 ± 2.97%, respectively; both P = 0.049, one-sided; Supplementary Fig. 2B; Table 3B).”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Results > Effects of partial sleep deprivation on microbial composition at the phylum, family, and species level
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“coupled with increased abundances of the families Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae (9.61 ± 5.59% vs. 7.26 ± 3.30% and 3.37 ± 3.98% vs. 2.55 ± 2.97%, respectively; both P = 0.049, one-sided; Supplementary Fig. 2B; Table 3B).”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Results > Effects of partial sleep deprivation on microbial composition at the phylum, family, and species level
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In the paper
“we failed to find any impact on SCFAs as a result of our sleep intervention, apart for statistical trends for time effects on acetate, propionate, and total fecal SCFAs levels.”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Discussion
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In the paper
“we also investigated whether beta diversity on day 2 was associated with the decreased insulin sensitivity observed on the same day following sleep loss, but we did not find any significant effect (PERMANOVA P = 0.121 and P = 0.235 for effects related to the HOMA-IR and Matsuda index, respectively, both two-sided).”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Results > Effects of partial sleep deprivation on glucometabolic parameters and lipid metabolism
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 11
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in the PSD condition, participants slept 3 h:59 min ± 4 min on the first night, and 4 h:3 min ± 3 min on the second night.”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Methods > Sleep assessment
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In the paper
“The polysomnographic analysis revealed that both on the first and second night, subjects slept 7 h:47min ± 13 min and 8 h:00 min ± 7 min, respectively, in the NS condition”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Methods > Sleep assessment
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In the paper
“we did not observe any main effects of sleep or any interaction effects, in the ANOVA (all P > 0.10, two-sided; Table 4).”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Results > Changes in stool content of short-chained fatty acids following short sleep
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we observed increased levels of the families Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae (phylum Actinobacteria and Firmicutes, respectively), with a lower abundance of the phylum Tenericutes, following two nights of PSD compared with two nights of normal sleep.”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a randomized within-subject crossover study utilizing a standardized in-lab protocol (with fixed meal times and exercise schedules), we studied nine normal-weight men at two occasions”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Abstract > Methods
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In the paper
“obesity has been associated with an increase in total levels of SCFAs [10]”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Schwiertz, 2010, Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“T2DM patients have been found to have a reduction in butyrate-producing bacterial species, and lower levels of butyrate biosynthesis when the microbiomes of T2DM patients are compared with those of non-diabetic controls [6].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Qin, 2012, A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes, Nature source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both acute [12], [14], [15], [16] and long-term [16], [17] changes in diet have been demonstrated to alter the abundance of bacterial species in the gut, as well as their functional capacity to process various nutrients, with such changes being detectable within days of dietary interventions in humans [15], [16].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Zeevi, 2015, Personalized nutrition by prediction of glycemic responses, Cell source
- Not checked yetcites [15] David, 2014, Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome, Nature source
- Not checked yetcites [16] Wu, 2011, Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes, Science source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“SCFAs can constitute about 2.2% of daily caloric intake [18]”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Blaut, 2015, Gut microbiota and energy balance: role in obesity, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society source
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In the paper
“germfree mice – which lack a functional microbiome – are resistant to diet-induced obesity on a western diet [7].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Backhed, 2007, Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“beneficial effects concerning insulin sensitivity have been observed in human trials of patients with metabolic syndrome who received the transplants from lean donors [4].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Vrieze, 2012, Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome, Gastroenterology source
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In the paper
“increased acetate production by gut bacteria has been found recently to promote insulin secretion, hyperphagia, and obesity [22]”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Perry, 2016, Acetate mediates a microbiome-brain-beta-cell axis to promote metabolic syndrome, Nature source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“transplanting the microbiota of genetically obese ob/ob mice or obese humans to lean germfree mice increases the adiposity of the recipient mice [8], [9]”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
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In the paper
“the OGTT was employed to test the participants' insulin sensitivity using the WHO-defined gold standard [33].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Methods > Experimental procedure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] WHO, 2006
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In the paper
“Merely curtailing sleep to half the recommended amount for a single night acutely impairs fasting insulin sensitivity [26].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Cedernaes, 2015, A single night of partial sleep loss impairs fasting insulin sensitivity but does not affect cephalic phase insulin release in young men, Journal of Sleep Research
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In the paper
“Differences in intestinal microbiota composition have been uncovered between healthy controls and those suffering from various diseases, including metabolic pathologies such as obesity, the metabolic syndrome and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [4], [5], [6].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Vrieze, 2012, Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome, Gastroenterology source
- Not checked yetcites [5] Hartstra, 2015, Insights into the role of the microbiome in obesity and type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Qin, 2012, A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes, Nature source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Butyrate and propionate have recently been demonstrated to play a role in intestinal gluconeogenesis, which has beneficial effects on glucose and energy homeostasis [20].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] De Vadder, 2014, Microbiota-generated metabolites promote metabolic benefits via gut-brain neural circuits, Cell source
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In the paper
“When prolonged, sleep restriction can promote weight gain [27]”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Spaeth, 2013, Effects of experimental sleep restriction on weight gain, caloric intake, and meal timing in healthy adults, Sleep source
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In the paper
“and, correspondingly, that this may be perturbed following circadian misalignment [28].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Thaiss, 2014, Transkingdom control of microbiota diurnal oscillations promotes metabolic homeostasis, Cell source
