A Meta-Analysis of Cognitive Remediation for Schizophrenia: Methodology and Effect Sizes
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Cognitive remediation therapy for schizophrenia was developed to treat cognitive problems that affect functioning, but the treatment effects may depend on the type of trial methodology adopted. The present meta-analysis will determine the effects of treatment and whether study method or potential moderators influence the estimates. METHOD: Electronic databases were searched up to June 2009 using variants of the key words "cognitive," "training," "remediation," "clinical trial," and "schizophrenia." Key researchers were contacted to ensure that all studies meeting the criteria were included. This produced 109 reports of 40 studies in which ≥70% of participants had a diagnosis of schizophrenia, all of whom received standard care. There was a comparison group and allocation procedure in these studies. Data were available to calculate effect sizes on cognition and/or functioning. Data were independently extracted by two reviewers with excellent reliability. Methodological moderators were extracted through the Clinical Trials Assessment Measure and verified by authors in 94% of cases. RESULTS: The meta-analysis (2,104 participants) yielded durable effects on global cognition and functioning. The symptom effect was small and disappeared at follow-up assessment. No treatment element (remediation approach, duration, computer use, etc.) was associated with cognitive outcome. Cognitive remediation therapy was more effective when patients were clinically stable. Significantly stronger effects on functioning were found when cognitive remediation therapy was provided together with other psychiatric rehabilitation, and a much larger effect was present when a strategic approach was adopted together with adjunctive rehabilitation. Despite variability in methodological rigor, this did not moderate any of the therapy effects, and even in the most rigorous studies there were similar small-to-moderate effects. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive remediation benefits people with schizophrenia, and when combined with psychiatric rehabilitation, this benefit generalizes to functioning, relative to rehabilitation alone. These benefits cannot be attributed to poor study methods.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Combining neurocognitive interventions with evidence-based psychosocial skill-based interventions for schizophrenia leads to greater transfer of effects to functional outcomes that persists over time.
“when neurocognitive interventions are combined with evidence-based psychosocial skill-based interventions (e.g., vocational therapy), there appears to be greater transfer of effects to functional outcomes for adults with schizophrenia that persists over time (McGurk et al., 2007; Wykes, Huddy, Cellard, McGurk, & Czobor, 2011).”
From Improving Outcomes for Youth with ADHD: A Conceptual Framework for Combined Neurocognitive and Skill-Based Treatment Approaches (2014) · cites this paper as Wykes, Huddy, Cellard, McGurk, & Czobor, 2011
Cites
Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,347 · see citing works
Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis.
Freeman, P. R., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1986) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531069 · Cited by 4,832 · see citing works
The Handbook of Research Synthesis.
Howel, D., Cooper, H., & Hedges, L. V. (1995) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2533295 · Cited by 3,657 · see citing works
The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, part 1: test selection, reliability, and validity
Nuechterlein, K. H., Green, M. F., Kern, R. S., Baade, L. E., Barch, D. M., Cohen, J. D., Essock, S., Fenton, W. S., Frese, F. J., Gold, J. M., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07010042 · Cited by 2,342 · see citing works
Leucht, S., Kane, J., Kissling, W., Hamann, J., Etschel, E., & Engel, R. R. (2005) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.04.008 · Cited by 1,230 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis of Cognitive Remediation in Schizophrenia
McGurk, S. R., Twamley, E. W., Sitzer, D. I., McHugo, G. J., & Mueser, K. T. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07060906 · Cited by 1,214 · see citing works
Self-citationWykes, T., Steel, C., Everitt, B., & Tarrier, N. (2007) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm114 · Cited by 1,029 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Handbook of Research Synthesis
Ziegel, E. R., Cooper, H., & Hedges, L. V. (1995) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1269651 · Cited by 936 · see citing works
Green, M. F., Nuechterlein, K. H., Gold, J. M., Barch, D. M., Cohen, J., Essock, S., Fenton, W. S., Frese, F., Goldberg, T. E., Heaton, R. K., et al. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.06.023 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
The 2009 schizophrenia PORT psychosocial treatment recommendations and summary statements
Dixon, L. B., Dickerson, F., Bellack, A. S., Bennett, M., Dickinson, D., Goldberg, R. W., Lehman, A., Tenhula, W. N., Calmes, C., Pasillas, R. M., et al. (2010) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp115 · Cited by 774 · see citing works
Ventura, J., Hellemann, G., Thames, A. D., Koellner, V., & Nuechterlein, K. H. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.03.035 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Cognitive Enhancement Therapy for Schizophrenia
Hogarty, G. E., Flesher, S., Ulrich, R. F., Carter, M., Greenwald, D. P., Pogue‐Geile, M. F., Kechavan, M., Cooley, S., DiBarry, A. L., Garrett, A., et al. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.9.866 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Stochastically dependent effect sizes.
