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Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Changes to the microbial community in the human gut have been proposed to promote metabolic disturbances that also occur after short periods of sleep loss (including insulin resistance). However, whether sleep loss affects the gut microbiota remains unknown. METHODS: In a randomized within-subject crossover study utilizing a standardized in-lab protocol (with fixed meal times and exercise schedules), we studied nine normal-weight men at two occasions: after two nights of partial sleep deprivation (PSD; sleep opportunity 02:45-07:00 h), and after two nights of normal sleep (NS; sleep opportunity 22:30-07:00 h). Fecal samples were collected within 24 h before, and after two in-lab nights, of either NS or PSD. In addition, participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test following each sleep intervention. RESULTS: Microbiota composition analysis (V4 16S rRNA gene sequencing) revealed that after two days of PSD vs. after two days of NS, individuals exhibited an increased Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio, higher abundances of the families Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae, and lower abundance of Tenericutes (all P < 0.05) - previously all associated with metabolic perturbations in animal or human models. However, no PSD vs. NS effect on beta diversity or on fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations was found. Fasting and postprandial insulin sensitivity decreased after PSD vs. NS (all P < 0.05). DISCUSSION: Our findings demonstrate that short-term sleep loss induces subtle effects on human microbiota. To what extent the observed changes to the microbial community contribute to metabolic consequences of sleep loss warrants further investigations in larger and more prolonged sleep studies, to also assess how sleep loss impacts the microbiota in individuals who already are metabolically compromised.
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TL;DR
In a randomized within-subject crossover study of nine normal-weight young men, two nights of partial sleep deprivation altered several gut microbial taxa and increased the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio, while also reducing fasting and postprandial insulin sensitivity. However, sleep loss did not change beta diversity or fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations, and microbial changes were not significantly associated with the insulin-sensitivity reductions.
Key findings
- After two nights of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) vs normal sleep (NS), the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio was almost doubled on day 2 (17.5 ± 13.7 vs 9.1 ± 4.6, P = 0.04, one-sided), with no significant baseline difference.
- PSD increased abundances of Coriobacteriaceae (9.61 ± 5.59% vs 7.26 ± 3.30%) and Erysipelotrichaceae (3.37 ± 3.98% vs 2.55 ± 2.97%; both P = 0.049, one-sided) and decreased Tenericutes (0.129 ± 0.241% vs 0.284 ± 0.347%; P = 0.030, one-sided).
- No PSD vs NS effect was found on beta diversity or fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations; only trends for time effects on acetate, propionate, and total SCFAs were observed (all P < 0.10, two-sided).
- Fasting insulin resistance increased after PSD vs NS (HOMA-IR 1.01 ± 0.12 vs 0.72 ± 0.08, P = 0.014, one-sided), fasting insulin was 34% higher (4.26 ± 0.48 vs 3.17 ± 0.35 μU/mL, P = 0.006, one-sided), and postprandial insulin sensitivity decreased by ∼22% (Matsuda index 8.0 ± 0.90 vs 10.2 ± 0.78, P = 0.017, one-sided).
Methods
- Randomized within-subject crossover study with a standardized in-lab protocol; nine normal-weight men completed two conditions: two nights of PSD (sleep opportunity 02:45–07:00 h) and two nights of NS (22:30–07:00 h).
- Fecal samples were collected within 24 h before and after two in-lab nights for each condition, yielding 36 samples; microbiota composition was assessed by V4 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and fecal SCFAs were measured by gas chromatography.
- Participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test after each sleep intervention; analyses included PERMANOVA, DESeq, Wilcoxon signed rank tests, Student’s t-tests, repeated measures ANOVA, and Pearson correlations.
Limitations
- The paper states that only a subsample of participants provided fecal samples, the sample was small and limited to healthy young men, and the lack of counterbalancing in condition order among these nine participants may have influenced results.
- The paper states that the intervention lasted only two days and nights, did not include recovery sleep, and restricted sleep in the first part of the night, so longer-term, circadian-timing, and recovery effects remain unknown.
- The text makes evident that the study cannot establish causality between the observed microbial shifts and metabolic changes, and the authors note that larger, longer, and more diverse studies are needed.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“without any significant difference on baseline (13.1 ± 11.7 vs. 9.6 ± 7.2, P = 0.18, two-sided).”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Results > Effects of partial sleep deprivation on microbial composition at the phylum, family, and species level
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In the paper
“Testing for within and across-subject variation for both condition (NS vs. PSD) and time point (baseline vs. day 2), with alpha and beta diversity using Observed and Shannon methods, did not reveal any significant differences (Figure 2; all P > 0.05, two-sided; also Supplementary Table 2).”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Results > Effects of partial sleep deprivation on microbial beta diversity
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In the paper
“neither sleep condition nor fecal collection day (time effect) were found to be significant drivers for beta diversity using weighted abundances or hierarchical clustering (baseline vs. day 2, P = 0.988; or day 2 samples for PSD vs. NS, P = 0.574, both two-sided; Supplementary Fig. 1A)”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Results > Effects of partial sleep deprivation on microbial beta diversity
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In the paper
“Following two nights of PSD vs. sleep, no significant changes were noted at the OTU level”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Results > Effects of partial sleep deprivation on microbial composition at the phylum, family, and species level
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In the paper
“we observed a decrease in the Tenericutes phylum after PSD vs. NS (0.129 ± 0.241% vs. 0.284 ± 0.347%; P = 0.030, one-sided; Supplementary Fig. 2A; Table 3A)”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Results > Effects of partial sleep deprivation on microbial composition at the phylum, family, and species level
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In the paper
“Subsequent paired Student's t-tests indicated that the trend for the sleep effect was driven by an almost doubled F:B ratio after PSD vs. NS on day 2 (17.5 ± 13.7 vs. 9.1 ± 4.6, P = 0.04, one-sided)”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Results > Effects of partial sleep deprivation on microbial composition at the phylum, family, and species level
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“coupled with increased abundances of the families Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae (9.61 ± 5.59% vs. 7.26 ± 3.30% and 3.37 ± 3.98% vs. 2.55 ± 2.97%, respectively; both P = 0.049, one-sided; Supplementary Fig. 2B; Table 3B).”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Results > Effects of partial sleep deprivation on microbial composition at the phylum, family, and species level
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“coupled with increased abundances of the families Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae (9.61 ± 5.59% vs. 7.26 ± 3.30% and 3.37 ± 3.98% vs. 2.55 ± 2.97%, respectively; both P = 0.049, one-sided; Supplementary Fig. 2B; Table 3B).”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Results > Effects of partial sleep deprivation on microbial composition at the phylum, family, and species level
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In the paper
“we failed to find any impact on SCFAs as a result of our sleep intervention, apart for statistical trends for time effects on acetate, propionate, and total fecal SCFAs levels.”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Discussion
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In the paper
“we also investigated whether beta diversity on day 2 was associated with the decreased insulin sensitivity observed on the same day following sleep loss, but we did not find any significant effect (PERMANOVA P = 0.121 and P = 0.235 for effects related to the HOMA-IR and Matsuda index, respectively, both two-sided).”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Results > Effects of partial sleep deprivation on glucometabolic parameters and lipid metabolism
