Increased default mode network connectivity associated with meditation

“Meditators show greater resting-state functional connectivity within the default mode network than do nonmeditators (Jang et al., 2010).”

“…has been found within areas specific to the NS network (e.g., mPFC) and regions of primary interoceptive awareness of meditators (∼1000 h practice) (Jang et al., 2010; Brewer et al., 2011), while studies using the PCC as a seed found increased connectivity with dorsal ACC and DLPFC at rest and in…”

“Other recent studies also found differences in functional connectivity in the default mode network between meditators and controls (Jang et al., 2011; Kilpatrick et al., 2011).”

“In its turn, meditation has been consistently associated with stronger coupling between anterior and posterior nodes of the DMN [17,31,48].”

“…which indicated stronger coupling between brain regions implicated in self-monitoring, cognitive control, and attention in experienced meditators compared to subjects with less or no meditation experience (Brewer et al., 2011; Jang et al., 2011; Hasenkamp and Barsalou, 2012; Taylor et al., 2012).”

“Consistent with this finding, Jang et al. (2011) recently studied meditators who practiced “focusing attention on their bodily sensations and emotions, and heightening awareness of the movement of energy within the body,” and found that the DMN showed increased connectivity to the orbitofrontal…”

“Previous studies have also reported that meditators, relative to controls, show differences in DMN activity not only during meditation, but also in functional connectivity at rest (Brewer et al., 2011b; Jang et al., 2011).”

“Jang et al. (2011) reported resting state greater functional connectivity within the DMN in the mPFC area in brain-wave vibration meditation practitioners, a method based on focusing attention on bodily sensations and emotions, compared to controls.”

“Increased functional connectivity in the DMN has also been observed in individuals who have a long-term meditation practice (Brewer et al., 2011; Jang et al., 2011).”

“Despite the fact that recent Hindawi Publishing Corporation Neural Plasticity Volume 2016, Article ID 9504642, 14 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9504642 neuroimaging studies indicate the several positive aspects of mindfulness practice, its neuronal mechanisms are still poorly understood.”

“A number of recent studies have suggested that meditation training may change brain morphology and function, particularly in areas related to attention and response selection (Hölzel et al., 2011; Jang et al., 2011).”

“…to require the use of one or several of the following cognitive domains: apply testing to both trained and control groups before and after training that includes at least one standardised assessment that measures either executive attention or working memory (see Defining transfer section below).”

“Moreover, increased activation of the anterior MPFC is correlated with a greater self-awareness, as a recent fMRI study by Jang and colleagues has demonstrated [50].”

“The default mode network (DMN), which is involved with interoceptive awareness and mind wandering [Christoff et al., 2009; Jang et al., 2010; Taylor et al., 2013], has been proposed as a marker of an individual’s degree of consciousness [Cauda et al.”

“Further, it is proposed that mindfulness practices might help prevent relapse by increasing self-awareness (e.g., Jang et al., 2010) and acting with awareness (Bowen et al., 2009), and by reducing reactivity to drug cues (e.g., Garland, Gaylor, Boettiger, & Howard, 2010) and negative affective…”

“Abbreviations used, in order of appearance beginning with abstract MCI Mild Cognitive Impairment AD Alzheimer's Disease DMN Default mode network MBSR Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction MPFC Medial prefrontal cortex PCC Posterior cingulate BIDMC Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center ADAS-cog Alzheimer's Disease Assessme…”

“This p-value did not survive correction for multiple testing via Bonferroni for corrected threshold of p< 0.0024.”

“Indeed, several studies reported both increased connectivity within the default mode network (Brewer et al., 2011; Jang et al., 2011) and the attentional network (Hasenkamp and Barsalou, 2012), and between these two networks (Brewer et al., 2011; Hasenkamp and Barsalou, 2012; Taylor et al., 2013).”

“Longterm practice of meditation strengthens DMN connectivity (Jang et al., 2011), and is known to improve disparate symptoms (Baer, 2003), much like neurofeedback appears to do.”

“fMRI studies have reported that participants practicing FA and OM meditations exhibited larger anti-correlations between several areas of extrinsic and intrinsic systems and larger correlations between areas within each system compared to when they were not meditating, but have not looked at the anti-correlation level…”

“[46,59,60].”

“Given the large body of literature showing reduced DMN activations in advanced practitioners and that meditation leads to reduced DMN processing beyond that observed during other types of cognitive tasks (Garrison et al. 2015), together these findings could suggest that increased functional connectivity may reduce BOL…”

“Long-term meditation practitioners have also shown increased functional and structural connectivity of medial aPFC (Jang et al., 2011; Kang et al., 2013) and enhanced functional connectivity between medial aPFC and IPL specifically (Hasenkamp & Barsalou , 2012; Taylor et al., 2013).”