Gleser, L. J., & Olkin, I. (1994) · Cited by 485 · see citing works
The effects of neurocognitive remediation on executive processing in patients with schizophrenia.
Wykes, T., Reeder, C., Corner, J., Williams, C., & Everitt, B. S. (1999) · Schizophrenia bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033379 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Self-citationUsing Neuroplasticity-Based Auditory Training to Improve Verbal Memory in Schizophrenia
Fisher, M., Holland, C. M., Merzenich, M. M., & Vinogradov, S. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08050757 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
McGurk, S. R. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbi037 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Self-citationContent and quality of 2000 controlled trials in schizophrenia over 50 years
Thornley, B., & Adams, C. E. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7167.1181 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Neurocognitive Enhancement Therapy With Work Therapy
Bell, M. D., BRYSON, G. J., Greig, T. C., Corcoran, C., & Wexler, B. E. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.8.763 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
A Review of Cognitive Training in Schizophrenia
Twamley, E. W., Jeste, D. V., & Bellack, A. S. (2003) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007011 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Cognitive remediation therapy in schizophrenia
Wykes, T., Reeder, C., Landau, S., Everitt, B. J., Knapp, M. R. J., Patel, A. K., & Romeo, R. (2007) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.026575 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Self-citationPilling, S., Bebbington, P., Kuipers, E., Garety, P. A., Geddes, J. R., Martindale, B. V., ORBACH, G., & Morgan, C. (2002) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291702005640 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Cognitive Training for Supported Employment: 2-3 Year Outcomes of a Randomized Controlled Trial
McGurk, S. R., Mueser, K. T., Feldman, Wolfe, & Pascaris (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.3.437 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Self-citationWölwer, W., Frommann, N., Halfmann, S., Piaszek, A., Streit, M., & Gäebel, W. (2005) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.07.018 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Tarrier, N., & Wykes, T. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.06.020 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Self-citationGarety, P. A., Fowler, D. G., Freeman, D., Bebbington, P., Dunn, G., & Kuipers, E. (2008) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.043570 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Eack, S. M., Greenwald, D. P., Hogarty, S. S., Cooley, S., DiBarry, A. L., Montrose, D. M., & Keshavan, M. S. (2009) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.60.11.1468 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Eack, S. M., Greenwald, D. P., Hogarty, S. S., Cooley, S. J., DiBarry, A. L., Montrose, D. M., & Keshavan, M. S. (2009) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2009.60.11.1468 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Cognitive–behavioural therapy in first-episode and early schizophrenia
Tarrier, N., Lewis, S. W., Haddock, G., Bentall, R. P., Drake, R., Kinderman, P., Kingdon, D., Siddle, R., Everitt, J., Leadley, K., et al. (2004) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.184.3.231 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Effects of Cognitive Treatment in Psychiatric Rehabilitation
Spaulding, W. D., Reed, D., Sullivan, M., Richardson, C., & Weiler, M. A. (1999) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033409 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Training schizophrenics to talk to themselves: A means of developing attentional controls
Meichenbaum, D. H., & Cameron, R. (1973) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(73)80003-6 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Grynszpan, O., Perbal, S., Pelissolo, A., Fossati, P., Jouvent, R., Dubal, S., & Perez-Diaz, F. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710000607 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Kurtz, M. M., Moberg, P. J., Gur, R. C., & Gur, R. E. (2001) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1012953108158 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Fisher, M., Holland, C. M., Subramaniam, K., & Vinogradov, S. (2009) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn170 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Wykes, T., Reeder, C., Williams, C., Corner, J., Rice, C., & Everitt, B. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00239-6 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citationWykes, T., Newton, E., Landau, S., Rice, C. D., Thompson, N., & Frangou, S. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.03.030 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive heterogeneity in schizophrenia
Joyce, E. M., & Roiser, J. P. (2007) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e3280ba4975 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Cognitive rehabilitation in schizophrenia: a quantitative analysis of controlled studies
