Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals

In the paper

“in the PSD condition, participants slept 3 h:59 min ± 4 min on the first night, and 4 h:3 min ± 3 min on the second night.”

In the paper

“The polysomnographic analysis revealed that both on the first and second night, subjects slept 7 h:47min ± 13 min and 8 h:00 min ± 7 min, respectively, in the NS condition”

In the paper

“we did not observe any main effects of sleep or any interaction effects, in the ANOVA (all P > 0.10, two-sided; Table 4).”

In the paper

“we observed increased levels of the families Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae (phylum Actinobacteria and Firmicutes, respectively), with a lower abundance of the phylum Tenericutes, following two nights of PSD compared with two nights of normal sleep.”

In the paper

“In a randomized within-subject crossover study utilizing a standardized in-lab protocol (with fixed meal times and exercise schedules), we studied nine normal-weight men at two occasions”

In the paper

“obesity has been associated with an increase in total levels of SCFAs [10]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [10] Schwiertz, 2010, Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects, Obesity (Silver Spring) source

In the paper

“T2DM patients have been found to have a reduction in butyrate-producing bacterial species, and lower levels of butyrate biosynthesis when the microbiomes of T2DM patients are compared with those of non-diabetic controls [6].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [6] Qin, 2012, A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes, Nature source

In the paper

“Both acute [12], [14], [15], [16] and long-term [16], [17] changes in diet have been demonstrated to alter the abundance of bacterial species in the gut, as well as their functional capacity to process various nutrients, with such changes being detectable within days of dietary interventions in humans [15], [16].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [12] Zeevi, 2015, Personalized nutrition by prediction of glycemic responses, Cell source
• Not checked yetcites [15] David, 2014, Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome, Nature source
• Not checked yetcites [16] Wu, 2011, Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes, Science source

In the paper

“SCFAs can constitute about 2.2% of daily caloric intake [18]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [18] Blaut, 2015, Gut microbiota and energy balance: role in obesity, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society source

In the paper

“germfree mice – which lack a functional microbiome – are resistant to diet-induced obesity on a western diet [7].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [7] Backhed, 2007, Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America source

In the paper

“beneficial effects concerning insulin sensitivity have been observed in human trials of patients with metabolic syndrome who received the transplants from lean donors [4].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [4] Vrieze, 2012, Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome, Gastroenterology source

In the paper

“increased acetate production by gut bacteria has been found recently to promote insulin secretion, hyperphagia, and obesity [22]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [22] Perry, 2016, Acetate mediates a microbiome-brain-beta-cell axis to promote metabolic syndrome, Nature source

In the paper

“transplanting the microbiota of genetically obese ob/ob mice or obese humans to lean germfree mice increases the adiposity of the recipient mice [8], [9]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [8] Turnbaugh, 2006, An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest, Nature source
• Not checked yetcites [9] Ridaura, 2013, Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice, Science source

In the paper

“the OGTT was employed to test the participants' insulin sensitivity using the WHO-defined gold standard [33].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [33] WHO, 2006

In the paper

“Merely curtailing sleep to half the recommended amount for a single night acutely impairs fasting insulin sensitivity [26].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [26] Cedernaes, 2015, A single night of partial sleep loss impairs fasting insulin sensitivity but does not affect cephalic phase insulin release in young men, Journal of Sleep Research

In the paper

“Differences in intestinal microbiota composition have been uncovered between healthy controls and those suffering from various diseases, including metabolic pathologies such as obesity, the metabolic syndrome and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [4], [5], [6].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [4] Vrieze, 2012, Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome, Gastroenterology source
• Not checked yetcites [5] Hartstra, 2015, Insights into the role of the microbiome in obesity and type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
• Not checked yetcites [6] Qin, 2012, A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes, Nature source

In the paper

“Butyrate and propionate have recently been demonstrated to play a role in intestinal gluconeogenesis, which has beneficial effects on glucose and energy homeostasis [20].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [20] De Vadder, 2014, Microbiota-generated metabolites promote metabolic benefits via gut-brain neural circuits, Cell source

In the paper

“When prolonged, sleep restriction can promote weight gain [27]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [27] Spaeth, 2013, Effects of experimental sleep restriction on weight gain, caloric intake, and meal timing in healthy adults, Sleep source

In the paper

“and, correspondingly, that this may be perturbed following circadian misalignment [28].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [28] Thaiss, 2014, Transkingdom control of microbiota diurnal oscillations promotes metabolic homeostasis, Cell source

In the paper

“There is currently some evidence in both mice and humans that the gut microbiota exhibits a circadian rhythm [28], [29], [30]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [28] Thaiss, 2014, Transkingdom control of microbiota diurnal oscillations promotes metabolic homeostasis, Cell source
• Not checked yetcites [29] Liang, 2015, Rhythmicity of the intestinal microbiota is regulated by gender and the host circadian clock, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America source
• Not checked yetcites [30] Zarrinpar, 2014, Diet and feeding pattern affect the diurnal dynamics of the gut microbiome, Cell Metabolism source

In the paper

“Analyses of changes in the phyla, families, or OTUs of sequenced gut bacteria were analyzed for the eight most abundant features to minimize multiple comparisons.”

