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Cited by 898Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentChild and Animal Learning DevelopmentPersonality Traits and Psychology

Continuity and discontinuity of behavioral inhibition and exuberance: psychophysiological and behavioral influences across the first four years of life

Fox, Nathan A, Henderson, Heather A, Rubin, Kenneth H, Calkins, Susan D, Schmidt, Louis A·2001·Child Development
DOI 10.1111/1467-8624.00262
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Abstract

Four-month-old infants were screened (N = 433) for temperamental patterns thought to predict behavioral inhibition, including motor reactivity and the expression of negative affect. Those selected (N = 153) were assessed at multiple age points across the first 4 years of life for behavioral signs of inhibition as well as psychophysiological markers of frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetry. Four-month temperament was modestly predictive of behavioral inhibition over the first 2 years of life and of behavioral reticence at age 4. Those infants who remained continuously inhibited displayed right frontal EEG asymmetry as early as 9 months of age while those who changed from inhibited to noninhibited did not. Change in behavioral inhibition was related to experience of nonparental care. A second group of infants, selected at 4 months of age for patterns of behavior thought to predict temperamental exuberance, displayed a high degree of continuity over time in these behaviors.

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Crossref · 10.1111/1467-8624.00262

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54 of 54 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • BI is found in about 15% of the population and is characterized by heightened sensitivity to novelty and threat, fear of and wariness towards unfamiliar stimuli, and a tendency to withdraw from unfamiliar social situations.

    “Found in about 15% of the population, BI is characterized by a heightened sensitivity to novelty and threat, fear of and wariness towards unfamiliar stimuli, and a tendency to withdraw from unfamiliar social situations (Fox et al., 2001, Perez-Edgar and Fox, 2005).”

    From Gaining insight into adolescent vulnerability for social anxiety from developmental cognitive neuroscience (2014) · cites this paper as Fox et al., 2001

  • Some children with BI in infancy and early childhood grow out of their inhibited, socially reticent behavior and become non-inhibited in middle childhood and adolescence.

    “Some children with BI in infancy and early childhood grow out of their inhibited, socially reticent behavior and become non-inhibited in middle childhood and adolescence (Degnan and Fox, 2007, Fox et al., 2001).”

    From Gaining insight into adolescent vulnerability for social anxiety from developmental cognitive neuroscience (2014) · cites this paper as Fox et al., 2001

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Authors
Fox, N. A., Henderson, H. A., Rubin, K. H., Calkins, S. D., & Schmidt, L. A.
Affiliations
  • University of Maryland, College Park (US)
  • University of North Carolina at Greensboro (US)
  • McMaster University (CA)
ORCID
Venue
Child Development
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2001-01-01
Volume
72
Issue
1
Pages
1-21
ISSN
  • 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
  • 1467-8624
DOI
10.1111/1467-8624.00262
OpenAlex
W2116126009
Cited by
898
References
54
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 49
FWCI
23.08
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Child Development (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (5r01hd032666-04)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 17899, HD32666)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Keywords
behavioral inhibition, infant temperament, behavioral continuity, frontal EEG asymmetry, non-parental care, negative affect, early childhood development
MeSH terms
Acoustic Stimulation, Age Factors, Arousal, Child Behavior, Child, Preschool, Electroencephalography, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Infant, Inhibition, Psychological, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Motor Skills, Parent-Child Relations, Photic Stimulation, Play and Playthings, Reaction Time, Temperament, Infant Behavior

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