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is currently some evidence in both mice and humans that the gut microbiota exhibits a circadian rhythm [28], [29], [30]”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Thaiss, 2014, Transkingdom control of microbiota diurnal oscillations promotes metabolic homeostasis, Cell source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Liang, 2015, Rhythmicity of the intestinal microbiota is regulated by gender and the host circadian clock, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Zarrinpar, 2014, Diet and feeding pattern affect the diurnal dynamics of the gut microbiome, Cell Metabolism source
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analyses of changes in the phyla, families, or OTUs of sequenced gut bacteria were analyzed for the eight most abundant features to minimize multiple comparisons.”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Methods > Statistical analysis
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In the paper
“false discovery rate (FDR; q-values) was calculated with the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure.”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Methods > Statistical analysis
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the composition of the microbiota has been found to regulate the metabolic response to various such factors in humans [11], [12].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
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In the paper
“To further isolate the solitary impact of sleep on the microbiota – separate from the previously documented impact of e.g. high-fat diet [32] – participants were provided with a non-sugar sweetened, low-fat diet throughout the three meals, the exception being the oral glucose tolerance (OGTT) test on day 2”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Methods > Experimental procedure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Hildebrandt, 2009, High-fat diet determines the composition of the murine gut microbiome independently of obesity, Gastroenterology source
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In the paper
“similar transplantation of the microbiome from the obese but not normal-weight twin, to healthy germ-free mice, also promotes adiposity and perturbs glucose metabolism [9].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Ridaura, 2013, Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice, Science source
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In the paper
“An experienced scorer blinded to the study conditions adhered to standardized criteria for subsequent sleep analysis [36].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Methods > Sleep assessment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Silber, 2007, The visual scoring of sleep in adults, Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine source
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae – previously linked to obesity and lipid, primarily cholesterol, metabolism [43], [44], [45]”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Results > Effects of partial sleep deprivation on glucometabolic parameters and lipid metabolism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Zhang, 2009, Human gut microbiota in obesity and after gastric bypass, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America source
- Not checked yetcites [44] Spencer, 2011, Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency, Gastroenterology source
- Not checked yetcites [45] Claus, 2011, Colonization-induced host-gut microbial metabolic interaction, MBio source
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In the paper
“among families of the phylum Firmicutes, specifically Erysipelotrichaceae has instead been found to increase several fold in mice exposed to both a high-fat or Western diet [56].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Fleissner, 2010, Absence of intestinal microbiota does not protect mice from diet-induced obesity, British Journal of Nutrition source
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In the paper
“levels of the latter positively correlate with changes in liver fat following a 2-month long dietary choline manipulation [44].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Spencer, 2011, Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency, Gastroenterology source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We utilized a standardized in-lab protocol (including for factors such as meal times and activity schedule) in an attempt to isolate the effect of sleep loss on the gut microbiome in normal-weight, healthy subjects.”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Limitations and perspectives
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Tenericutes has been demonstrated to decrease following diet-induced obesity in mice [47]”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Everard, 2014, Microbiome of prebiotic-treated mice reveals novel targets involved in host response during obesity, ISME Journal source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“increased abundance of Firmicutes and reduced abundance of Bacteroidetes in the gut microbiota have been observed in mice subjected to sleep fragmentation for 4 weeks [48]”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Poroyko, 2016, Chronic sleep disruption alters gut microbiota, induces systemic and adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance in mice, Scientific Reports source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“since only a subsample of the participants was able to provide fecal samples, we cannot rule out that the lack of counterbalancing in the order of experimental conditions may have influenced the present results.”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Limitations and perspectives
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These increased levels have been associated previously with changes in hepatic and lipid metabolism in humans and various rodent species [44], [45], [53], [54], [55].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Spencer, 2011, Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency, Gastroenterology source
- Not checked yetcites [45] Claus, 2011, Colonization-induced host-gut microbial metabolic interaction, MBio source
- Not checked yetcites [53] Martinez, 2013, Diet-induced alterations of host cholesterol metabolism are likely to affect the gut microbiota composition in hamsters, Applied and Environmental Microbiology source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Obesity and associated metabolic perturbations primarily have been reflected by altered diversity of the microbiota [73], [74]”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Limitations and perspectives
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two days of short vs. normal sleep was found to reduce insulin sensitivity without any associated changes in gut species diversity”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“smaller studies in humans have found that morbidly obese subjects harbor higher proportions of Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae [43]”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Zhang, 2009, Human gut microbiota in obesity and after gastric bypass, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“weight loss can increase the already lower abundance of Bacteroidetes in obese subjects [40]”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Ley, 2006, Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity, Nature source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“An increase in this ratio in some [40], but not all [10] studies, has been found to be associated with obesity in humans as well as in genetically or diet-induced obese mice [40], [46], [47]”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Ley, 2006, Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity, Nature source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Schwiertz, 2010, Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
- Not checked yetcites [46] Ley, 2005, Obesity alters gut microbial ecology, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
No studies have investigated the impact of insufficient sleep on the composition of the human gut microbiota.
