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A developmental neurobiological model of motivated behavior: Anatomy, connectivity and ontogeny of the triadic nodes
Open accessAbstract
Adolescence is the transition period that prepares individuals for fulfilling their role as adults. Most conspicuous in this transition period is the peak level of risk-taking behaviors that characterize adolescent motivated behavior. Significant neural remodeling contributes to this change. This review focuses on the functional neuroanatomy underlying motivated behavior, and how ontogenic changes can explain the typical behavioral patterns in adolescence. To help model these changes and provide testable hypotheses, a neural systems-based theory is presented. In short, the Triadic Model proposes that motivated behavior is governed by a carefully orchestrated articulation among three systems, approach, avoidance and regulatory. These three systems map to distinct, but overlapping, neural circuits, whose representatives are the striatum, the amygdala and the medial prefrontal cortex. Each of these system-representatives will be described from a functional anatomy perspective that includes a review of their connectivity and what is known of their ontogenic changes.
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“The combination of heightened activity in reward-related circuits and underdeveloped cognitive control centres contributes to greater emotionality, impulsivity and reward-seeking behaviour174,175.”
From Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan (2019) · cites this paper as [174]
In the citing paper
“with continued maturation in the brain systems that underlie both (Casey, Getz et al. 2008; Ernst and Fudge 2009).”
From Developmental imaging genetics: Linking dopamine function to adolescent behavior (2014) · cites this paper as Ernst and Fudge 2009
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is characterized by developmentally specific changes in reward-related behavior, including initiation of alcohol involvement and increased risk-taking, that are assumed to reflect ongoing changes in the structure and function of reward-related circuitry (Ernst & Fudge, 2009; Forbes & Dahl, 2005; Spear, 2000).”
From Sleep and circadian contributions to adolescent alcohol use disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Ernst & Fudge, 2009
In the citing paper
“The amygdala has been long-recognized as a core node within the mesolimbocortical dopamine system (Berridge, 2004) and serves to modulate ventral striatal activity (Ernst and Fudge, 2009).”
From Neural networks involved in adolescent reward processing: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies (2015) · cites this paper as Ernst and Fudge, 2009
In the citing paper
“Adding nuance to dual-systems models, the Triadic Model (Ernst and Fudge, 2009, Ernst et al., 2006) proposed that motivated behavior in adolescence results from the coordination of two social-affective neural circuits via cognitive circuitry.”
From Adolescent neurobiological susceptibility to social context (2016) · cites this paper as Ernst and Fudge, 2009
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“It is likely that they have a superordinate function that operates independently of valence, as part of a broad and overlapping affective circuitry (Ernst and Fudge, 2009).”
From Adolescent neurobiological susceptibility to social context (2016) · cites this paper as Ernst and Fudge, 2009
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ernst, M., & Fudge, J. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- ORCID
- Fudge, Julie L.
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 367-382
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2696617
- OpenAlex
- W1970734866
- Cited by
- 358
- References
- 235
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 8.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 MH999999)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- motivated behavior, adolescence, triadic model, regulatory regimes, striatum, amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, neuronal connectivity, brain reorganization, risk-taking, functional neuroanatomy
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Amygdala, Animals, Brain Mapping, Corpus Striatum, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Biological, Motivation, Neural Pathways, Prefrontal Cortex
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