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 11
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in the PSD condition, participants slept 3 h:59 min ± 4 min on the first night, and 4 h:3 min ± 3 min on the second night.”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Methods > Sleep assessment
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In the paper
“The polysomnographic analysis revealed that both on the first and second night, subjects slept 7 h:47min ± 13 min and 8 h:00 min ± 7 min, respectively, in the NS condition”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Methods > Sleep assessment
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In the paper
“we did not observe any main effects of sleep or any interaction effects, in the ANOVA (all P > 0.10, two-sided; Table 4).”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Results > Changes in stool content of short-chained fatty acids following short sleep
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we observed increased levels of the families Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae (phylum Actinobacteria and Firmicutes, respectively), with a lower abundance of the phylum Tenericutes, following two nights of PSD compared with two nights of normal sleep.”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a randomized within-subject crossover study utilizing a standardized in-lab protocol (with fixed meal times and exercise schedules), we studied nine normal-weight men at two occasions”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Abstract > Methods
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In the paper
“obesity has been associated with an increase in total levels of SCFAs [10]”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Schwiertz, 2010, Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“T2DM patients have been found to have a reduction in butyrate-producing bacterial species, and lower levels of butyrate biosynthesis when the microbiomes of T2DM patients are compared with those of non-diabetic controls [6].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Qin, 2012, A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes, Nature source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both acute [12], [14], [15], [16] and long-term [16], [17] changes in diet have been demonstrated to alter the abundance of bacterial species in the gut, as well as their functional capacity to process various nutrients, with such changes being detectable within days of dietary interventions in humans [15], [16].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Zeevi, 2015, Personalized nutrition by prediction of glycemic responses, Cell source
- Not checked yetcites [15] David, 2014, Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome, Nature source
- Not checked yetcites [16] Wu, 2011, Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes, Science source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“SCFAs can constitute about 2.2% of daily caloric intake [18]”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Blaut, 2015, Gut microbiota and energy balance: role in obesity, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society source
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In the paper
“germfree mice – which lack a functional microbiome – are resistant to diet-induced obesity on a western diet [7].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Backhed, 2007, Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“beneficial effects concerning insulin sensitivity have been observed in human trials of patients with metabolic syndrome who received the transplants from lean donors [4].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Vrieze, 2012, Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome, Gastroenterology source
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In the paper
“increased acetate production by gut bacteria has been found recently to promote insulin secretion, hyperphagia, and obesity [22]”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Perry, 2016, Acetate mediates a microbiome-brain-beta-cell axis to promote metabolic syndrome, Nature source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“transplanting the microbiota of genetically obese ob/ob mice or obese humans to lean germfree mice increases the adiposity of the recipient mice [8], [9]”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
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In the paper
“the OGTT was employed to test the participants' insulin sensitivity using the WHO-defined gold standard [33].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Methods > Experimental procedure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] WHO, 2006
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In the paper
“Merely curtailing sleep to half the recommended amount for a single night acutely impairs fasting insulin sensitivity [26].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Cedernaes, 2015, A single night of partial sleep loss impairs fasting insulin sensitivity but does not affect cephalic phase insulin release in young men, Journal of Sleep Research
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In the paper
“Differences in intestinal microbiota composition have been uncovered between healthy controls and those suffering from various diseases, including metabolic pathologies such as obesity, the metabolic syndrome and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [4], [5], [6].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Vrieze, 2012, Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome, Gastroenterology source
- Not checked yetcites [5] Hartstra, 2015, Insights into the role of the microbiome in obesity and type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Qin, 2012, A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes, Nature source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Butyrate and propionate have recently been demonstrated to play a role in intestinal gluconeogenesis, which has beneficial effects on glucose and energy homeostasis [20].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] De Vadder, 2014, Microbiota-generated metabolites promote metabolic benefits via gut-brain neural circuits, Cell source
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In the paper
“When prolonged, sleep restriction can promote weight gain [27]”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Spaeth, 2013, Effects of experimental sleep restriction on weight gain, caloric intake, and meal timing in healthy adults, Sleep source
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In the paper
“and, correspondingly, that this may be perturbed following circadian misalignment [28].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Thaiss, 2014, Transkingdom control of microbiota diurnal oscillations promotes metabolic homeostasis, Cell source
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is currently some evidence in both mice and humans that the gut microbiota exhibits a circadian rhythm [28], [29], [30]”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Thaiss, 2014, Transkingdom control of microbiota diurnal oscillations promotes metabolic homeostasis, Cell source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Liang, 2015, Rhythmicity of the intestinal microbiota is regulated by gender and the host circadian clock, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Zarrinpar, 2014, Diet and feeding pattern affect the diurnal dynamics of the gut microbiome, Cell Metabolism source
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analyses of changes in the phyla, families, or OTUs of sequenced gut bacteria were analyzed for the eight most abundant features to minimize multiple comparisons.”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Methods > Statistical analysis
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In the paper
“false discovery rate (FDR; q-values) was calculated with the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure.”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Methods > Statistical analysis
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the composition of the microbiota has been found to regulate the metabolic response to various such factors in humans [11], [12].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
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In the paper
“To further isolate the solitary impact of sleep on the microbiota – separate from the previously documented impact of e.g. high-fat diet [32] – participants were provided with a non-sugar sweetened, low-fat diet throughout the three meals, the exception being the oral glucose tolerance (OGTT) test on day 2”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Methods > Experimental procedure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Hildebrandt, 2009, High-fat diet determines the composition of the murine gut microbiome independently of obesity, Gastroenterology source