Krabbendam, L., & Aleman, A. (2003) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1326-5 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Attention Training in Schizophrenia
Medalia, A. A., Aluma, M., Tryon, W. W., & Merriam, A. E. (1998) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033306 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Neurocognitive enhancement therapy with vocational services: Work outcomes at two-year follow-up
Bell, M. D., Zito, W., Greig, T. C., & Wexler, B. E. (2008) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.06.026 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Effects of Attention Training on Information Processing in Schizophrenia
Benedict, R. H. B., HARRIS, A. E., Markow, T. A., McCormick, J. A., Nuechterlein, K. H., & Asarnow, R. F. (1994) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/20.3.537 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Lindenmayer, J., McGurk, S. R., Mueser, K. T., Khan, A., Wance, D., Hoffman, L., Wolfe, R. S., & Xie, H. (2008) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2008.59.3.241 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationA Randomized, Controlled Trial of Computer-Assisted Cognitive Remediation for Schizophrenia
Dickinson, D., Tenhula, W. N., Morris, S. E., Brown, C., Peer, J. E., Spencer, K., Li, L., Gold, J. M., & Bellack, A. S. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09020264 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Computer-assisted cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: What is the active ingredient?
Kurtz, M. M., Seltzer, J. C., Shagan, D. S., Thime, W., & Wexler, B. E. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.09.001 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Computerized cognitive remediation improves verbal learning and processing speed in schizophrenia
Sartory, G., Zorn, C., Groetzinger, G., & Windgassen, K. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.10.004 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Bell, M. D., BRYSON, G. J., & Wexler, B. E. (2003) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00090.x · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Penadés, R., Catalán, R., Salamero, M., Boget, T., Puig, O., Guarch, J., & Gastó, C. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.04.019 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
The Remediation of Problem-Solving Skills in Schizophrenia
Medalia, A. A., Revheim, N., & Casey, M. (2001) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006872 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Cognitive Strategies Versus Self-Management Skills as Adjunct to Vocational Rehabilitation
Vauth, R. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbi013 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
IS IT TIME TO DEVELOP A NEW COGNITIVE THERAPY FOR PSYCHOSIS—COGNITIVE REMEDIATION THERAPY (CRT)?
Wykes, T., & van der Gaag, M. (2001) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(01)00104-0 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationBell, M. D., BRYSON, G. J., Greig, T. C., Fiszdon, J. M., & Wexler, B. E. (2005) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2005.03.0061 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation reduces negative symptoms in the severely mentally ill
Bellucci, D. M., Glaberman, K., & Haslam, N. (2002) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00402-9 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Durability and Mechanism of Effects of Cognitive Enhancement Therapy
Hogarty, G. E., Greenwald, D. P., & Eack, S. M. (2006) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2006.57.12.1751 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
A Controlled Trial of Cognitive Remediation in Schizophrenia
van der Gaag, M., Kern, R. S., van den Bosch, R. J., & Liberman, R. P. (2002) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006919 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive Remediation in Schizophrenia
Hodge, M. A., Siciliano, D., Withey, P., Moss, B., Moore, G., Judd, G., Shores, E. A., & Harris, A. W. F. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn102 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Does age matter? Effects of cognitive rehabilitation across the age span
Wykes, T., Reeder, C., Landau, S., Matthiasson, P., Haworth, E., & Hutchinson, C. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.05.025 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationRose, D. S., Wykes, T., FARRIER, D., DORAN, A.-M., Sporle, T. J., & Bögner, D. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/15487760801963694 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationReeder, C., Newton, E., Frangou, S., & Wykes, T. (2004) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007070 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive Rehabilitation for Schizophrenia: Is It Possible? Is It Necessary?
Bellack, A. S. (1992) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/18.1.43 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Cognitive rehabilitation for people with schizophrenia and related conditions.