“However, to date, there are no studies that have investigated the impact of insufficient sleep on the composition of the human gut microbiota.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Studies are lacking that assess whether adverse metabolic changes that may increase the risk of T2DM and obesity, such as impaired insulin sensitivity, are associated with changes in the gut microbiome and associated SCFAs that could result from recurrent sleep loss.
“Studies are therefore lacking that assess whether important adverse metabolic changes that may increase the risk of T2DM and obesity, such as impaired insulin sensitivity, are associated with changes in the gut microbiome and associated SCFAs that could result from recurrent sleep loss.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No prior study has provided evidence for sleep deprivation-induced changes in microbial families of bacterial gut species linked to metabolic pathologies.
“our study is the first to provide evidence for sleep deprivation-induced changes in microbial families of bacterial gut species, which have previously been linked to metabolic pathologies.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“early studies in the late 19th century showed that total sleep deprivation in dogs leads to death after several days (reviewed in Ref. 38).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [38]
Citations
Cites
An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest
Turnbaugh, P. J., Ley, R. E., Mahowald, M. A., Magrini, V., Mardis, E. R., & Gordon, J. I. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05414 · Cited by 12,444 · cited 3×
“Consistently, transplanting the microbiota of genetically obese ob/ob mice or obese humans to lean germfree mice increases the adiposity of the recipient mice [8,9], indicating an increased capacity to harvest energy”
BackgroundDiet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome
David, L. A., Maurice, C. F., Carmody, R. N., Gootenberg, D. B., Button, J. E., Wolfe, B. E., Ling, A. V., Devlin, A. S., Varma, Y., Fischbach, M. A., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12820 · Cited by 10,100 · cited 2×
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BackgroundHuman gut microbes associated with obesity
Ley, R. E., Turnbaugh, P. J., Klein, S., & Gordon, J. I. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/4441022a · Cited by 8,785 · cited 2×
“An increase in this ratio in some [40], but not all [10] studies, has been found to be associated with obesity in humans as well as in genetically or diet-induced obese mice [40,46,47], and weight loss can increase the already lower abundance of Bacteroidetes in obese subjects [40].”
BackgroundMethodA metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes
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Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes
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“Even so, dietary-induced acute changes of the gut microbiotae observed in previous human studies [15,16] e highlight how the gut microbiota interacts with dietary factors also over shorter timescales.”
BackgroundObesity alters gut microbial ecology
Ley, R. E., Bäckhed, F., Turnbaugh, P., Lozupone, C. A., Knight, R. D., & Gordon, J. I. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0504978102 · Cited by 6,176 · cited 1×
“An increase in this ratio in some [40], but not all [10] studies, has been found to be associated with obesity in humans as well as in genetically or diet-induced obese mice [40,46,47], and weight loss can increase the already lower abundance of Bacteroidetes in obese subjects [40].”
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Host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions
Nicholson, J. K., Holmes, E., Kinross, J., Burcelin, R., Gibson, G., Jia, W., & Pettersson, S. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1223813 · Cited by 4,760 · cited 1×
“Such changes in intestinal bile acid levels, through altered production, secretion, and/or uptake (via bile acid transporters) [72], together with bidirectional effects of altered intestinal permeability also may represent mechanistic pathways through which changes in sleep duration or the sleep-wake cycle are able to…”
BackgroundRichness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers
Le Chatelier, E., Nielsen, T., Qin, J., Prifti, E., Hildebrand, F., Falony, G., Almeida, M., Arumugam, M., Batto, J.-M., Kennedy, S., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12506 · Cited by 4,662
Gut Microbiota from Twins Discordant for Obesity Modulate Metabolism in Mice
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“Furthermore, similar transplantation of the microbiome from the obese but not normal-weight twin, to healthy germfree mice, also promotes adiposity and perturbs glucose metabolism [9].”