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In the paper
“similar transplantation of the microbiome from the obese but not normal-weight twin, to healthy germ-free mice, also promotes adiposity and perturbs glucose metabolism [9].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Ridaura, 2013, Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice, Science source
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In the paper
“An experienced scorer blinded to the study conditions adhered to standardized criteria for subsequent sleep analysis [36].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Methods > Sleep assessment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Silber, 2007, The visual scoring of sleep in adults, Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine source
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae – previously linked to obesity and lipid, primarily cholesterol, metabolism [43], [44], [45]”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Results > Effects of partial sleep deprivation on glucometabolic parameters and lipid metabolism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Zhang, 2009, Human gut microbiota in obesity and after gastric bypass, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America source
- Not checked yetcites [44] Spencer, 2011, Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency, Gastroenterology source
- Not checked yetcites [45] Claus, 2011, Colonization-induced host-gut microbial metabolic interaction, MBio source
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In the paper
“among families of the phylum Firmicutes, specifically Erysipelotrichaceae has instead been found to increase several fold in mice exposed to both a high-fat or Western diet [56].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Fleissner, 2010, Absence of intestinal microbiota does not protect mice from diet-induced obesity, British Journal of Nutrition source
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In the paper
“levels of the latter positively correlate with changes in liver fat following a 2-month long dietary choline manipulation [44].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Spencer, 2011, Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency, Gastroenterology source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We utilized a standardized in-lab protocol (including for factors such as meal times and activity schedule) in an attempt to isolate the effect of sleep loss on the gut microbiome in normal-weight, healthy subjects.”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Limitations and perspectives
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Tenericutes has been demonstrated to decrease following diet-induced obesity in mice [47]”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Everard, 2014, Microbiome of prebiotic-treated mice reveals novel targets involved in host response during obesity, ISME Journal source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“increased abundance of Firmicutes and reduced abundance of Bacteroidetes in the gut microbiota have been observed in mice subjected to sleep fragmentation for 4 weeks [48]”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Poroyko, 2016, Chronic sleep disruption alters gut microbiota, induces systemic and adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance in mice, Scientific Reports source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“since only a subsample of the participants was able to provide fecal samples, we cannot rule out that the lack of counterbalancing in the order of experimental conditions may have influenced the present results.”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Limitations and perspectives
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These increased levels have been associated previously with changes in hepatic and lipid metabolism in humans and various rodent species [44], [45], [53], [54], [55].”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Spencer, 2011, Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency, Gastroenterology source
- Not checked yetcites [45] Claus, 2011, Colonization-induced host-gut microbial metabolic interaction, MBio source
- Not checked yetcites [53] Martinez, 2013, Diet-induced alterations of host cholesterol metabolism are likely to affect the gut microbiota composition in hamsters, Applied and Environmental Microbiology source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Obesity and associated metabolic perturbations primarily have been reflected by altered diversity of the microbiota [73], [74]”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Limitations and perspectives
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two days of short vs. normal sleep was found to reduce insulin sensitivity without any associated changes in gut species diversity”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“smaller studies in humans have found that morbidly obese subjects harbor higher proportions of Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae [43]”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Zhang, 2009, Human gut microbiota in obesity and after gastric bypass, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“weight loss can increase the already lower abundance of Bacteroidetes in obese subjects [40]”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Ley, 2006, Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity, Nature source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“An increase in this ratio in some [40], but not all [10] studies, has been found to be associated with obesity in humans as well as in genetically or diet-induced obese mice [40], [46], [47]”
§ Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Ley, 2006, Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity, Nature source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Schwiertz, 2010, Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
- Not checked yetcites [46] Ley, 2005, Obesity alters gut microbial ecology, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
No studies have investigated the impact of insufficient sleep on the composition of the human gut microbiota.
“However, to date, there are no studies that have investigated the impact of insufficient sleep on the composition of the human gut microbiota.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Studies are lacking that assess whether adverse metabolic changes that may increase the risk of T2DM and obesity, such as impaired insulin sensitivity, are associated with changes in the gut microbiome and associated SCFAs that could result from recurrent sleep loss.
“Studies are therefore lacking that assess whether important adverse metabolic changes that may increase the risk of T2DM and obesity, such as impaired insulin sensitivity, are associated with changes in the gut microbiome and associated SCFAs that could result from recurrent sleep loss.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No prior study has provided evidence for sleep deprivation-induced changes in microbial families of bacterial gut species linked to metabolic pathologies.
“our study is the first to provide evidence for sleep deprivation-induced changes in microbial families of bacterial gut species, which have previously been linked to metabolic pathologies.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“early studies in the late 19th century showed that total sleep deprivation in dogs leads to death after several days (reviewed in Ref. 38).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [38]
Citations
Cites
An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest
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“Consistently, transplanting the microbiota of genetically obese ob/ob mice or obese humans to lean germfree mice increases the adiposity of the recipient mice [8,9], indicating an increased capacity to harvest energy”
BackgroundDiet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome
David, L. A., Maurice, C. F., Carmody, R. N., Gootenberg, D. B., Button, J. E., Wolfe, B. E., Ling, A. V., Devlin, A. S., Varma, Y., Fischbach, M. A., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12820 · Cited by 10,100 · cited 2×
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Ley, R. E., Turnbaugh, P. J., Klein, S., & Gordon, J. I. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/4441022a · Cited by 8,785 · cited 2×
“An increase in this ratio in some [40], but not all [10] studies, has been found to be associated with obesity in humans as well as in genetically or diet-induced obese mice [40,46,47], and weight loss can increase the already lower abundance of Bacteroidetes in obese subjects [40].”