McGrath, J., & Hayes, R. (2000) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000968 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Twamley, E. W., Savla, G. N., Zurhellen, C. H., Heaton, R. K., & Jeste, D. V. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/15487760801963678 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Remediation of memory disorders in schizophrenia
Medalia, A. A., Revheim, N., & Casey, M. (2000) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799002913 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Computer-aided neurocognitive remediation as an enhancing strategy for schizophrenia rehabilitation
Cavallaro, R., Anselmetti, S., Poletti, S., Bechi, M., Ermoli, E., Cocchi, F., Stratta, P., Vita, A., Rossi, A., & Smeraldi, E. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.06.027 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Cognitive remediation for adolescents with early onset psychosis: a 1‐year follow‐up study
Ueland, T., & Rund, B. R. (2005) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00503.x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Silverstein, S. M., Hatashita-Wong, M., SOLAK, B. A., Uhlhaas, P. J., Landa, Y., WILKNISS, S. M., Goicochea, C., Carpiniello, K. E., Schenkel, L. S., Savitz, A. J., et al. (2004) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704003356 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Silverstein, S. M., Spaulding, W. D., Menditto, A. A., Savitz, A. J., Liberman, R. P., Berten, S., & Starobin, H. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm150 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Cognitive deficit and the prediction of rehabilitation success in a chronic psychiatric group
Wykes, T., & Dunn, G. D. (1992) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700030336 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationGreig, T. C., Zito, W., Wexler, B. E., Fiszdon, J. M., & Bell, M. D. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.07.003 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Reduction of schizophrenic deficits by cognitive training: An evaluative study
Olbrich, R., & Mussgay, L. (1990) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/bf01734543 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The impact of cognitive remediation on psychiatric symptoms of schizophrenia
Bark, N. M., Revheim, N., Huq, F., Khalderov, V., Ganz, Z. W., & Medalia, A. A. (2002) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00374-2 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Bell, M. D., Fiszdon, J. M., Greig, T. C., Wexler, B. E., & BRYSON, G. J. (2007) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2007.02.0032 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Fiszdon, J. M., BRYSON, G. J., Wexler, B. E., & Bell, M. D. (2003) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2003.10.004 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Effects of Attention Process Training on cognitive functioning of schizophrenic patients
López-Luengo, B., & Vázquez, C. (2003) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(03)00102-1 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Cognitive remediation for schizophrenia: it is even more complicated
Wykes, T., & Huddy, V. C. (2009) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e328322fbf4 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationUeland, T., & Rund, B. R. (2003) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1046/j.0001-690x.2003.00239.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Predicting Symptomatic and Behavioural Outcomes of Community Care
Wykes, T. (1994) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.165.4.486 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationComputer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation of chronic psychiatric inpatients
Burda, P. C., Starkey, T. W., Dominguez, F., & Vera, V. (1994) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/0747-5632(94)90061-2 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Response to Cognitive Rehabilitation in Older Versus Younger Persons with Severe Mental Illness
McGurk, S. R., & Mueser, K. T. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/15487760701853136 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationAbnormalities of Response Processing in a Chronic Psychiatric Group
Wykes, T., Katz, R., Sturt, E., et al. (1992) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.160.2.244 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationRemediation of attention deficits in chronic schizophrenic patients: A preliminary study
Benedict, R. H. B., & Harris, A. E. (1989) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1989.tb00832.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Lecardeur, L., Stip, E., Giguére, M., Blouin, G., Rodriguez, J.-P., & Champagne-Lavau, M. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.03.029 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Computer-assisted attention training in schizophrenics
Hermanutz, M., & Gestrich, J. (1991) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/bf02189541 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Field, C. D., Galletly, C. A., Anderson, D., & Walker, P. (1997) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1997.85.3.995 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Kern, R. S., Liberman, R. P., Becker, D. R., et al. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn010 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Effectiveness of dynamic cognitive intervention in rehabilitation of clients with schizophrenia
Hadas-Lidor, N., Katz, N., Tyano, S., & Weizman, A. (2001) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1191/026921501678310153 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Fiszdon, J. M., Whelahan, H., BRYSON, G. J., Wexler, B. E., & Bell, M. D. (2005) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00565.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer's disease