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Items 101–200 of 321
Circadian rhythms: a possible new player in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pathophysiology
Gnocchi, D., Custodero, C., Sabbà, C., & Mazzocca, A. (2019) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-019-01780-2 · Cited by 33
Valle, M. C. P., Vieira, I. A., Fino, L. D. C., Gallina, D. A., Esteves, A. M., da Cunha, D. T., Cabral, L., Benatti, F. B., Maróstica, M. R., Batista, Â. G., et al. (2021) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114521000568 · Cited by 34
“Benedict et al.(64) observed an increase of Erysipelotrichaceae related to circadian disruption and sleep restriction.”
BackgroundKarl, J. P., Whitney, C. C., Wilson, M. A., Fagnant, H. S., Radcliffe, P. N., Chakraborty, N., Campbell, R., Hoke, A. V., Gautam, A., Hammamieh, R., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-27463-0 · Cited by 34
Luković, E., Moitra, V. K., & Freedberg, D. E. (2019) · Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aco.0000000000000734 · Cited by 30
Ko, C., Su, H., Zhang, L., & Zeng, Y. (2021) · International Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1155/2021/9877053 · Cited by 29
Gut microbiota alterations in response to sleep length among African-origin adults
Fei, N., Choo-Kang, C., Reutrakul, S., Crowley, S. J., Rae, D. E., Bedu-Addo, K., Plange‐Rhule, J., Forrester, T., Lambert, E. V., Bovet, P., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255323 · Cited by 31
“Notably, sleep-derived variations in the composition of gut microbiota has only been explored in small groups involving experimental sleep restriction [31].”
BackgroundTian, Y., Yang, W., Chen, G., Men, C., Gu, Y., Song, X., Zhang, R., Wang, L., & Zhang, X. (2022) · Food Science and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s10068-021-01015-6 · Cited by 30
“At the same time, sleep deprived subjects had lower insulin sensitivity on fasting and postprandial (Benedict et al., 2016).”
BackgroundLee, C., Liang, F., Lee, I., Lu, T., Shan, Y., Jeng, C., Zou, Y., Yu, H., & Chen, S. (2022) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.15252/embr.202052316 · Cited by 29
Differences in the gut microbiome across typical ageing and in Parkinson's disease
Nuzum, N. D., Szymlek‐Gay, E. A., Loke, S., Dawson, S. L., Teo, W., Hendy, A. M., Loughman, A., & Macpherson, H. (2023) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109566 · Cited by 32
Gut microbiota: Candidates for a novel strategy for ameliorating sleep disorders
Li, L., Liang, T., Jiang, T., Li, Y., Yang, L., Wu, L., Yang, J., Ding, Y., Wang, J., Chen, M., et al. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2023.2228409 · Cited by 31
Mao, L., Kang, J., Sun, R., et al. (2024) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133456 · Cited by 28
Zhang, N., Gao, X., Li, Y., Xu, L., Zhou, G., Xu, M., Peng, L., Sun, G., Pan, F., Li, Y., et al. (2024) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.01437-23 · Cited by 33
Reynolds, A. C., Broussard, J. L., Paterson, J. L., Wright, K. P., & Ferguson, S. A. (2016) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2016.11.004 · Cited by 28
“…Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, ovember 2016 s is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). www.molecularmetabolism.com be inflammatory markers, as this may reflect an important component of the pathway [5].”
BackgroundInfluentialHegazy, M., Ashoush, O. A., Hegazy, M. T., Wahba, M., Lithy, R., Abdel-Hamid, H. M., elshafy, S. A. A., Abdelfatah, D., Ibrahim, M., & Abdelghani, A. (2021) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114521001926 · Cited by 26
Wang, T., Wang, Z., Cao, J., Dong, Y., & Chen, Y. (2022) · Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.4103/sjg.sjg_110_21 · Cited by 28
“[13] The ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes is an important indicator of structural modifications of gut microbiota.[20,21] Our study revealed a larger difference in the abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the SR group, indicating the SR‐induced imbalance in the intestinal microbiota.”