BackgroundMethodA metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes
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“Even so, dietary-induced acute changes of the gut microbiotae observed in previous human studies [15,16] e highlight how the gut microbiota interacts with dietary factors also over shorter timescales.”
BackgroundObesity alters gut microbial ecology
Ley, R. E., Bäckhed, F., Turnbaugh, P., Lozupone, C. A., Knight, R. D., & Gordon, J. I. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0504978102 · Cited by 6,176 · cited 1×
“An increase in this ratio in some [40], but not all [10] studies, has been found to be associated with obesity in humans as well as in genetically or diet-induced obese mice [40,46,47], and weight loss can increase the already lower abundance of Bacteroidetes in obese subjects [40].”
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Host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions
Nicholson, J. K., Holmes, E., Kinross, J., Burcelin, R., Gibson, G., Jia, W., & Pettersson, S. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1223813 · Cited by 4,760 · cited 1×
“Such changes in intestinal bile acid levels, through altered production, secretion, and/or uptake (via bile acid transporters) [72], together with bidirectional effects of altered intestinal permeability also may represent mechanistic pathways through which changes in sleep duration or the sleep-wake cycle are able to…”
BackgroundRichness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers
Le Chatelier, E., Nielsen, T., Qin, J., Prifti, E., Hildebrand, F., Falony, G., Almeida, M., Arumugam, M., Batto, J.-M., Kennedy, S., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12506 · Cited by 4,662
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“Furthermore, similar transplantation of the microbiome from the obese but not normal-weight twin, to healthy germfree mice, also promotes adiposity and perturbs glucose metabolism [9].”
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1 of the 82 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cryan, J. F., O'Riordan, K. J., Cowan, C. S. M., Sandhu, K. V., Bastiaanssen, T. F. S., Boehme, M., Codagnone, M. G., Cussotto, S., Fulling, C., Golubeva, A. V., et al. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2018 · Cited by 5,286
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The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease
Besedovsky, L., Lange, T., & Haack, M. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00010.2018 · Cited by 1,479
“Whether sleep loss contributes in this way to intestinal dysbiosis and, consequently, to low-grade inflammation is still unclear (12, 37, 425, 444, 603).”
BackgroundSleep Loss Can Cause Death through Accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Gut
Vaccaro, A., Kaplan Dor, Y., Nambara, K., Pollina, E. A., Lin, C., Greenberg, M. E., & Rogulja, D. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.049 · Cited by 541
“This might be relevant because sleep deprivation reportedly affects gut microbiota (Benedict et al., 2016; El Aidy et al., 2019; Gao et al., 2019; Ma et al., 2019; Poroyko et al., 2016), but conflicting evidence exists (Zhang et al.”
Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes
Garbarino, S., Lanteri, P., Bragazzi, N. L., Magnavita, N., & Scoditti, E. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02825-4 · Cited by 665
Effects of Psychological, Environmental and Physical Stressors on the Gut Microbiota
Karl, J. P., Hatch‐McChesney, A., Arcidiacono, S. M., Pearce, S., Pantoja-Feliciano, I. G., Doherty, L. A., & Soares, J. W. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02013 · Cited by 563
“25 h/night) resulted in an increase in the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio, a decrease in the relative abundance of Tenericutes, and increased relative abundances of Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae in fecal samples, but no change in fecal SCFA concentrations (Benedict et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSleep, circadian rhythm, and gut microbiota
Matenchuk, B. A., Mandhane, P. J., & Kozyrskyj, A. L. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101340 · Cited by 495
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The Microbiome and Human Biology
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Gut microbiome diversity is associated with sleep physiology in humans
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“Specifically, Benedict and colleagues found that partial sleep deprivation alters the ratio between these two phyla [38].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGut microbiome and its role in obesity and insulin resistance
Lee, C. J., Sears, C. L., & Maruthur, N. M. (2019) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14107 · Cited by 366
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“Insomnia and sleep restriction were reported to lead to significant structural and functional changes in the gut microbiota [23, 24].”
BackgroundShan, Z., Li, Y., Zong, G., Guo, Y., Li, J., Manson, J. E., Hu, F. B., Willett, W. C., Schernhammer, E. S., & Bhupathiraju, S. N. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k4641 · Cited by 317
Role of melatonin in sleep deprivation‐induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in mice
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Potential Role for the Gut Microbiota in Modulating Host Circadian Rhythms and Metabolic Health
Parkar, S. G., Kalsbeek, A., & Cheeseman, J. F. (2019) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms7020041 · Cited by 285
“There were also significant changes to microbial populations that have been associated with a disturbed metabolism and even obesity (increased Coriobacteriaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, and Firmicutes: Bacteroidetes ratio and decreased Tenericutes) [43].”
BackgroundГригорьева, И. Н. (2020) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm11010013 · Cited by 293
“Sleep deprivation correlates with changes in the gut microbiome, with an increase of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, higher abundances of the families Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae, and lower abundance of Tenericutes [51,142].”
BackgroundThe links between the gut microbiome, aging, modern lifestyle and Alzheimer's disease
Askarova, S., Umbayev, B., Masoud, A.-R., Kaiyrlykyzy, A., Safarova, Y., Tsoy, A., Olzhayev, F., & Kushugulova, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00104 · Cited by 208
“…and Infection Microbiology | www.frontiersin.org 6 March 2020 | Volume 10 | Article 104 to inhibit TREM2 expression (the triggering receptor expressed on microglia/myeloid cells-2), thereby disrupting the phagocytic ability of microglia and increasing Aβ42 accumulation (Bhattacharjee et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSasso, J. M., Ammar, R. M., Tenchov, R., Lemmel, S. A., Kelber, O., Grieswelle, M., & Zhou, Q. A. (2023) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00127 · Cited by 229
When Rhythms Meet the Blues: Circadian Interactions with the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis
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Microbiota and Lifestyle: A Special Focus on Diet
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Zhu, B., Shi, C., Park, C. G., Zhao, X., & Reutrakul, S. (2019) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2019.02.002 · Cited by 190
Astrup, A., & Bügel, S. (2019) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-018-0143-9 · Cited by 179
Anderson, J. R., Carroll, I. M., Azcárate-Peril, M. A., Rochette, A. D., Heinberg, L. J., Peat, C. M., Steffen, K. J., Manderino, L. M., Mitchell, J. E., & Gunstad, J. (2017) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2017.07.018 · Cited by 175
“A recent study found that recurrent sleep restriction alters microbiome composition in healthy, young adult males [5].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe Gut Microbiome and Schizophrenia: The Current State of the Field and Clinical Applications
Szeligowski, T., Yun, A. L., Lennox, B., & Burnet, P. W. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00156 · Cited by 164
“It is also dynamic, influenced by lifestyle factors such as diet (13), sleep (14), or stress (15).”