Stern, Y. (2012) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(12)70191-6 · Cited by 3,557 · see citing works
Millan, M. J., Agid, Y., Brüne, M., Bullmore, E. T., Carter, C. S., Clayton, N. S., Connor, R., Davis, S., Deakin, B., DeRubeis, R. J., et al. (2012) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd3628 · Cited by 1,292 · see citing works
Galletly, C., Castle, D., Dark, F., Humberstone, V., Jablensky, A., Killackey, E., Kulkarni, J., McGorry, P., Nielssen, O., & Tran, N. (2016) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867416641195 · Cited by 877 · see citing works
Schizophrenia Is a Cognitive Illness: Time for a Change in Focus
Kahn, R. S., & Keefe, R. S. E. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.155 · Cited by 825 · see citing works
Nonsocial and social cognition in schizophrenia: current evidence and future directions
Green, M. F., Horan, W. P., & Lee, J. (2019) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20624 · Cited by 612 · see citing works
Firth, J., Stubbs, B., Rosenbaum, S., Vancampfort, D., Malchow, B., Schuch, F., Elliott, R., Nuechterlein, K. H., & Yung, A. R. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw115 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Psychological interventions for psychosis: A meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies
Turner, D. T., van der Gaag, M., Karyotaki, E., & Cuijpers, P. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13081159 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Efficacy of Functional Remediation in Bipolar Disorder: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Study
Torrent, C., Bonnin, C. D. M., Martínez-Arán, A., Valle, J., Amann, B. L., González-Pinto, A., Crespo, J. M., Ibáñez, Á., Garcia-Portilla, M. P., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070971 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Sowing the seeds of doubt: a narrative review on metacognitive training in schizophrenia
Moritz, S., Andreou, C., Schneider, B. C., Wittekind, C. E., Menon, M., Balzan, R. P., & Woodward, T. S. (2014) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.04.004 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Motter, J. N., Pimontel, M. A., Rindskopf, D., Devanand, D. P., Doraiswamy, P. M., & Sneed, J. R. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.022 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Bowie, C. R., McGurk, S. R., Mausbach, B., Patterson, T. L., & Harvey, P. D. (2012) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11091337 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurocognitive predictors of work outcome in recent-onset schizophrenia.
Nuechterlein, K. H., Subotnik, K. L., Green, M. F., Ventura, J., Asarnow, R. F., Gitlin, M. J., Yee, C. M., Gretchen-Doorly, D., & Mintz, J. (2011) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr084 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Maj, M., van Os, J., De Hert, M., Gaebel, W., Galderisi, S., Green, M. F., Guloksuz, S., Harvey, P. D., Jones, P. B., Malaspina, D., et al. (2021) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20809 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Clinical applications of neuropsychological assessment.
Harvey, P. D. (2012) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2012.14.1/pharvey · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Schizophrenia--Time to Commit to Policy Change
Fleischhacker, W. W., Arango, C., Arteel, P., Barnes, T. R. E., Carpenter, W., Duckworth, K., Galderisi, S., Halpern, L., Knapp, M., Marder, S. R., et al. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu006 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Autism and exergaming: effects on repetitive behaviors and cognition
Anderson-Hanley, C., Tureck, & Schneiderman (2011) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s24016 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Kimhy, D., Vakhrusheva, J., Bartels, M. N., Armstrong, H. F., Ballon, J. S., Khan, S., Chang, R. W., Hansen, M. C., Ayanruoh, L., Lister, A., et al. (2015) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv022 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of immunomodulation in the brain through environmental enrichment
Singhal, G., Jaehne, E. J., Corrigan, F., & Baune, B. T. (2014) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2014.00097 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
McGurk, S. R., Mueser, K. T., Xie, H., Welsh, J., Kaiser, S., Drake, R. E., Becker, D. R., Bailey, E., Fraser, G., Wolfe, R., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14030374 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith, K. E., Mason, T. B., Johnson, J. S., Lavender, J. M., & Wonderlich, S. A. (2018) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22929 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Cognitive function during nicotine withdrawal: Implications for nicotine dependence treatment
Ashare, R. L., Falcone, M., & Lerman, C. (2014) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.034 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Killaspy, H., Harvey, C., Brasier, C., Brophy, L., Ennals, P., Fletcher, J., & Hamilton, B. (2022) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20940 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Kandola, A., Hendrikse, J., Lucassen, P. J., & Yücel, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00373 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“…deficits in schizophrenia may in fact, be through cognitive remediation which has produced some significant improvements in a number of cognitive domains and functional outcomes (McGurk et al., 2007; Reddy et al., 2014), however, effect sizes remain only small to moderate (Wykes et al., 2011).”