BackgroundWang, L., Liu, H., Zhou, L., Zheng, P., Li, H., Zhang, H., & Liu, W. (2024) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s468420 · Cited by 28
“146 This suggests that OSA contributes to the development and progression of NAFLD by inducing gut microbiota dysbiosis, which in turn could promote intrahepatic and systemic inflammation.”
BackgroundSleep deprivation-induced cognitive impairment: Unraveling the role of neuroinflammation
Yuan, X., & Wang, C. (2025) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115419 · Cited by 39
Obesity Measures and Dietary Parameters as Predictors of Gut Microbiota Phyla in Healthy Individuals
Bezek, K., Petelin, A., Pražnikar, J., Nova, E., Redondo, N., Marcos, A., & Pražnikar, Z. J. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12092695 · Cited by 27
“As shown by Benedict et al. (2016), increased Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio followed restricted sleep vs. normal sleep [62].”
BackgroundHan, Z., Wang, L., Zhu, H., Tu, Y., He, P., & Li, B. (2024) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2024.115191 · Cited by 28
Circadian de(regulation) in physiology: implications for disease and treatmentPreprint
de Assis, L. V. M., & Kramer, A. (2024) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.352180.124 · Cited by 31
Sleep deprivation: A risk factor for the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer's disease
Han, Z., Yang, X., & Huang, S. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28819 · Cited by 31
“The gut microbiota also affects neurotrophic factors such as N-methyl-D -aspartate receptors and BDNF, which ultimately contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of AD [90].”
BackgroundZhao, N., 东南大学医学院神经内科, 江. 南. 2., Xiu, C., Chen, Q.-G., Liu, X.-T., Geng, F., Zhu, M., Yan, F., Zhang, Z., Ren, Q., et al. (2024) · 动物学研究 · doi:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.085 · Cited by 27
“SD: chronic sleep-deprived mice; CON: normal sleep littermate controls; FMT-SD: fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) of chronic sleep-deprived mice; FMT-CON: fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) of control normal sleep mice.”
Morwani‐Mangnani, J., Giannos, P., Belzer, C., Beekman, M., Slagboom, P. E., & Prokopidis, K. (2022) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsac239 · Cited by 29
“The risk of bias in RCTs was assessed utilizing the Cochrane risk of bias (RoB 2) tool.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Key Mechanisms Driving Glymphopathy and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
Nassir, C. M. N. C. M., Ramli, M. D. C., Ghazali, M. M., Jaffer, U., Hamid, H. A., Mehat, M. Z., & Hein, Z. M. (2024) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15010003 · Cited by 31
“Conversely, poor sleep quality disrupts CNS and gastrointestinal health regulation, i.e., dysbiosis, characterized by the overgrowth of pro-inflammatory bacteria and loss of protective species like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium [73,78].”
InfluentialReutrakul, S., So-ngern, A., Chirakalwasan, N., Saetung, S., Chanprasertyothin, S., Thakkinstian, A., & Chlipala, G. E. (2019) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.08.022 · Cited by 24
Modulation of Gut Microbiota in Korean Navy Trainees following a Healthy Lifestyle Change
Jung, Y., Tagele, S. B., Son, H., Ibal, J. C., Kerfahi, D., Yun, H., Lee, B., Park, C. Y., Kim, E. S., Kim, S.-J., et al. (2020) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms8091265 · Cited by 24
Zhang, Y., Cheng, L., Liu, Y., Wu, Z., & Weng, P. (2021) · Food Reviews International · doi:10.1080/87559129.2021.1934007 · Cited by 24
A Microbiome-Driven Approach to Combating Depression During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Ghannoum, M. A., Ford, M., Bonomo, R. A., Gamal, A., & McCormick, T. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.672390 · Cited by 24
“These findings suggest that sleep deprivation in human subjects can induce alterations in bacterial families residing in the gut (200).”
BackgroundGut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Sleep Disorders: Culprit in Cardiovascular Diseases
Pala, B., Pennazzi, L., Nardoianni, G., Fogacci, F., Cicero, A. F. G., Renzo, L. D., Barbato, E., & Tocci, G. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13113254 · Cited by 23
“This latter evidence contrasted with Benedict, et al. [12], who found that some members of this phyla increased following sleep restriction in humans.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialZhanfeng, N., Wu, L., Kang, J., Bai, J., Chen, Y., & Hechun, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.934822 · Cited by 23
“In the study of Benedict (Benedict et al., 2016), it is discussed that Lachnospiraceae also belong to Firmicutes, changing Lachnospiraceae in this study, which is consistent with the results of previous studies.”