BackgroundHuman and rat gut microbiome composition is maintained following sleep restriction
Zhang, S. L., Bai, L., Goel, N., Bailey, A., Jang, C. J., Bushman, F. D., Meerlo, P., Dinges, D. F., & Sehgal, A. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1620673114 · Cited by 139
“A recent study examined the microbiome in humans after sleep restriction and found that beta diversity was not altered by sleep restriction, similar to our results; however, they suggest that the F:B ratio is altered by only 2 d of sleep restriction (45).”
MethodResultA Review of the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Personalized Sports Nutrition
Hughes, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2019.00191 · Cited by 143
Ma, W., Song, J., Wang, H., Shi, F., Zhou, N., Jiang, J., Xu, Y., Zhang, L., Yang, L., & Zhou, M. (2019) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.006 · Cited by 134
Short Sleep Duration Increases Metabolic Impact in Healthy Adults: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Deng, H., Tam, T., Zee, B. C.-Y., Chung, R. Y., Su, X., Jin, L., Chan, T., Chang, L.-Y., Yeoh, E., & Lao, X. Q. (2017) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx130 · Cited by 137
“Restriction of sleep to 4 hours per night was associated with a reduction of 30% in glucose clearance25 and an elevation of 22% in endogenous hepatic glucose production.27 Later studies conducted by Cedernaes et al.28,29 showed that sleep restriction impaired both fasting and postprandial insulin sensitivity.”
ResultChen, Y.-R., Zheng, H.-M., Zhang, G.-X., Chen, F.-L., Chen, L.-D., & Yang, Z.-C. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66369-z · Cited by 127
Ho, Y., Tsai, Y.-C., Kuo, T. B. J., & Yang, C. C. H. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082820 · Cited by 139
“Factors such as sleep deprivation [23], working night shifts [24], and circadian disorders [25] can change the structure of gastrointestinal microbiota and circadian gene expression.”
BackgroundGut Microbiota as an Objective Measurement for Auxiliary Diagnosis of Insomnia Disorder
Liu, B., Lin, W., Chen, S., Xiang, T., Yang, Y., Yin, Y., Xu, G., Liu, Z., Liu, L., Pan, J., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.01770 · Cited by 132
“In another study with partial sleep deprivation in normal-weighted young individuals, the composition of the gut microbiota was subtly affected with an increased ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (Benedict et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialGrosicki, G. J., Riemann, B. L., Flatt, A. A., Valentino, T. R., & Lustgarten, M. S. (2020) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.04.013 · Cited by 125
“Moreover, two nights of partial sleep deprivation in human subjects increased the Firmicutes/ Bacteroidetes ratio and evoked distinct shifts in family-level microbial taxa associated with metabolic perturbation [20].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe Microbiome and Blood Pressure: Can Microbes Regulate Our Blood Pressure?
Khodor, S. A., Reichert, B., & Shatat, I. F. (2017) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2017.00138 · Cited by 123
“showed that sleep deprivation induced changes in microbial families of bacterial gut species in humans (97).”
BackgroundSafarchi, A., Al-Qadami, G. H., Tran, C. D., & Conlon, M. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2025.1559521 · Cited by 145
The interplay between sleep and gut microbiota
Han, M., Yuan, S., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.12.016 · Cited by 123
Li, N., Tan, S., Wang, Y., Deng, J., Wang, N., Zhu, S., Tian, W., Xu, J., & Wang, Q. (2023) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2252764 · Cited by 117
“Recent studies have shown that sleep insufficiency/deprivation alters the composition of gut microbiota in both humans and rodents.(5,6) Growing evidence suggests that the gut microbiota – brain axis plays a crucial role in acute and chronic brain diseases,(7,8) which affect host behavior, such as cognitive dysfunctio…”
ResultZhao, N., Chen, Q.-G., Chen, X., Liu, X.-T., Geng, F., Zhu, M.-M., Yan, F.-L., Zhang, Z.-J., & Ren, Q.-G. (2023) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2022.11.013 · Cited by 105
Nuzum, N. D., Loughman, A., Szymlek-Gay, E. A., Hendy, A., Teo, W.-P., & Macpherson, H. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.003 · Cited by 103
Gut microbiota composition in children with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: a pilot study
Valentini, F., Evangelisti, M., Arpinelli, M., Nardo, G. D., Borro, M., Simmaco, M., & Villa, M. P. (2020) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.10.017 · Cited by 107
Repeated sleep disruption in mice leads to persistent shifts in the fecal microbiome and metabolome
Bowers, S. J., Vargas, F., González, A., He, S., Jiang, P., Dorrestein, P. C., Knight, R. D., Wright, K. P., Lowry, C. A., Fleshner, M., et al. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229001 · Cited by 99
“An increase in the F:B ratio is a blunt measure of community shift and has been seen in many pathological states including obesity[55, 56], chronic stress[57], as well as an acute short sleep paradigm in humans[14] and a chronic sleep fragmentation paradigm in rodents [16].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialExposure to greenspaces could reduce the high global burden of pain
Stanhope, J., Breed, M. F., & Weinstein, P. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109641 · Cited by 99
Acute Sleep-Wake Cycle Shift Results in Community Alteration of Human Gut Microbiome
Liu, Z., Wei, Z.-Y., Chen, J., Chen, K., Mao, X., Liu, Q., Sun, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhou, D., et al. (2020) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00914-19 · Cited by 97
“The abundances of a few gut microbiota species were changed during the short-term sleep loss (15).”