“Studies of long term meditators have revealed differences in the baseline structure and function of the brain (Lazar et al., 2005; Pagnoni and Cekic, 2007; Pagnoni, 2012) and, more specifically, in the default network (Jang et al., 2011; Berkovich-Ohana et al., 2012).”

“, 2005), meditation (Jang et al., 2011), and NBS.”

“Interestingly, recent research focusing on DMN connectivity has reported that meditation practitioners, as compared to controls, exhibit greater rsFC within the DMN [44, 45] and between DMN and dlPFC [44]—a region subserving cognitive control processes [46, 47].”

“Previous studies indicated that meditation training might change resting-state brain function, focusing on the default network or default mode of the human brain (DMN; e.g., Travis et al., 2010; Brewer et al., 2011; Jang et al., 2011; Taylor et al., 2013).”

“Both areas contribute to the default mode network (DMN), which is adversely affected in the early stages of AD (Greicius et al., 2004; Sorg et al., 2007).”

“…thoughts (Mrazek et al., 2012), perhaps by altering activity among resting state networks of the brain including the default mode network (Brewer et al., 2011; Farb et al., 2007; Hasenkamp and Barsalou, 2012; Jang et al., 2011; Josipovic et al., 2012; Pagnoni, 2012; Taylor et al., 2012).”

“Last but not least, meditation practices have also been related to greater functional connectivity and/or resting state activity in (pre)frontal regions (Berkovich-Ohana et al., 2012; Faber et al., 2008; Jang et al., 2011; Kilpatrick et al., 2011; Lutz et al., 2004).”

“…as the center of the seed region of mPFC for RSFC analyses in a wide range of SPM-based studies (Fernández-Espejo et al., 2010; Flodin et al., 2012; Jang et al., 2011; Mennes et al., 2010; Sadaghiani et al., 2009; Takeuchi et al., 2011a; Takeuchi et al., 2013a; Viviani et al., 2011;…”

“Brain wave Vibration Jang et al. (2011) Increased DMN rsfc to mPFC during rest Increased fc between PCC and dACC/dlPFC during rest, FA, OM, and LK FA, OM, LK Brewer et al. (2011) Overall decrease in mPFC and PCC for FA, OM, and LK”

“…cingulate cortex is most probably involved in attention and in discriminating between relevant and distracting thoughts, whereas the ventral aspect may serve as a link between emotional processing and autonomic regulation in the hypothalamus (Ongur et al., 1998; Johansen-Berg et al., 2008).”

“While still in its infancy, and rather varied in methodology employed, there is support for increased functional connectivity in meditators compared with novices in the medial prefrontal cortices (Jhang et al., 2011), suppression of these default regions in experienced meditators who habitually exercise disengagement…”

“Shorter average path length and larger global efficiency indicate more efficient parallel information transfer by avoiding the additional noise, shortening the signaling delay and increasing synchrony in the brain, while higher clustering coefficient and local efficiency reflect the potential tendency to present commu…”

“Many of these studies employed methods probing functional or structural connectivity (e.g., Jang et al., 2011; Josipovic et al., 2012; Tang et al., 2012).”

“…connectivity between CEN and MPFC, which also has been reported in other studies comparing novice versus expert meditators (Brewer et al., 2011; Jang et al., 2011; Shaurya Prakash et al., 2013) and, which at first seems to contradict the increase in anticorrelations for meditators in general,…”

“…(Kozhevnikov et al., 2009), Hatha Yoga, Omkar meditation (Harinath et al., 2004), mantra meditation, Yoga, Tai Chi, Qi Gong (Ospina et al., 2008), brain-wave vibration meditation (Jang et al., 2011), and Kirtan Kriya (KK) meditation (sound repetition with finger-thumb touching; Moss et al., 2012).”

“Zhao and colleagues (2007) reported that when compared with controls, students with anxiety disorders were less able to deactivate aspects of the DMN. Evidence suggests that mindfulness, meditation and yoga may improve DMN functioning (Brewer et al., 2011; Jang et al., 2011).”

“…training may alter the resting state, but different directions of change have been reported: two studies found increased resting state activity (Travis et al., 2010; Jang et al., 2011), whereas two others showed reduced resting state activity (Berkovich-Ohana et al., 2011; Brewer et al., 2011).”

“Reports of such restingstate changes in the DMN include both reduced (Taylor et al., 2013) and increased (Jang et al., 2011; Taylor et al., 2013) functional connectivity among various DMN nodes, as well as altered functional connectivity between DMN nodes and regions outside of the DMN including…”

“Additionally, increased resting state functional connectivity within the DMN was reported (Jang et al., 2011; Taylor et al., 2013) as well as between DMN regions and attention (Hasenkamp and Barsalou, 2012), control (Brewer et al.”