ResultSleep apnoea, gut dysbiosis and cognitive dysfunction
Deyang, T., Baig, M., Dolkar, P., Hediyal, T. A., Rathipriya, A. G., Bhaskaran, M., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Monaghan, T. M., Mahalakshmi, A. M., & Chidambaram, S. B. (2023) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.16960 · Cited by 25
“…among young individuals subjected to partial sleep deprivation (SD) demonstrated the presence of metabolic disturbance marked by an increased Firmicutes : Bac-teroidetes (F/B) ratio, an increased abundance of Corio-bacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae , and a lower abundance of Tenericutes [48].”
BackgroundPoor sleep quality and overweight/obesity in healthcare professionals: a cross-sectional study
Huang, H., Tian, Y., Liu, C., Yang, J., & Yu, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1390643 · Cited by 22
Tanaka, A., Sanada, K., Miyaho, K., Tachibana, T., Kurokawa, S., Ishii, C., Noda, Y., Nakajima, S., Fukuda, S., Mimura, M., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0296047 · Cited by 30
Zhang, L., Yan, R., & Wu, Z. (2020) · Journal of Food Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/jfbc.13430 · Cited by 20
“Study has shown that disrupted circadian clock may cause variations in the gut microbiota, containing structural composition and diurnal rhythmic oscillations (Benedict et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSleep deprivation-induced shifts in gut microbiota: Implications for neurological disorders
Wankhede, N. L., Kale, M. B., Kyada, A., Rekha, M. M., Chaudhary, K., Naidu, K. S., Rahangdale, S. R., Shende, P. V., Taksande, B. G., Khalid, M., et al. (2024) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.11.070 · Cited by 21
Coptidis Rhizoma-Contained Traditional Formulae for Insomnia: A Potential to Prevent Diabetes?
Huang, W., & Dong, H. (2018) · Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11655-018-3012-4 · Cited by 19
Mortaş, H., Bilici, S., Öztürk, H., & Karakan, T. (2022) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2022.2044349 · Cited by 21
“In a study, it was found that there was no difference in SCFAs levels between control group and sleep deprived individuals (Benedict et al. 2016).”
BackgroundMo, L., Jing, H., Du, X., Zhao, C., Lin, Y., Li, J., & Wang, H. (2023) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d3fo00797a · Cited by 21
Santi, D., Debbi, V., Costantino, F., Spaggiari, G., Simoni, M., Greco, C., & Casarini, L. (2023) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep5040050 · Cited by 20
Wang, X., Wang, C., Liu, K., Wan, Q., Wu, W., & Liu, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1341643 · Cited by 19
Ren, H., Kong, X., Zhang, Y., Deng, F., Li, J., Zhao, F., Li, P. S., Pei, K., Tan, J., Cheng, Y., et al. (2024) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2024.118255 · Cited by 21
O’Donovan, C. M., Connor, B., Madigan, S. M., Cotter, P. D., & Sullivan, O. O. (2020) · Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101553 · Cited by 20
Grasa-Ciria, D., Couto-Alfonso, S., Samatán, E., Martínez‐Jarreta, B., Cénit, M. C., & Iguacel, I. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17172894 · Cited by 19
“When these cues are altered by shift work—through sleep deprivation, irregular eating schedules, or nocturnal light exposure—the temporal organization of the microbiota can become desynchronized, leading to dysbiosis [18,19].”
Caffeine-Induced Sleep Restriction Alters the Gut Microbiome and Fecal Metabolic Profiles in Mice
Song, Z., Liu, L., Xu, Y., Cao, R., Lan, X., Pan, C., Zhang, S., & Zhao, H. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232314837 · Cited by 19
The new science of sleep: From cells to large-scale societies
Sharon, O., Simon, E. B., Shah, V. D., Desel, T., & Walker, M. P. (2024) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002684 · Cited by 18
Novel concepts in sleep regulation
Wigren, H., & Porkka‐Heiskanen, T. (2017) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.13017 · Cited by 21
Chen, Z., Feng, Y., Li, S., Hua, K., Fu, S., Chen, F., Chen, H., Pan, L., Wu, C., & Jiang, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1050403 · Cited by 17
“Several studies have shown that Erysipelotrichaceae is associated with not only sleep (15, 66) but also organismal metabolism, such as lipid metabolism, in humans and rodents (67–69).”
BackgroundInfluentialTargeting microbiota to alleviate the harm caused by sleep deprivation
Chen, H., Wang, C., Bai, J., Song, J., Bu, L., Ming, L., & Suo, H. (2023) · Microbiological Research · doi:10.1016/j.micres.2023.127467 · Cited by 15
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“individuals with diminished insulin sensitivity [30].”