BackgroundSleep Duration and Hypertension: Epidemiological Evidence and Underlying Mechanisms
Bock, J. M., Vungarala, S., Covassin, N., & Somers, V. K. (2021) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpab146 · Cited by 102
Relationship between sleep disorders and gut dysbiosis: what affects what?
Neroni, B., Evangelisti, M., Radocchia, G., Nardo, G. D., Pantanella, F., Villa, M. P., & Schippa, S. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.08.003 · Cited by 97
“2016 [59] Human Human with short-term sleep loss”
BackgroundSondrup, N., Termannsen, A., Eriksen, J. N., Hjorth, M. F., Færch, K., Klingenberg, L., & Quist, J. S. (2022) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101594 · Cited by 105
Gut Microbiome Composition Associated With Major Depressive Disorder and Sleep Quality
Zhang, Q., Yun, Y., An, H., Zhao, W., Ma, T., Wang, Z., & Yang, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.645045 · Cited by 92
“Themarginal significance in community richness observed in our study may be limited by the small sample size, while the short-term loss of sleep may not affect the gut microbiome diversity (61).”
BackgroundHabitual Short Sleep Duration, Diet, and Development of Type 2 Diabetes in Adults
Nôga, D. A., Meth, E. M. S., Pacheco, A. P., Tan, X. W., Cedernaes, J., van Egmond, L. T., Xue, P., & Benedict, C. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.1147 · Cited by 95
Self-citationThe gut microbiome and Alzheimer’s disease: Complex and bidirectional interactions
Tarawneh, R. M., & Penhos, E. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104814 · Cited by 92
Badran, M., Khalyfa, A., Ericsson, A. C., & Gozal, D. (2020) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113439 · Cited by 86
“For instance, short-term partial sleep deprivation can alter gut microbiome in humans (Benedict et al., 2016), while high sleep quality is associated with higher proportions of Phyla associated with enhanced performance on cognitive tasks (Anderson et al.”
BackgroundLi, Y., Shao, L., Mou, Y., Zhang, Y., & Ping, Y. (2021) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2021.1957407 · Cited by 84
“Two studies compared the GM of individuals after short-term sleep deprivation with baseline data collected before deprivation.(71,81) But their findings are largely inconsistent, likely owing to distinct experimental designs and several uncontrolled variables, including daily dietary and energy intake of the subjects.”
ResultMortaş, H., Bilici, S., & Karakan, T. (2020) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2020.1778717 · Cited by 79
Advances in the Involvement of Gut Microbiota in Pathophysiology of NAFLD
Jiang, X., Zheng, J., Zhang, S., Wang, B., Wu, C., & Guo, X. (2020) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00361 · Cited by 80
“In a study involving human subjects, sleep deprivation increased Firmicutes in intestine, which usually found high relative abundance in obese population (132).”
BackgroundAlterations in the gut microbiota and metabolite profiles in the context of neuropathic pain
Chen, P., Wang, C., Ren, Y.-N., Ye, Z., Jiang, C. Q., & Wu, Z. (2021) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/s13041-021-00765-y · Cited by 78
The role of the gut microbiota on the metabolic status of obese children
Yuan, X., Chen, R., McCormick, K. L., Zhang, Y., Lin, X., & Yang, X. (2021) · Microbial Cell Factories · doi:10.1186/s12934-021-01548-9 · Cited by 80
St‐Onge, M., & Zuraikat, F. M. (2019) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-019-0772-z · Cited by 76
Zhang, Y., Xie, B., Chen, X., Zhang, J., & Yuan, S. (2020) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118736 · Cited by 73
Chen, Y.-R., Jing, Q., Chen, F.-L., Zheng, H., Chen, L., & Yang, Z. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.12033 · Cited by 78
“Another study of 1673 volunteers in the United States showed that ethnicity could shape gut microbiota (Brooks et al., 2018).”
BackgroundWei, Y., Xu, J., Miao, S., Wei, K., Peng, L., Wang, Y., & Wei, X. (2022) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2048291 · Cited by 73
Sleep Deprivation and Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis: Current Understandings and Implications
Sun, J., Fang, D., Wang, Z., & Liu, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24119603 · Cited by 82
“Sleep has a more profound effect on the latter [58,105,106].”
BackgroundThe Role of the Microbiome in the Etiopathogenesis of Colon Cancer
Tekle, G. E., Andreeva, N., & Garrett, W. S. (2024) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-042022-025619 · Cited by 78
Human Milk Microbiome and Maternal Postnatal Psychosocial Distress
Browne, P. D., Aparicio, M., Alba, C., Hechler, C., Beijers, R., Rodríguez, J. M., Fernández, L., & de Weerth, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.02333 · Cited by 74
Metabolic dysfunction in OSA: Is there something new under the sun?
Almendros, I., Başoğlu, Ö. K., Conde, S. V., Liguori, C., & Saaresranta, T. (2021) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13418 · Cited by 66
Zhang, M., Zhang, M., Kou, G., & Li, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1159771 · Cited by 66
“Benedict demonstrated that sleep deprivation could increase the content of Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae and decrease the content of Tenericutes (Benedict et al., 2016).”
BackgroundHong, J., Chen, J., Kan, J.-M., Liu, M., & Yang, D. (2020) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2020/3626120 · Cited by 66
Ni, J., Zhou, W., Cen, H., Chen, G., Huang, J., Yin, K.-J., & Sui, C. (2021) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2021.11.021 · Cited by 66
Hua, Y., Guo, S., Hong, X., Zhu, K. Y., Yan, H., Tao, W., Shang, E., Qian, D., & Duan, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.653767 · Cited by 63
“Current studies have shown that the intestinal flora is associated with insomnia, and short-term loss of sleep can have a subtle impact on the microbiota (Benedict et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMelatonin–Microbiome Two-Sided Interaction in Dysbiosis-Associated Conditions
Ieșanu, M. I., Zahiu, C. D. M., Dogaru, I.-A., Chiţimuș, D. M., Pîrcălăbioru, G. G., Voiculescu, S. E., Isac, S., Galoş, F., Pavel, B., O’Mahony, S. M., et al. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11112244 · Cited by 63
Triplett, J. C., Ellis, D., Braddock, A., Roberts, E., Ingram, K., Perez, E., Short, A. Y., Brown, D., Hutzley, V., Webb, C., et al. (2020) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2019.1701352 · Cited by 57
Wang, Y., Du, W., Hu, X., Yu, X., Guo, C., Jin, X., & Wang, W. (2023) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2023.08.009 · Cited by 58
“Moreover, short-term SD has mild effects on gut microbiome, with Firmicutes : Bacteroidetes ratio and Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae being upregulated, while Tenericutes are downregulated 168 .”