“Consistent with previous studies, compared with the control group, the MED group showed significantly increased rsFC between the left rACC and dmPFC, precuneus and angular gyrus (Brewer et al., 2011; Jang et al., 2011; Hasenkamp et al., 2012; Prakash et al., 2012; Taylor et al., 2012; Garrison et al., 2013).”

“These strategies were based on mindfulness studies and have previously been shown to induce the required brain activations (Brefczynski-Lewis et al., 2007; Jang et al., 2011; Josipovic et al., 2012) and worked well during piloting the experiment.”

“…algunos estudios señalan la red neuronal por defecto como el circuito responsable de la divagación mental (Farb et al., 2007; Fox et al., 2014; Jang et al., 2011; Mason et al., 2007) y apuntan a áreas como el córtex prefrontal medial y el córtex cingulado posterior como las más relevantes en…”

“9:137. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00137 Greater widespread functional connectivity of the caudate in older adults who practice kripalu yoga and vipassana meditation than in controls Tim Gard1,2,3*†, Maxime Taquet4†, Rohan Dixit 5, Britta K. Hölzel 1,6, Bradford C. Dickerson1 and Sara W. Lazar1 1 Department of Psychiatry,…”

“Finally, meditation training is associated with differences in functional connectivity between DMN nodes comparing meditators with novices (Brewer et al., 2011; Jang et al., 2011; Taylor et al., 2013).”

“Although meditation experience is associated with an increased anterior DMN connectivity (Jang et al. 2011; Fingelkurts et al. 2015; Panda et al. 2016; van Lutterveld et al. 2017a; Kwak et al. 2019).”

“The current online MBT program was designed to incorporate MBT content and skills that have been shown to have beneficial effects related to stress, positive affect [22, 23], and the structure and function of the brain [24, 25].”

“Functional imaging and electroencephalography (EEG) studies have demonstrated different activation patterns and differences in resting state networks between meditators and controls (Davidson et al., 2003; Lutz et al., 2004; Tei et al., 2009; Brewer et al., 2011; Jang et al., 2011; Xue et al., 2011; Berkovich-Ohana et…”

“…cortices, have been observed in experienced meditators compared to meditation-naïve controls (Farb et al., 2007, 2013; Brewer et al., 2011; Jang et al., 2011; Josipovic et al., 2011; Kilpatrick et al., 2011; Froeliger et al., 2012; Hasenkamp and Barsalou, 2012; Taylor et al., 2013; Garrison et…”

“2012) and with focused meditation (Brewer et al. 2011; Hasenkamp and Barsalou 2012; Jang et al. 2011).”

“[31] reported greater functional connectivity (at rest) in some areas of the DMN (i.”

“However, the precise nature of these DMN-related functional brain changes, as well distinctions related to factors such as meditation experience and types of practice, remains ambiguous (e.g., Jang et al., 2011; Taylor et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2014).”

“Recent neuroimaging studies on Baduk experts (BEs) have demonstrated increased activity in the occipitotemporal and parietal cortices, areas associated with visuospatial processing, such as integration of local features (Kourtzi et al., 2003) and spatial attention (Fink et al., 1996) respectively,…”

“Data can be used for comparison to previous reports of rest functional connectivity in meditators compared to controls, both in the DMN [2,3] and in visual/sensory regions.”

“, mindfulness meditation) may counter these effects by reducing DMN connectivity and increasing DMN-CEN inverse connectivity [1,2,3].”

“Second, mindfulness meditation training has been shown to alter intrinsic functional connectivity within and between these networks during rest in both healthy (Brewer et al. 2011; Jang et al. 2011; Taylor et al. 2012) and clinical populations (Wells et al. 2013).”

“, 2012; McGeown, Mazzoni, Venneri, & Kirsch, 2009), likewise meditation (Brewer et al., 2011; Jang et al., 2011; Pagnoni, Cekic, & Guo, 2008; Taylor et al., 2013).”

“During meditation (i.e., meditation-state functional connectivity [msFC]), strengthening of connectivity between DMN, dorsal attention network (DAN), and salience network nodes (Froeliger, Garland, Kozink, et al., 2012), and between DMN nodes and cognitive control/error-monitoring nodes, have been observed concomitant…”

“…Affective Processing Changes in the Elderly Following Eight Weeks of Meditation Training Robin Shao a,b,1, Kati Keuper a,b,1, Xiujuan Geng a,b,c,⁎, Tatia M.C. Lee a,b,c,d,⁎⁎ a Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong b Laboratory of Cognitive Affective Neuroscience,…”

“Previously, Jang et al. (2011) revealed that people who practiced mindfulness showed greater DMN con- nectivity in the medial prefrontal cortex region.”