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“Indeed, sleep deprivation has been closely related to energy imbalance [13,14], adverse hormonal changes [15], gut microbiota alterations [16], and vitamin D deficiency [17], all involved in the mechanisms of action of anti-aging medicine interventions.”
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“After just two nights of sleep restriction, gut microbiota alterations are similar to those registered in patients with obesity T2DM: increased Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, together with increased Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae, and reduced Tenericutes [95].”
BackgroundThe gut microbiota as a target to improve health conditions in a confined environment
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“Lack of sleep may lead to the accumulation of ROS in intestinal tissue, causing oxidative stress and disrupting the gut microbiota composition (Benedict et al., 2016; Triplett et al., 2020).”
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Appraising the role of biotics and fermented foods in gut microbiota modulation and sleep regulation
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Human Gut Microbiota in Heart Failure: Trying to Unmask an Emerging Organ
PARASKEVAIDIS, I. A., Xanthopoulos, A. V., Tsougos, E., & Triposkiadis, F. K. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11092574 · Cited by 13
“Exercise reduces cytokine levels [62], sleep disorders affect the microbiota community, and stress alters intestinal permeability [63].”
BackgroundThe association between gut microbiota and insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Chen, S., Li, H., Ning, M., Yu, B. Y. M., Wu, S., Cheng, W.-Y., Li, Y., & Yeung, W.-F. (2026) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2026.102236 · Cited by 13
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“Sleep deprivation on two consecutive days would show a rise in F/B [27], and this acute insomnia is similar to the current modelling approach.”
Mörschbächer, A. P., Pappen, E., Henriques, J. A. P., & Granada, C. E. (2023) · Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências · doi:10.1590/0001-3765202320230037 · Cited by 15
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“A study has found that short-term sleep deprivation can indirectly affect human microbiota by altering the balance between Firmicutes and Bacteroi-detes , with the ratio of these bacteria doubling after just two days of partial sleep deprivation compared to normal sleep conditions [208].”
Triplett, J. C., Braddock, A., Roberts, E., Ellis, D. H., & Chan, V. (2022) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20200116 · Cited by 12
“…this complex relationship, in a study of nine, healthy men, just two nights of partial sleep deprivation led to decreased insulin sensitivity, a decreased presence of beneficial microbiota, and an altered gut microbiota composition specifically associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes 7 .”
BackgroundResultQi, X., Ye, J., Wen, Y. F., Liu, L., Cheng, B., Cheng, S., Yao, Y., & Zhang, F. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14061134 · Cited by 13
“04, one-sided) in nine normal-weight men [75].”
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Carpena, M. X., Barros, A. J. D., Comelli, E. M., López-Domínguez, L., Alves, E. D., Wendt, A. T., Crochemore‐Silva, I., Bandsma, R., Santos, I. S., Matijasevich, A., et al. (2024) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.12.028 · Cited by 10
Insomnia and intestinal microbiota: a narrative review
Liu, L., Zhu, J.-W., Wu, J.-L., Li, M., Lu, M.-L., Yu, Y., & Pan, L. (2024) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-024-03206-x · Cited by 13
“It has been shown that sleep deprivation leads to a significant decrease in the abundance of Akkermansia , CRD reduces the abundance of Bacteroidetes , and alterations in the relatively short sleep-wake cycle lead to an increase in the F/B ratio [10, 26–29].”
Barraza-Ortega, E., Gómez‐Gil, B., García-Gasca, T., Lizárraga, D., Díaz, N., & García-Gasca, A. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26178574 · Cited by 18
“…have shown that sleep disruption reduces the abundance of key bacteria, such as Roseburia spp. and Lactobacillus spp., while increasing cortisol levels and decreasing melatonin production, a hormone involved in ovarian regulation and the synchronisation of the reproductive hormonal axis [164].”
Wang, T., Rong, X., & Zhao, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.936815 · Cited by 10
Cornish, M. L., Mouritsen, O. G., & Critchley, A. T. (2019) · Journal of Oceanology and Limnology · doi:10.1007/s00343-019-8104-2 · Cited by 11
Sleep Duration and Visceral Adipose Tissue: Linear and Nonlinear Mendelian Randomization Analyses
Yu, Y., Chen, Y., Zhang, H., Ai, S., Zhang, J., Benedict, C., Wang, N., Lu, Y., & Tan, X. W. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac551 · Cited by 11
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Lifestyle-associated risk factors affecting young people
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The Diagnostic Value of Gut Microbiota Analysis for Post-Stroke Sleep Disorders
Xie, H., Chen, J., Chen, Q., Zhao, Y., Liu, J., Sun, J., & Hu, X. (2023) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics13182970 · Cited by 12
“An increased F/B ratio has been associated with numerous nervous system diseases, such as stroke and sleep deprivation [15,20,21].”