In the paper

“false discovery rate (FDR; q-values) was calculated with the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure.”

In the paper

“the composition of the microbiota has been found to regulate the metabolic response to various such factors in humans [11], [12].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [11] Kovatcheva-Datchary, 2015, Dietary fiber-induced improvement in glucose metabolism is associated with increased abundance of Prevotella, Cell Metabolism source
• Not checked yetcites [12] Zeevi, 2015, Personalized nutrition by prediction of glycemic responses, Cell source

In the paper

“To further isolate the solitary impact of sleep on the microbiota – separate from the previously documented impact of e.g. high-fat diet [32] – participants were provided with a non-sugar sweetened, low-fat diet throughout the three meals, the exception being the oral glucose tolerance (OGTT) test on day 2”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [32] Hildebrandt, 2009, High-fat diet determines the composition of the murine gut microbiome independently of obesity, Gastroenterology source

In the paper

“similar transplantation of the microbiome from the obese but not normal-weight twin, to healthy germ-free mice, also promotes adiposity and perturbs glucose metabolism [9].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [9] Ridaura, 2013, Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice, Science source

In the paper

“An experienced scorer blinded to the study conditions adhered to standardized criteria for subsequent sleep analysis [36].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [36] Silber, 2007, The visual scoring of sleep in adults, Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine source

In the paper

“Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae – previously linked to obesity and lipid, primarily cholesterol, metabolism [43], [44], [45]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [43] Zhang, 2009, Human gut microbiota in obesity and after gastric bypass, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America source
• Not checked yetcites [44] Spencer, 2011, Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency, Gastroenterology source
• Not checked yetcites [45] Claus, 2011, Colonization-induced host-gut microbial metabolic interaction, MBio source

In the paper

“among families of the phylum Firmicutes, specifically Erysipelotrichaceae has instead been found to increase several fold in mice exposed to both a high-fat or Western diet [56].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [56] Fleissner, 2010, Absence of intestinal microbiota does not protect mice from diet-induced obesity, British Journal of Nutrition source

In the paper

“levels of the latter positively correlate with changes in liver fat following a 2-month long dietary choline manipulation [44].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [44] Spencer, 2011, Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency, Gastroenterology source

In the paper

“We utilized a standardized in-lab protocol (including for factors such as meal times and activity schedule) in an attempt to isolate the effect of sleep loss on the gut microbiome in normal-weight, healthy subjects.”

In the paper

“Tenericutes has been demonstrated to decrease following diet-induced obesity in mice [47]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [47] Everard, 2014, Microbiome of prebiotic-treated mice reveals novel targets involved in host response during obesity, ISME Journal source

In the paper

“increased abundance of Firmicutes and reduced abundance of Bacteroidetes in the gut microbiota have been observed in mice subjected to sleep fragmentation for 4 weeks [48]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [48] Poroyko, 2016, Chronic sleep disruption alters gut microbiota, induces systemic and adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance in mice, Scientific Reports source

In the paper

“since only a subsample of the participants was able to provide fecal samples, we cannot rule out that the lack of counterbalancing in the order of experimental conditions may have influenced the present results.”

In the paper

“These increased levels have been associated previously with changes in hepatic and lipid metabolism in humans and various rodent species [44], [45], [53], [54], [55].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [44] Spencer, 2011, Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency, Gastroenterology source
• Not checked yetcites [45] Claus, 2011, Colonization-induced host-gut microbial metabolic interaction, MBio source
• Not checked yetcites [53] Martinez, 2013, Diet-induced alterations of host cholesterol metabolism are likely to affect the gut microbiota composition in hamsters, Applied and Environmental Microbiology source

In the paper

“Obesity and associated metabolic perturbations primarily have been reflected by altered diversity of the microbiota [73], [74]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [73] Sonnenburg, 2016, Diet-microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism, Nature source
• Not checked yetcites [74] Le Chatelier, 2013, Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers, Nature source

In the paper

“Two days of short vs. normal sleep was found to reduce insulin sensitivity without any associated changes in gut species diversity”

In the paper

“smaller studies in humans have found that morbidly obese subjects harbor higher proportions of Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae [43]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [43] Zhang, 2009, Human gut microbiota in obesity and after gastric bypass, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America source

In the paper

“weight loss can increase the already lower abundance of Bacteroidetes in obese subjects [40]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [40] Ley, 2006, Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity, Nature source

In the paper

“An increase in this ratio in some [40], but not all [10] studies, has been found to be associated with obesity in humans as well as in genetically or diet-induced obese mice [40], [46], [47]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [40] Ley, 2006, Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity, Nature source
• Not checked yetcites [10] Schwiertz, 2010, Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
• Not checked yetcites [46] Ley, 2005, Obesity alters gut microbial ecology, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America source