Complementary group Metacognitive Training (MCT) reduces delusional ideation in schizophrenia.
Moritz, S., Veckenstedt, R., Bohn, F., Hottenrott, B., Scheu, F., Randjbar, S., Aghotor, J., Köther, U., Woodward, T. S., Treszl, A., et al. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.10.007 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Barr, M. S., Farzan, F., Rajji, T. K., Voineskos, A. N., Blumberger, D. M., Arenovich, T., Fitzgerald, P. B., & Daskalakis, Z. J. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.08.020 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Jeppesen, R., Christensen, R. H. B., Pedersen, E. M. J., Nordentoft, M., Hjorthøj, C., Köhler-Forsberg, O., & Benros, M. E. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.08.028 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Lewandowski, K. E., Sperry, S. H., Cohen, B. M., Norris, L. A., Fitzmaurice, G. M., Ongur, D., & Keshavan, M. S. (2017) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.17m11476 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Liu, C. H., Keshavan, M. S., Tronick, E., & Seidman, L. J. (2015) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv047 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Motivational Interviewing to Increase Cognitive Rehabilitation Adherence in Schizophrenia
Fiszdon, J. M., Kurtz, M. M., Choi, J., Bell, M. D., & Martino, S. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv143 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Cognition as a target in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression
Martinez-Aran, A., & Vieta, E. (2015) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.01.007 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Cognitive insight: a systematic review.
Van Camp, L. S. C., Sabbe, B. G. C., & Oldenburg, J. F. E. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.011 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
McKinnon, M. C., Boyd, J. E., Frewen, P. A., Lanius, U. F., Jetly, R., Richardson, J. D., & Lanius, R. A. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.07.017 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“…reports of cognitive dysfunction across psychiatric disorders associated with dissociative symptoms, including schizophrenia (Millan et al., 2012; Wykes et al., 2011), MDD (Marazziti et al., 2010; Millan et al., 2012; Rock et al., 2014), bipolar disorder (Lee et al., 2014; Millan et al., 2012),…”
Perez, V. B., Tarasenko, M., Miyakoshi, M., Pianka, S. T., Makeig, S. D., Braff, D. L., Swerdlow, N. R., & Light, G. A. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.25 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Chacko, A., Kofler, M., & Jarrett, M. (2014) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-014-0171-5 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Marx, W., Scholey, A., Firth, J., D’Cunha, N. M., Lane, M., Hockey, M., Ashton, M. M., Cryan, J. F., O’Neil, A., Naumovski, N., et al. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.036 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Twamley, E. W., Thomas, K. R., Burton, C. Z., Vella, L., Jeste, D. V., Heaton, R. K., & McGurk, S. R. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.08.005 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationCould training executive function improve treatment outcomes for eating disorders?
Juarascio, A. S., Manasse, S. M., Espel, H. M., Kerrigan, S. G., & Forman, E. M. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.03.013 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Fisher, M., Loewy, R., Hardy, K., Schlosser, D., & Vinogradov, S. (2013) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143134 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Vita, A., Barlati, S., Ceraso, A., Deste, G., Nibbio, G., & Wykes, T. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722000319 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationExecutive functions rehabilitation for schizophrenia: a critical systematic review.
Kluwe-Schiavon, B., Sanvicente-Vieira, B., Kristensen, C. H., & Grassi-Oliveira, R. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.10.001 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Cognitive training for post-acute traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Hallock, H., Collins, D., Lampit, A., Deol, K., Fleming, J., & Valenzuela, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00537 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Addiction, cognitive decline and therapy: Seeking ways to escape a vicious cycle
Perry, C. J., & Lawrence, A. J. (2017) · Genes, Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12325 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Understanding Identity Changes in Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis
Conneely, M., McNamee, P., Gupta, V., Richardson, J., Priebe, S., Jones, J. M., & Giacco, D. (2021) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa124 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Drake, R. J., Day, C. J., Picucci, R., Warburton, J., Larkin, W., Husain, N., Reeder, C., Wykes, T., & Marshall, M. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713002559 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationTaylor, M., & Jauhar, S. (2019) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/2045125319870033 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Cognitive Remediation in Schizophrenia
Kaneko, Y., & Keshavan, M. (2012) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2012.10.3.125 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Barnicot, K., Michael, C., Trione, E., Lang, S., Saunders, T., Sharp, M., & Crawford, M. J. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101929 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Does the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale predict response to cognitive remediation in schizophrenia?