BackgroundSleep and Circadian Alterations and the Gut Microbiome: Associations or Causality?
Farré, N., Torres, M., Gozal, D., & Farré, R. (2018) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-018-0100-0 · Cited by 10
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Psychology and Pathophysiological Outcomes of Eating
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“This contributes to insulin resistance and compromised barrier function [33,34].”
Circadian rhythms as a modulator of gut microbiota-tumor microenvironment crosstalk
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“Insomnia and sleep restriction have been reported to cause significant structural and functional changes in the gut microbiota [3,4].”
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“A study of 9 men determined that a sleep-deprived group, which slept about 4 h, had lower total amounts of acetate, propionate, and fecal short-chain fatty acids in their stool, suggesting the importance of sleep duration and the composition of the gut microbiota [20].”
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Guardians of Rest? Investigating the gut microbiota in central hypersomnolence disorders
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“5 Studies on sleep deprivation, 6 sleep restriction 7 and circadian rhythm 8 have shown a link between the intestinal flora and sleep disorders.”
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“57 58 61 In infants, nighttime sleep fragmentation and duration are associated with SCFA-producing gut microbiota 62 and faecal propionate levels.”
Gut microbiota and circadian disruption in humans: Is there a rationale for metabolic disorders?
Romanenko, M., Bartsch, M., Півень, Л. В., Hahn, A., & Müller, M. (2025) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2025.2536521 · Cited by 12
“A potential explanation could involve the disruption of molecular peripheral clocks in metabolic tissues, which can directly impair glucose metabolism, including insulin secretion and signaling (Benedict et al. 2016).”
Khalil, R. A. (2025) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.71309 · Cited by 11
“Dietary fibers, probiotics, and prebiotics have shown potential in modifying the gut microbiome composition in ways that favorably impact sleep quality (Benedict et al. 2016).”
Olson, M. J., Withrow, D., Koelbel, M., Southworth, G., Phan, A., Wright, K. P., Whisner, C. M., & Petrov, M. E. R. (2026) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2026.102256 · Cited by 11
Lipopolysaccharide-mediated effects of the microbiota on sleep and body temperature
Szentirmai, É., Buckley, K., Massie, A. R., & Kapás, L. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-78431-1 · Cited by 10
Wang, J., Li, Q., Huang, Q., Lv, M., Li, P., Dai, J., Zhou, M., Xu, J., Zhang, F., & Gao, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.685019 · Cited by 8
“observed that two days of recurrent partial sleep deprivation, that is, only staying up late for 4 h daily, caused changes in gut microbiota of young adults (Benedict et al., 2016).”
BackgroundPetrov, M. E. R., Jiao, N., Panchanathan, S. S., Reifsnider, E., Coonrod, D. V., Liu, L., Krajmalnik‐Brown, R., Gu, H., Davidson, L. A., Chapkin, R. S., et al. (2021) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-021-02832-8 · Cited by 8
“5 h) increased the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio, led to greater relative abundance of Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae families and lower relative abundance of Tenericutes [44].”
BackgroundInfluentialOccupational farm work activities influence workers’ indoor home microbiome
Dalton, K. R., Lee, M. K., Wang, Z., Zhao, S., Parks, C. G., Freeman, L. E. B., Motsinger‐Reif, A. A., & London, S. J. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.117819 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Benedict, C., Vogel, H., Jonas, W., Woting, A., Blaut, M., Schürmann, A., & Cedernaes, J.
- Affiliations
- Uppsala University (SE)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DE)
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Cedernaes, Jonathan
- Venue
- Molecular Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-12
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1175-1186
- ISSN
- 2212-8778 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5123208
- OpenAlex
- W2539003831
- Semantic Scholar
- 05ebcd974de0be45aa22a5d3619b5373a6aba009
- Cited by
- 324
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 7.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecular Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Informationszentrum Lebenswissenschaften (ZB MED) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Tore Nilsons Stiftelse för Medicinsk Forskning
- Novo Nordisk Fonden
- AFA Försäkring
- Fredrik och Ingrid Thurings Stiftelse
- Svenska Sällskapet för Medicinsk Forskning
- Hjärnfonden
- Åke Wiberg Stiftelse
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, sleep restriction, sleep deprivation, insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, Coriobacteriaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Tenericutes, short-chain fatty acids, oral glucose tolerance test, metabolic disorders
- MeSH terms
- Firmicutes, Bacillota, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Adult, Feces, Glucose, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Male, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Cross-Over Studies, Bacteroidetes, Microbiota
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