Rhythmicity of the intestinal microbiota is regulated by gender and the host circadian clock
Open accessAbstract
In mammals, multiple physiological, metabolic, and behavioral processes are subject to circadian rhythms, adapting to changing light in the environment. Here we analyzed circadian rhythms in the fecal microbiota of mice using deep sequencing, and found that the absolute amount of fecal bacteria and the abundance of Bacteroidetes exhibited circadian rhythmicity, which was more pronounced in female mice. Disruption of the host circadian clock by deletion of Bmal1, a gene encoding a core molecular clock component, abolished rhythmicity in the fecal microbiota composition in both genders. Bmal1 deletion also induced alterations in bacterial abundances in feces, with differential effects based on sex. Thus, although host behavior, such as time of feeding, is of recognized importance, here we show that sex interacts with the host circadian clock, and they collectively shape the circadian rhythmicity and composition of the fecal microbiota in mice.
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The gut microbiota exhibits a circadian rhythm in mice and humans.
“There is currently some evidence in both mice and humans that the gut microbiota exhibits a circadian rhythm [28], [29], [30]”
From Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals (2016) · cites this paper as [29]
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- Authors
- Liang, X., Bushman, F. D., & FitzGerald, G. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2015-08-03
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 33
- Pages
- 10479-10484
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4547234
- OpenAlex
- W1596600993
- Cited by
- 578
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 15.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (1U54HL117798)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Keywords
- circadian rhythm, gut microbiota, fecal microbiota composition, sex differences, Bmal1, Bacteroidetes, time-restricted feeding
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Feces, Female, Intestines, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Oscillometry, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Sex Factors, Gene Deletion, Sequence Analysis, RNA, Mice, Knockout, Principal Component Analysis, Mice, ARNTL Transcription Factors, Microbiota
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