BackgroundShimizu, Y., Yamamura, R., Yokoi, Y., Ayabe, T., Ukawa, S., Nakamura, K., Okada, E., Imae, A., Nakagawa, T., Tamakoshi, A., et al. (2023) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2190306 · Cited by 53
“In addition, it is reported that healthy subjects whose daily sleep time was restricted to 4 h show increased Bacillota/Bacteroidota ratio (formerly known as Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio) in the intestinal microbiota and increased insulin resistance compared to control subjects who got 8 h of sleep.(19) Furthermore,…”
BackgroundSleep and circadian disruption and the gut microbiome-possible links to dysregulated metabolism
Withrow, D., Bowers, S. J., Depner, C. M., González, A., Reynolds, A. C., & Wright, K. P. (2020) · Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1016/j.coemr.2020.11.009 · Cited by 58
Sleep and the gut microbiota in preschool-aged children
Wang, Y., van de Wouw, M., Drogos, L. L., Vaghef‐Mehrabany, E., Reimer, R. A., Tomfohr‐Madsen, L. M., & Giesbrecht, G. F. (2022) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsac020 · Cited by 59
Alterations of the Gut Microbiota in Response to Total Sleep Deprivation and Recovery Sleep in Rats
Wang, Z., Yuan, K., Ji, Y.-B., Li, S.-X., Shi, L., Wang, Z., Zhou, X.-Y., Bao, Y.-P., Xie, W., Han, Y., et al. (2022) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s334985 · Cited by 56
“Another study examined the microbiome in humans after 2 days of partial sleep restriction and found that the Firmicutes/ Bacteroidetes ratio but not β-diversity was altered by sleep restriction.(25) Furthermore, Poroyko et al.”
BackgroundSang, N., Gao, R., Zhang, M.-Y., Wu, Z., Wu, Z.-G., & Wu, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.918749 · Cited by 54
Glycaemic status affects the subgingival microbiome of diabetic patients
Longo, P. L., Dabdoub, S. M., Kumar, P., Artese, H. P. C., Dib, S. A., Romito, G. A., & Mayer, M. P. A. (2018) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.12908 · Cited by 56
“However, reduced abundance of Tenericutes in the gut was associated with sleep deprivation in humans, which leads to increased insulin resistance (Benedict et al., 2016).”
BackgroundGut microbes and the liver circadian clock partition glucose and lipid metabolism
Frazier, K., Manzoor, S. S., Carroll, K., DeLeon, O., Miyoshi, S., Miyoshi, J., George, M. S., Tan, A., Chrisler, E. A., Izumo, M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci162515 · Cited by 58
“Disturbances in sleep via jet-lag also alter gut microbiome composition in both mouse and human models (Thaiss et al., 2014; Voigt et al., 2014; Benedict et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMaternal sleep deprivation induces gut microbial dysbiosis and neuroinflammation in offspring rats
Yao, Z., 重庆医科大学附属儿童医院儿科研究所, 国., Li, X., Zuo, L., Xiong, Q., He, W., Li, D., & Dong, Z. (2022) · 动物学研究 · doi:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.023 · Cited by 53
“… evidence indicates that the gut microbiota provides protective effects for the development of the host immune system (Hajela et al., 2015), and microbial dysbiosis can lead to fluctuations in inflammatory cytokines in the brain (Chassaing & Gewirtz, 2014; Li et al., 2020).”
Patterson, E., Griffin, S. M., Ibarra, A., Ellsiepen, E., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2020) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100277 · Cited by 53
“The gut microbiome has been implicated in sleep disturbances (Benedict et al., 2016), and some studies support the role of probiotics in improving sleep patterns in humans (Marotta et al., 2019; Takada et al., 2016; Yamamura et al., 2009).”
ResultYao, Z., Zhao, B.-C., Yang, X. Y., Lei, S.-H., Jiang, Y.-M., & Liu, K. (2020) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-020-02246-3 · Cited by 49
“The gut microbiota was significantly different between women with and without sleep disturbance in this study, as other researchers have demonstrated [16, 17].”
BackgroundResultA brief period of sleep deprivation leads to subtle changes in mouse gut microbiota
Aidy, S. E., Bolsius, Y. G., Raven, F., & Havekes, R. (2019) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12920 · Cited by 50
“Unlike our observation, Benedict et al. (2016) detected higher abundances of the families Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae, and lower abundance of Tenericutes.”
ResultCollado, M. C., Katila, M. K., Vuorela, N., Saarenpää‐Heikkilä, O., Salminen, S., & Isolauri, E. (2018) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000002161 · Cited by 49
Marín-Alejandre, B. A., Abete, I., Cantero, I., Riezu‐Boj, J. I., Milagro, F. I., Monreal, J. I., Elorz, M., Herrero, J. I., Benito, A., Quiroga, J. A., et al. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11020322 · Cited by 51
“Moreover, it is proposed that these metabolic alterations related to disrupted sleep patterns may be partially mediated by changes in gut microbiota [17,19].”
BackgroundButyrate Ameliorates Insufficient Sleep-Induced Intestinal Mucosal Damage in Humans and Mice
Gao, T., Wang, Z., Dong, Y., Cao, J., & Chen, Y. (2022) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.02000-22 · Cited by 52
“recognized that SR (the cycle is 2 days and includes sleeping for 4 h and 15 min a day) did not cause apparent influence on the composition or richness of intestinal microbiota, as revealed in young normal-weight individuals (19).”