Benoit, A., Harvey, P.-O., Bherer, L., & Lepage, M. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2016/6371856 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Clarke, S., Hanna, D., Mulholland, C., Shannon, C., & Urquhart, C. (2019) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2019.1632376 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
McClure, M. M., Graff, F., Triebwasser, J., Perez-Rodriguez, M., Rosell, D. R., Koenigsberg, H., Hazlett, E. A., Siever, L. J., Harvey, P. D., & New, A. S. (2019) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18030349 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Eack, S. M., Newhill, C. E., & Keshavan, M. S. (2016) · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research · doi:10.1086/686538 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Zizolfi, D., Poloni, N., Caselli, I., Ielmini, M., Lucca, G., Diurni, M., Cavallini, G., & Callegari, C. (2019) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s205424 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis of Neuropsychological Effort Test Performance in Psychotic Disorders
Ruiz, I., Raugh, I. M., Bartolomeo, L. A., & Strauss, G. P. (2020) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-020-09448-2 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Shimada, T., Nishi, A., Yoshida, T., Tanaka, S., & Kobayashi, M. (2016) · Occupational Therapy International · doi:10.1002/oti.1445 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Pascal de Raykeer, R., Hoertel, N., Blanco, C., Lavaud, P., Kaladjian, A., Blumenstock, Y., Cuervo-Lombard, C.-V., Peyre, H., Lemogne, C., Limosin, F., et al. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.063 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Acheson, D. T., Twamley, E. W., & Young, J. W. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00103 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Interpretation Biases in Clinical Paranoia
Savulich, G., Shergill, S. S., & Yiend, J. (2017) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617718180 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Rakitzi, S., Georgila, P., Efthimiou, K., & Mueller, D. R. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.039 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Exploring the effects of cognitive remediation on metacognition in people with schizophrenia
Cella, M., Edwards, C., Swan, S., Elliot, K., Reeder, C., & Wykes, T. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/2043808719826846 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationFielding-Smith, S. F., Hayward, M., Strauss, C., Fowler, D., Paulik, G., & Thomas, N. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01129 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Partnerships for Meaningful Community Living: Rehabilitation and Recovery‐Informed Practices
Killackey, E., Harvey, C., Amering, M., & Herrman, H. (2015) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/9781118753378.ch97 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Predictors of adherence to low support, computerised, cognitive remediation training in psychosis
Hargreaves, A., Dillon, R., Castorina, M., Furey, E., Walsh, J., Fitzmaurice, B., Hallahan, B., Corvin, A., Robertson, I., & Donohoe, G. (2018) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2018.1522542 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Li, X., Chu, M.-Y., Lv, Q.-Y., Hu, H.-X., Li, Z., Yi, Z.-H., Wang, J.-H., Zhang, J.-Y., Lui, S. S. Y., Cheung, E. F. C., et al. (2019) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2019.1674644 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Zhang, T., Su, M., Huo, X., & Zhao, X. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100628 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wykes, T., Huddy, V., Cellard, C., McGurk, S. R., & Czobor, P.
- Affiliations
- Semmelweis University (HU)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2011-05
- Volume
- 168
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 472-485
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2139700465
- Cited by
- 1,693
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 99 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 132 · 2019: 175 · 2018: 128 · 2017: 142 · 2016: 152 · 2015: 140 · 2014: 108 · 2013: 124 · 2012: 96
- FWCI
- 14.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- cognitive remediation, schizophrenia, cognitive impairment, functional outcome, psychiatric rehabilitation, methodological quality, treatment effects, clinical stability
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Clinical Trials as Topic, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Schizophrenia, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome, Sample Size, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
