Being right is its own reward: load and performance related ventral striatum activation to correct responses during a working memory task in youth
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The ventral striatum (VS) is a critical brain region for reinforcement learning and motivation. Intrinsically motivated subjects performing challenging cognitive tasks engage reinforcement circuitry including VS even in the absence of external feedback or incentives. However, little is known about how such VS responses develop with age, relate to task performance, and are influenced by task difficulty. Here we used fMRI to examine VS activation to correct and incorrect responses during a standard n-back working memory task in a large sample (n=304) of healthy children, adolescents and young adults aged 8-22. We found that bilateral VS activates more strongly to correct than incorrect responses, and that the VS response scales with the difficulty of the working memory task. Furthermore, VS response was correlated with discrimination performance during the task, and the magnitude of VS response peaked in mid-adolescence. These findings provide evidence for scalable intrinsic reinforcement signals during standard cognitive tasks, and suggest a novel link between motivation and cognition during adolescent development.
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Satterthwaite et al. (2012) found robust ventral striatum activation that scaled with task difficulty.
“Satterthwaite and colleagues (2012) found robust ventral striatum activation that scaled with task difficulty.”
From Dopaminergic reward sensitivity can promote adolescent health: a new perspective on the mechanism of ventral striatum activation (2016) · cites this paper as Satterthwaite et al. (2012)
These striatal responses were present despite the lack of explicit feedback or rewards.
“Importantly, these striatal responses were present despite the lack of explicit feedback or rewards, suggesting that ventral striatal responses in this context may reflect intrinsic reinforcement signals.”
From Dopaminergic reward sensitivity can promote adolescent health: a new perspective on the mechanism of ventral striatum activation (2016) · cites this paper as Satterthwaite et al. (2012)
Adolescence showed the highest ventral striatum activation to these intrinsic rewards.
“In addition, adolescence showed the highest ventral striatum activation to these intrinsic rewards.”
From Dopaminergic reward sensitivity can promote adolescent health: a new perspective on the mechanism of ventral striatum activation (2016) · cites this paper as Satterthwaite et al. (2012)
This striatal activation correlated with task performance.
“This striatal activation correlated with task performance, suggesting that ventral striatum activation during challenging tasks promotes more effective working memory.”
From Dopaminergic reward sensitivity can promote adolescent health: a new perspective on the mechanism of ventral striatum activation (2016) · cites this paper as Satterthwaite et al. (2012)
Adolescents who demonstrated the greatest ventral striatum activation during a difficult working memory task had the highest performance.
“adolescents who demonstrated the greatest ventral striatum activation during a difficult working memory task had the highest performance (Satterthwaite et al., 2012);”
From Dopaminergic reward sensitivity can promote adolescent health: a new perspective on the mechanism of ventral striatum activation (2016) · cites this paper as Satterthwaite et al., 2012
Academic achievement may be improved when individuals find their work more rewarding.
“Together with the work of Satterthwaite et al. (2012), these findings suggest that academic achievement may be improved when individuals find their work more rewarding.”
From Dopaminergic reward sensitivity can promote adolescent health: a new perspective on the mechanism of ventral striatum activation (2016) · cites this paper as Satterthwaite et al. (2012)
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- Authors
- Satterthwaite, T. D., Ruparel, K., Loughead, J., Elliott, M. A., Gerraty, R. T., Calkins, M. E., Hakonarson, H., Gur, R. C., Gur, R. E., & Wolf, D. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- Philadelphia VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Satterthwaite, Theodore D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-07
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 723-729
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3358426
- OpenAlex
- W2075132755
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 7.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (RC2MH089983, K23MH085096, MH085096, RC2MH089924, T32MH019112)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- ventral striatum, intrinsic motivation, reinforcement learning, working memory, n-back task, task difficulty, adolescents, children, young adults, age-related development, discrimination performance
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Algorithms, Basal Ganglia, Child, Discrimination, Psychological, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Motivation, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Reward, Young Adult
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