BackgroundHashim, H. M., & Makpol, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.1007166 · Cited by 47
The gut microbiome as a target for adjuvant therapy in obstructive sleep apnea
Badran, M., Mashaqi, S., & Gozal, D. (2020) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets · doi:10.1080/14728222.2020.1841749 · Cited by 45
Sleep duration and risk of overall and 22 site‐specific cancers: A Mendelian randomization study
Titova, O. E., Michaëlsson, K., Vithayathil, M. K., Mason, A. M., Kar, S., Burgess, S., & Larsson, S. C. (2020) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.33286 · Cited by 42
“Furthermore, sleep restriction was shown to increase caloric intake and unhealthy food choices(30) as well as to alter gut microbiota.(31) These findings are consistent with epidemiological evidence linking insufficient sleep with increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes,(32,33) which are associated with carcinog…”
BackgroundCirculating 16S RNA in Biofluids: Extracellular Vesicles as Mirrors of Human Microbiome?
Ricci, V., Carcione, D., Messina, S., Colombo, G. I., & D’Alessandra, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21238959 · Cited by 46
“showed that, after 2 days of partial sleep deprivation, healthy subjects presented a variation in gut microbiome diversity, with an increase in Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio, a higher presence of Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae, and a lower abundance of Tenericutes, when compared with individuals experienci…”
BackgroundMicrobiome Modulation as a Novel Strategy to Treat and Prevent Respiratory Infections
Mindt, B. C., & DiGiandomenico, A. (2022) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics11040474 · Cited by 47
More than a gut feeling: What is the role of the gastrointestinal tract in female athlete health?
Pugh, J. N., Lydon, K. M., O’Donovan, C. M., O’Sullivan, Ó., & Madigan, S. M. (2021) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1921853 · Cited by 44
“On the other hand, sleep deprivation negatively correlates with microbiome diversity (Benedict et al., 2016).”
BackgroundEvidence for the Contribution of Gut Microbiota to Age-Related Anabolic Resistance
Watson, M. D., Cross, B. L., & Grosicki, G. J. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020706 · Cited by 41
Haimov, I., Magzal, F., Tamir, S., Lalzar, M., Asraf, K., Milman, U., Agmon, M., & Shochat, T. (2022) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s377114 · Cited by 43
“Sleep laboratory studies in healthy adults found changes in microbiota composition following two nights of sleep deprivation.(45) A 5-night sleep restriction protocol, however, did not show a significant effect on gut microbiota.”
BackgroundFang, H., Yao, T., Li, W., Pan, N., Xu, H., Zhao, Q., Su, Y., Xiong, K., & Wang, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1299816 · Cited by 44
Wu, J., Zhang, B., Zhou, S., Huang, Z., Xu, Y., Lu, X., Zheng, X., & Ouyang, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1236847 · Cited by 37
“Additionally, sleep disturbances are associated with the disruption of gut bacteria, which results in a dysfunctional colonic barrier and the development of intestinal illnesses (Benedict et al., 2016; Gao et al., 2023).”
BackgroundThe Effect of Sleep Disruption on Cardiometabolic Health
Hong, S., Lee, D.-B., Yoon, D. W., Yoo, S.-L., & Kim, J. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15010060 · Cited by 51
Sleep and Circadian Hygiene and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Swanson, G. R., & Burgess, H. J. (2017) · Gastroenterology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2017.08.014 · Cited by 36
Habitual Sleep Duration and the Colonic Mucosa-Associated Gut Microbiota in Humans—A Pilot Study
Agrawal, R., Ajami, N. J., Malhotra, S., Chen, L., White, D. L., Sharafkhaneh, A., Hoffman, K. L., Graham, D. Y., El‐Serag, H. B., Petrosino, J. F., et al. (2021) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep3030025 · Cited by 37
“observed an increased Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio following two nights of partially deprived sleep [17].”
BackgroundInfluentialLópez-Santamarina, A., Mondragón, A. D. C., Cardelle‐Cobas, A., Santos, E. M., Porto-Arias, J. J., Cepeda, A., & Miranda, J. M. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15133070 · Cited by 33
“Human research has shown that the presence of higher counts of Firmicutes, which are more prevalent in rotating and night shift workers [43], is associated with an increased predisposition to obesity and metabolic diseases [43,44].”
BackgroundGut-spine axis: a possible correlation between gut microbiota and spinal degenerative diseases
Morimoto, T., Kobayashi, T., Kakiuchi, T., Esaki, M., Tsukamoto, M., Yoshihara, T., Hirata, H., Yabuki, S., & Mawatari, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1290858 · Cited by 32
Qiao, T., Wang, Y., Liang, K., Zheng, B., Ma, J., Li, F., Liu, C., Zhu, M., & Meng, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.1094507 · Cited by 31
“Research demonstrates that the value of F/B is significantly increased after sleep deprivation (Benedict et al., 2016).”
BackgroundHolzhausen, E. A., Peppard, P. E., Sethi, A. K., Safdar, N., Malecki, K. M. C., Schultz, A., Deblois, C. L., & Hagen, E. W. (2023) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsad300 · Cited by 33
Metadata
- Authors
- Benedict, C., Vogel, H., Jonas, W., Woting, A., Blaut, M., Schürmann, A., & Cedernaes, J.
- Affiliations
- Uppsala University (SE)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DE)
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Cedernaes, Jonathan
- Venue
- Molecular Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-12
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1175-1186
- ISSN
- 2212-8778 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5123208
- OpenAlex
- W2539003831
- Semantic Scholar
- 05ebcd974de0be45aa22a5d3619b5373a6aba009
- Cited by
- 324
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 7.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecular Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Informationszentrum Lebenswissenschaften (ZB MED) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Tore Nilsons Stiftelse för Medicinsk Forskning
- Novo Nordisk Fonden
- AFA Försäkring
- Fredrik och Ingrid Thurings Stiftelse
- Svenska Sällskapet för Medicinsk Forskning
- Hjärnfonden
- Åke Wiberg Stiftelse
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, sleep restriction, sleep deprivation, insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, Coriobacteriaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Tenericutes, short-chain fatty acids, oral glucose tolerance test, metabolic disorders
- MeSH terms
- Firmicutes, Bacillota, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Adult, Feces, Glucose, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Male, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Cross-Over Studies, Bacteroidetes, Microbiota
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